加速度作用下环路热管工作特性实验

针对单储液器环路热管在过载加速度作用下可能出现的温度波动甚至无法运行的问题,基于恒加速度离心机系统,建立了双储液器环路热管(DCCLHP)工作特性实验台,实验研究了双储液器环路热管在重力场稳定运行后再施加过载加速度时的工作特性,分析了不同加热功率、不同加速度大小和方向对其运行性能的影响.结果表明,双储液器环路热管在加速度为7g时仍可达到稳定工作状态,加速度作用导致其稳定运行温度低于地面重力场的温度,且随加热功率和加速度不同,运行温度降低程度不同;加速度方向沿储液器2指向储液器1时其达到稳定状态所需时间比其反方向时更短.实验还观察到了加速度作用下冷凝器出口和液体管线出口温度波动现象.      

Influence of altered gravity on the cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase activity in central and peripheral gravisensory systems in developing cichlid fish.

Cichlid fish larvae were reared from hatching to active free swimming under different gravity conditions: natural environment, increased acceleration in a centrifuge, simulated weightlessness in a clinostat and near weightlessness during space flight. Cytochrome oxidase activity was analyzed semiquantitatively on the ultrastructural level as a marker of regional neuronal activity in a primary, vestibular brainstem nucleus and in gravity receptive epithelia in the inner ear. Our results show, that gravity seems to be positively correlated with cytochrome oxidase activity in the magnocellular nucleus of developing fish brain. In the inner ear the energy metabolism is decreased under microgravity concerning utricle but not saccule. Hypergravity has no effect on cytochrome oxidase activity in sensory inner ear epithelia.     

Adaptations of the vestibular system to short and long-term exposures to altered gravity.

Long-term space flight creates unique environmental conditions to which the vestibular system must adapt for optimal survival of a given organism. The development and maintenance of vestibular connections are controlled by environmental gravitational stimulation as well as genetically controlled molecular interactions. This paper describes the effects of hypergravity on axonal growth and dendritic morphology, respectively. Two aspects of this vestibular adaptation are examined: (1) How does long-term exposure to hypergravity affect the development of vestibular axons? (2) How does short-term exposure to extremely rapid changes in gravity, such as those that occur during shuttle launch and landing, affect dendrites of the vestibulocerebellar system? To study the effects of longterm exposures to altered gravity, embryonic rats that developed in hypergravity were compared to microgravity-exposed and control rats. Examination of the vestibular projections from epithelia devoted to linear and angular acceleration revealed that the terminal fields segregate differently in rat embryos that gestated in each of the gravitational environments.To study the effects of short-term exposures to altered gravity, mice were exposed briefly to strong vestibular stimuli and the vestibulocerebellum was examined for any resulting morphological changes. My data show that these stimuli cause intense vestibular excitation of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which induce up-regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and other morphological changes that are comparable to those seen in long-term depression. This system provides a basis for studying how the vestibular environment can modify cerebellar function, allowing animals to adapt to new environments.     

Effects of rectilinear acceleration, caloric and optokinetic stimulation of human subjects in the Spacelab D-1 mission

A set of vestibular experiments was performed during the course of the German Spacelab D-1 mission from 30 October to 6 November 1985 by a consortium of experimenters from various european countries. Similar to the Spacelab SL-1 mission all of the scientific crew members were theoretically and practically trained for the experiments. Baseline measurements for all tests were collected 113, 86, 44, 30 and 18 days prior to the mission and compared with data taken inflight, on the landing day and the consecutive 7 to 14 days.

The hardware comprised mainly a motordriven accelerating platform, the SPACE SLED, and the vestibular helmet, a multi-purpose instrument in support of a variety of vestibular experiments including air-calorisation of the ears, optokinetic stimulation pattern presentation and optical and nystagmographic recording of eye movements.

Measurements of the threshold for the perception of detection of whole body movement did not reveal any dramatic changes in the 2 measured axes inflight when compared to preflight values. Early postflight values show a significantly elevated threshold for all axes in 3 out of 4 subjects.

The caloric nystagmus, already found during the SL-1 mission, was confirmed on all three tested subjects during the D-1 mission. It's amplitude and in some instances it's direction were influenced by horizontal acceleration on the SLED.

The amplitude of optokinetic nystagmus increased when subjects were allowed to free-float over that seen when subjects were fixed.

Stimulation of the neck receptors by roll movements of the body against the fixated head resulted in illusory object motion to the contralateral side. Torsional movements of the eyes during such neck receptor stimulation was present inflight and postflight, while it had not been observed preflight. Most results point to a reduction of otolithic effects in favour of visual and proprioceptive influences for spatial orientation.     

Relationship between head orientation and torsional eye movements in goldfish during linear acceleration.

