可压缩流湍流度变热线过热比测量方法

开展了可压缩流中湍流度测量技术的研究,以满足高速风洞高精度试验能力的需求。以对流换热规律为基础,从理论上对可压缩流中热线金属丝热平衡关系式进行了推导,以此为基础,详细推导了恒温热线风速仪的响应关系式,得到了质量流量和总温灵敏度系数的显式表达式,建立了可压缩流中湍流度的求解方法。在马赫数为0.3~0.6范围内进行了湍流度测量试验,以响应关系式为数学模型,利用双曲线拟合方法对试验数据进行了拟合分析,求解得到了马赫数在0.3~0.6范围内流场湍流度约为0.3%~0.6%。对热线输出电压进行了频谱分析,根据频谱特性,利用低通滤波对频域信号进行了处理,有效降低了时域信号脉冲尖峰对湍流度求解的影响,滤波后求解得到马赫数在0.3~0.6范围内流场湍流度约为0.1%~0.3%,与前期测量结果相符。试验结果证明了所建立理论方法的正确性及利用恒温热线风速仪变过热比方法测量可压缩流湍流度的可行性。     

可压缩流体恒温热线风速仪校准方法

开展了恒温(CT)热线风速仪校准方法的研究,以满足可压缩流体中湍流度测量需求。将对数函数与多元回归技术相结合,建立了恒温热线风速仪校准的数学模型,并进行了风洞湍流度测量试验验证。在马赫数Ma=0.3~0.55范围内进行了校准试验,根据建立的数学模型对试验数据进行拟合,拟合优度R2=0.999 82,平均绝对速度偏差Δu=0.18m/s,基本满足了恒温热线风速仪校准精度要求。对马赫数Ma=0.55条件下流场进行了湍流度测量,速度测量偏差为0.034%,流场湍流度Tu=0.14%。试验结果证明了恒温热线风速仪应用于可压缩流体速度测量的可行性。     

亚声速风洞可压缩流体扰动模态分析

开展了亚声速风洞中可压缩流体流场品质测量技术研究,以满足高精度风洞试验的需求.在一维等熵流动的前提下,对风洞自由来流所包含的扰动模态进行了分析,对扰动模态求解方法及流场基本物理量声、涡模态分量求解方法进行了理论推导,建立了其与质量流量脉动、总温脉动及二者相关量之间的理论关系.应用热线风速仪在马赫数0.3～0.7范围进行...     

可压缩流体热线探针校准方法研究

在可压缩流体中利用热线技术进行湍流度测量时,其输出不仅与脉动速度有关,而且也与流体温度、密度紧密相关。因此,需要在与高速可压缩流体特征相似的校准装置中,在使用前对热线探针进行准确校准。本文提出了可压缩流体热线探针校准方法,建立了热线校准(工作)数学模型,并利用自建的热线校准风洞开展了热线校准实验和湍流度测量风洞试验验证,结果表明:热线校准方法可行,校准数学模型合理可靠,热线探针校准精度较高,湍流度测量结果可信,基本可满足高速可压缩流体湍流度测量的工程需要。     

跨声速流场扰动模态与湍流度精细测量

开展了跨声速风洞可压流场扰动模态与湍流度精细测量研究，以满足高速飞行器的低湍流试验需求。基于变热线过热比测量方法，在理论上推导了跨声速流场扰动的一般模态和3种特殊模态特征方程（涡模态、熵模态和声模态），以及扰动模态对应的特征曲线，以此为基础，通过试验获得了流场一般模态、涡模态、声模态扰动图和较高精度的湍流度值，通过扰动图频域分析了马赫数1.50的流场声模态扰动机理，建立了一种跨声速可压流场扰动模态分析与低湍流度测量方法。在新型连续式跨声速风洞完成马赫数0.20～1.50流场测量试验，测得湍流度为0.037%～0.197%，数据非线性拟合优度为0.943～0.995，蒙特卡洛模拟不确定度为0.000 2%～0.004 1%。研究结果证明了所建立的可压流场扰动模态与低湍流度测量方法的有效性，对高性能跨声速风洞的流场评估、优化和飞行器低湍流试验有实际意义。     