We analyzed torsional eye movements of normal goldfish during sinusoidal linear acceleration, altering the orientation of the fish on the linear accelerator in the yaw plane over a range of 90 degrees and in the pitch plane up to 30 degrees. We video-recorded changes of torsional eye movements associated with a body rotation in the yaw and pitch plane and analyzed them frame by frame. In normal fish, we observed clear torsional eye movements for stimuli of 0.1 G linear accelerations along the body axis in the horizontal position. Torsion occurred in the opposite direction of resultant force produced by linear acceleration and gravity. Though the amplitude of these compensatory responses increased with increasing magnitude of acceleration up to 0.5 G, the torsion angle did not fully compensate the angle calculated from gravity and linear acceleration. Furthermore, the torsion angle decreased as the longitudinal body axis deviated from the direction of linear acceleration. For the body axis perpendicular to the direction of acceleration, torsional eye movement was still observed. When we tilted the fish in the pitch plane, compensatory eye torsion occurred. The response amplitude to acceleration decreased for both head-up and head-down up to 30 degrees. These results suggested the existence of specific connections between the otolith organ and ocular muscles.     

The European vestibular experiments in Spacelab-1.

A series of experiments were performed in the Spacelab-1 mission on November/December, 1983, pre-, in-, and postflight. These experiments covered various aspects of the functions of the vestibular system, the inflight tests comprising threshold measurements for linear movements in three orthogonal axes, optokinetic stimulation, vestibulo-ocular reflexes under linear and angular accelerations, caloric stimulation with and without linear accelerations; pre- and postflight tests repeated the inflight protocol with the addition of subjective vertical and eye counter-rotation measurements using a tilt table. One of the most surprising and significant results was the caloric test: strong caloric nystagmus on the two subjects tested was recorded inflight; this was contrary to what was expected from Barany's convection hypothesis for caloric nystagmus.     

Allometry in vestibular responses of anurans

Frogs and toads turn either their heads or bodies opposite to angular accelerations applied around the yaw axis. Thresholds exist for the minimum angular acceleration that induces this vestibulomotor response in individual frogs. These thresholds were recorded for several anuran species that cover a broad range of sizes and life styles. Interspecific variation in the magnitude of the thresholds, which correlated with the ecology and behavior of the species, was documented. Also an allometric relationship was observed between this threshold and body size; the larger the frog, the lower the threshold. In many species, the threshold value for reflexive vestibulomotor responses to angular acceleration was proportional to the -0.4 (+/-0.2) power of body mass. Physical dimensions of the semicircular canals determine, in part, vestibular sensitivity to angular acceleration. Hence changes with growth in the semicircular canals are believed to contribute to the slope of -0.4. The biological significance of this allometry in vestibular responses is discussed and compared to trends in vestibular sensitivity and semicircular canal morphology of other vertebrate classes.     

加速度场中环路热管温度波动现象分析

基于离心机系统,搭建了双储液器环路热管（DCCLHP）工作特性实验台,实验研究了环路热管在地面重力场和过载加速度场中的运行性能,热载荷范围为25～300 W,过载加速度大小为3g～9g,分析了不同热载荷、加速度方向、大小对环路热管温度波动的影响。结果表明,过载加速度会改变环路热管的启动模式和运行性能,可抑制或激发冷凝器出口温度波动甚至整个环路的波动,但相同热载荷下蒸发器运行温度基本一致。回路中气液两相流动自身固有的不稳定性在过载加速度效应下更易受到激发,加剧回路中流动不稳定,进而加剧蒸发器向储液器漏热的不稳定。冷凝器的冷却作用可以有效削弱冷凝器段的温度波动。      

Light microscopic analysis of the gravireceptor in Xenopus larvae developed in hypogravity.

The paper describes an investigation of the influence of gravity on the early differentiation of gravity receptors in Xenopus embryos and larvae. There is evidence that the expression of crystals in the saccus endolymphaticus was statistically greater when the embryos developed in near weightlessness (hypogravity) than on earth. The function of these crystals is unknown but they may contribute to the functioning of the vestibular apparatus.     

Study of adaptation to altered gravity through systems analysis of motor control.

Maintenance of posture and production of functional, coordinated movement demand integration of sensory feedback with spinal and supra-spinal circuitry to produce adaptive motor control in altered gravity (G). To investigate neuroplastic processes leading to optimal performance in altered G we have studied motor control in adult rats using a battery of motor function tests following chronic exposure to various treatments (hyper-G, hindlimb suspension, chemical distruction of hair cells, space flight). These treatments differentially affect muscle fibers, vestibular receptors, and behavioral compensations and, in consequence, differentially disrupt air righting, swimming, posture and gait. The time-course of recovery from these disruptions varies depending on the function tested and the duration and type of treatment. These studies, with others (e.g., D'Amelio et al. in this volume), indicate that adaptation to altered gravity involves alterations in multiple sensory-motor systems that change at different rates. We propose that the use of parallel studies under different altered G conditions will most efficiently lead to an understanding of the modifications in central (neural) and peripheral (sensory and neuromuscular) systems that underlie sensory-motor adaptation in active, intact individuals.     

Water wave communication in the genus Bombina (amphibia).

Amphibians were phylogenetically the first vertebrates to leave the aquatic environment and cope with terrestrial conditions including effects of gravity and substrate on movement and communication. Studies of extant primitive amphibians, which have conserved ancestral morphology and behavior, may help us to understand how gravitational adaptation from aquatic to terrestrial environments occurred. The anuran genus Bombina is a candidate for this type of investigation. In particular, a member of this genus, B. orientalis, is known for its low reaction threshold to minor changes of angular acceleration. We hypothesize that a heightened sensitivity to angular and mechanical accelerations evolved with wave communication. Comparisons of such behavior among B. variegata, B. bombina and B. orientalis may shed light on the evolution of reproductive systems based on water wave communication and relevant vestibular sensitivity. This may represent a transition to derived vocalization modes, which is seen in B. bombina to a certain degree.     

猫半规管破坏后线性加速度作用下耳石反应特点

本文研究线性加速度作用下,猫半规管阻塞前后前庭-眼动反射、前庭-脊髓反射和姿态平衡的反应特性。发现猫手术前和双侧半规管阻塞后耳石-眼动反应的功率谱和相对增益无显著性差异,脊髓反射H波幅变化在不同加速度刺激下有相似的反应模式。单侧半规管阻塞后,前庭-眼动反射表现明显不对称,H波幅改变与线性加速度无关,反映出半规管功能不对称也引起耳石功能不对称。本文提出潜在性耳石半规管功能不平衡可能是空间前庭功能障碍的重要原因。      

Finding the suitable drag-free acceleration noise level for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking geodesy missions

This paper evaluates the impact of residual acceleration noise on the estimation of the Earth’s time-varying gravity field for future low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking missions. The goal is to determine the maximum level of residual acceleration noise that does not adversely affect the estimation error. The Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided monthly average gravity field solutions in spherical harmonic coefficients for more than a decade. It provides information about land and ocean mass variations with a spatial resolution of ～350?km and with an accuracy within 2?cm throughout the entire Earth. GRACE Follow-on was launched in May 2018 to advance the work of GRACE and to test a new laser ranging interferometer, which measures the range between the two satellites with higher precision than the K-Band ranging system used in GRACE. Moreover, there have been simulation studies that show, an additional pair of satellites in an inclined orbit increases the sampling frequency and reduces temporal aliasing errors. Given the fact that future missions will likely continue to use the low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking formation with laser ranging interferometry, it is expected that the residual acceleration noise will become one of the largest error contributor for the time-variable gravity field solution. We evaluate three different levels of residual acceleration noise based on demonstrated drag-free systems to find a suitable drag-free performance target for upcoming geodesy missions. We analyze both a single collinear polar pair and the optimal double collinear pair of drag-free satellites and assume the use of a laser ranging interferometer. A partitioned best linear unbiased estimator that was developed, incorporating several novel features from the ground up is used to compute the solutions in terms of spherical harmonics. It was found that the suitable residual acceleration noise level is around 2?×?10^?12?ms^?2?Hz^?1/2. Decreasing the acceleration noise below this level did not result in more accurate gravity field solutions for the chosen mission architecture.     

Molecular developmental neurobiology of formation, guidance and survival of primary vestibular neurons.

Untangling the molecular and physiological interactions that generate the proper connections of the primary vestibular neurons in normal gravity requires two parallel approaches. One approach needs to use mutant mice to delineate the molecular basis of developmental mechanisms that govern ear development, including formation and differentiation of neurons and establishment of their peripheral and central connections. Beyond that and in addition to it, we need physiological investigations using microgravity and/or hypergravity, as well as absence of otoconia, to understand the role played by vestibular stimuli to fine tune connections of primary and secondary vestibular neurons. This paper provides an overview of some of the molecular mechanisms uncovered over the last few years that guide development, differentiation and survival of primary vestibular neurons of the mammalian ear. Briefly, several genes that are essential for primary neuron formation have been identified, all genes that govern embryonic survival are known and the first genes and mechanisms that guide formation of proper connections are being revealed. While still incomplete, the progress has been astounding and the completion of the mouse genome project will further accelerate the pace. Such data pave the way to put the research on the influence of altered gravity stimulation within a molecular framework.     

Performance of a centrifugal phytotron.