定/变热线过热比跨超声速流场湍流度测量

开展了基于定、变热线过热比方法测量跨超声速流场湍流度的比较研究,以满足高速飞行器与发动机的跨超声速风洞高精度实验需求。在1.2 m暂冲式跨超声速风洞上,采用定过热比、变二过热比和变八过热比等三种热线测量方法,完成了马赫数为0.30~4.25的跨超声速流场湍流度测量研究。测量结果表明：变八过热比测量精度最高,实测湍流度的蒙特卡洛模拟不确定度为0.001%~0.033%;定过热比方法与变二过热比方法可实现更快速的测量,在马赫数为0.40~2.00范围内与变八过热比测量湍流度均值偏差约9%~18%。研究结果对跨超声速流场湍流度校测、飞行器实验鉴定和数值计算具有实际助益。     

高超声速流动中噪声与湍流度的关系

在不可压缩流动中，湍流度对流动失稳与转捩的影响机制有很多研究成果，已发展了一些依据其大小预测流动转捩的模型应用于工程设计。但在高速可压缩流动中，湍流度很难测量，给该速域的流动转捩预测建模带来困难。近年来的研究表明，高速流场（马赫数≥3）中的噪声是影响流动转捩提前与推迟，甚至决定转捩途径的关键因素。但流场噪声与湍流度对流场的激励机制有没有内在联系，或流场噪声与湍流度理论上是否存在相互关联，迄今仍缺少理论分析结果。由于可压缩流场中噪声的测量相对容易，因此探讨流场噪声与湍流度之间的定量关系具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。讨论了Euler系统中各类双曲波特性，重点分析了流场声波中脉动压力与脉动速度的本质联系，从理论上得到了声压级与声致湍流度的关系。同时，为了对影响湍流度的因素有更全面的认识，导出了非声扰动与非声致湍流度的关系。为建立高速流动转捩预测模型和探讨天地一致性问题，奠定了一定的研究基础。     

格栅下游湍流特性的研究

用恒温热线风速仪在激波管中（来流条件Ｔｏ＝２９０－３１５Ｋ，Ｕ∞＝２０－６０ｍ／ｓ）测量了四种形状不同的格栅下游湍流特性。结果表明：在相同条件下，圆柱形格栅能产生较大的湍流度，其下游端流度随距离增加而减小，随来流雷诺数增加而增加。     

壁湍流标度律的实验研究

对风洞中零压力梯度平板湍流边界层进行了实验研究，用热线风速仪测量了不同法向位置的脉动速度，研究了平板湍流边界层不同法向位置速度结构函数的标度律。     

极低湍流度下翼型边界层及近场尾流的雷诺应力测量试验研究

在西北工业大学低落充度风洞中，用热线风速仪在对称翼型边支及近场尾流中，于２０多处剖面上移测速度型，湍流强度、雷诺正应力及切应力等湍流参量。着重讨论了各雷诺应力分量的分布。结果表明，在边界层和尾流宽度方向及流动方向上均有明显的规律性。其有关特征值明显低于常规风洞流度下的结果。     

A review of the hot-wire technique in 2-D compressible flows

In this paper the use of hot-wire anemometers for obtaining turbulence data in two-dimensional compressible flows has been reviewed. Based on the existing experimental results, the methods of extracting different turbulent quantities from the output signal of the hot-wire anemometer in a given flow environment have been described and evaluated. Comparison between the results obtained with the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and the hot-wire anemometer clearly shows that the latter should still be considered as one of the main tools for turbulence research in compressible non-separated turbulent flows not only for its comparable accuracy but also for its much lower cost and ease of operation as compared with the optical methods.     