It is possible to cultivate plants under an artificial gravity field generated by a centrifugal device in space. In order to determine an optimal magnitude of gravity, there is a need to investigate the relationship between plant and growth and gravity, including not only reduced gravity but also gravity greater than 1G. A prototype centrifugal phytotron was designed and fabricated in order to investigate the relationship between plant growth and increased gravity. This device enables us to cultivate plants over the long term by controlling environmental conditions in the phytotron such as temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration and light intensity. The results of our experiment indicate that plant seeds can germinate and grow even under an artificial gravity which changes sinusoidally from 2G to 4G.     

Use of an otolith-deficient mutant in studies of fish behavior in microgravity.

The mutant strain (ha) of medaka (Oryzias latipes) lack utricular otoliths as fry, and some never form otoliths for life. The cross (F1 generation) between the strain having good eyesight and another strain having ordinary eyesight augmented visual acuity of the F1 generation. Crossing the good eyesight strain and ha mutant produced fish having good eyesight and less sensitivity to gravity in the F2 population. Their tolerance to microgravity was tested by parabolic flight using an airplane. The fish exhibited less looping and no differences in degree of looping between light and dark conditions, suggesting that loss of eyesight (in darkness) is not a direct cause for looping behavior in microgravity. The ha embryos could not form utricular otoliths. They did form saccular otoliths, but with a delay. Fry of the mutant fish lacking the utricular otoliths are highly dependent on light upon hatching and exhibit a perfect dorsal-light response (DLR). As they grow, they eventually shift from being light-dependent to being gravity-dependent. Continuous treatment of the fry with altered light direction suppressed this shift to gravity dependence. Being less dependent on gravity, these fish can serve as models in studying the differences expected for the vestibular system of fish reared in microgravity. When these fish were exposed to microgravity (parabolic flights) of an airplane, they spent far less time looping than fish reared in an ordinary light regimen.     

Bone metabolism and formation of mice bred in a 2 G environment.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of chronic hypergravity exposure on the bone formation and the bone metabolism when mammals produce offspring in a 2 G environment. We measured the length and width of the thighbone, the length of the pelvis, the width of the pelvic cavity and the width of the fourth cervical vertebra on the second (F2) and the third (F3) generation mice bred in a 2 G environment every ten days from 20 days old to 60 days old in an experiment on bone formation. In an experiment on bone metabolism, we measured calcium and phosphorus in the bones of the F3 in the 2 G group. Ratios of the thighbone length, pelvis length, pelvic cavity width, and fourth cervical vertebra width versus the body length were calculated. These ratios were higher in the 2 G group than the control group during all measuring periods. Calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the thighbone and the lumbar vertebra were lower in the 2 G group than in the control group. However, the calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the cervical vertebrae of the 2G group were higher. These results suggest that the influence of gravity load may vary in the bones.     

基于433 Eros的多面体引力模型精度与运行时间研究

基于Planetary Data System(PDS)公布的433 Eros多面体模型,使用多面体模型法计算了433 Eros的表面引力加速度分布情况,并研究了该方法在不同精度的多面体模型下的计算时间和误差。实验结果表明:1)多面体模型法的时间复杂度为O(n);2)在以433 Eros为目标天体的着陆导航与制导控制相关仿真计算中,使用面数为22 540的多面体模型进行引力加速度计算,可以同时满足计算速度和精度的要求,并且由于计算速度接近实时,可用于半物理仿真实验中。     

Gravity related research with fishes--perspectives in regard to the upcoming International Space Station, ISS.

During the entire evolution of life on Earth, the development of all organisms took place under constant gravity conditions, against which they achieved specific countermeasures for compensation and adaptation. On this background, it is still an open question to which extent altered gravity such as hypergravity (centrifuge) or microgravity (spaceflight) affects the normal individual development, either on the systemic level of the whole organism or on the level of individual organs or even single cells. The present review provides information on these questions, comprising gravistimulated effects on invertebrates and vertebrates (with the exception of mammals, since respective biomedically oriented reviews abound), focusing on developing fish as model systems, with special emphasis on the effect of altered gravity on the developing brain and vestibular system, comprising investigations on behaviour and plastic reactivities of the brain and inner ear. Clues and insights into the possible basic causes of space motion sickness-phenomena (SMS; a kinetosis) are provided as well as perspectives in regard to future work to be done including studies on the ISS concerning the analysis of gravistimulated effects on developmental issues (imprinting phase for graviperception?).     

一种重力卫星质心在轨标定算法

针对重力卫星质心在轨标定问题,提出了一种将预测滤波与卡尔曼滤波相结合的标定算法。该算法首先利用磁力矩器产生一个明显大于干扰力矩的周期性力矩作用于卫星上,然后利用陀螺数据实现了卫星角加速度的预测滤波估计,并通过静电加速度计信息设计卡尔曼滤波器,实现卫星质心的标定;最后进行了数学仿真,仿真结果表明该算法针对卫星的角加速度及质心位置能够实时估计,三轴最佳标定精度分别为[0.0628 0.0324 0.0414]mm,实现了卫星质心较为精确的标定。