Combination probe for hi-frequency unsteady aerodynamicmeasurements

A combination probe for time-resolved measurements of unsteady compressible flows in transonic wind tunnels is described. The probe measures stagnation (total) temperature and pressure, static pressure, and flow angles in two planes. From these, the fluctuating mass flux, Mach number, and velocity, as well as their components in three directions, can be deduced. The combination probe consists of a dual hot-wire aspirating temperature and pressure probe mounted piggyback with a high-frequency angle probe. The angle probe has four surface-mounted silicon pressure sensors. A scheme for retrieving from the four pressure signals the stagnation and static pressures. Mach number, and flow angles in two planes, is described. The calibrations forming the base for this procedure, obtained from steady-state tests, are given. Typical data obtained in the Karman vortex street shed from a cylinder and at the exit of a Mach 0.4 air jet are presented     

高亚声速轴流压气机的优化叶型

基于计算流体动力学和数值优化算法,研究了一种压气机叶型优化设计方法.以入口马赫数为0.7的高亚声速轴流压气机叶型为研究对象,采用拉丁超立方实验法选取优化变量并构建了考虑攻角特性的目标函数,通过引入Gamma-Theta转捩模型,考虑了附面层转捩的影响,最终获得了可以有效改善攻角特性和降低总压损失的高亚声速轴流压气机优化叶型.计算结果表明:优化叶型可以显著降低入口马赫数为0.2~0.8时+4°和-4°攻角的总压损失,使设计工况(入口马赫数为0.7)下的低损失攻角增加4°以上,优化叶型最佳稠度降低20%并改善低雷诺数时叶栅的流动特性.      

A long-range laser velocimeter

A long-range laser velocimeter (LV) developed for remote operation from within the flow fields of large wind tunnels is described. Emphasis is placed on improvements in optical hardware as well as additions to data acquisition and processing techniques. The method used for data reduction of photon resolved signals is outlined in detail, and measurement accuracy is discussed. To study the performance of the LV and verify the measurement accuracy, laboratory measurements were made in the flow field of a 10-cm-diameter, 30-m/s axisymmetric jet. The measured velocity and turbulence intensity surveys are compared with measurements made with a hot-wire anemometer. Additionally, the LV was used during the flow calibration of the 80-ft×120-ft wind tunnel to measure the test-section boundary layer thickness at the maximum wind tunnel speed of 51.5 m/s. The requirements and techniques used to seed the flow are discussed, and boundary-layer surveys of mean velocity and turbulence intensity of the streamwise component and the component normal to the surface are presented. The streamwise component of mean velocity is compared with data obtained with a total pressure rake     

轴流风扇旋转失速时的流场测量与分析

针对渐近型旋转失速在一轴流风扇上进行了一些测量工作,包括失速时的激光平均流场测量和热丝动态测量两大类。激光平均流场研究表明失速团主要活动在风扇转子前缘,而转子叶片通道中的流场则主要表现为叶尖间隙流的横向堵塞流动。      

Unsteady pressure fluctuations in the boattail region of a heat shield

Unsteady, turbulent, compressible, axisymmetric, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the flow past a bulbous payload shroud for a freestream Mach number of 0.95 and Reynolds number of 16.40×10⁶. A time-dependent numerical simulation is carried out using a finite-volume discretization technique in conjunction with a multistage Runge–Kutta time-stepping scheme. The closure of the system of equations is achieved using the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model. Comparisons have been made with experimental results such as the schlieren picture and surface pressure distribution. A good agreement is found between them. A separated flow zone on the boattail region is observed and is found to be highly unsteady. Standard deviation, higher-order moments, histograms, and spectrum of surface pressure levels are analysed in the separated region of the boattail.     

变唇口型总压畸变流场的模拟技术

本文对变唇口型总压畸变流场模拟技术进行了试验研究。一方面总结分析了各种唇口几何参数对总压分布谱图和总压脉动紊流度的影响, 从而将这些一般的规律应用于特定总压分布谱图, 总压脉动紊流度及其畸变指数的模拟。另一方面, 对给定的二个不同类型的总压畸变流场进行模拟, 所模拟的稳态周向总压畸变指数, 平均总压脉动紊流度和最大瞬时畸变指数均能达到规定偏差的要求。