轨道转移推进系统及其发展趋势

根据轨道转移系统的应用分类（包括上面级类、空天飞机类、卫星类、飞船类和新概念类）,对各类型典型飞行器的推进系统进行了综合评述,分别总结了相关的技术方案和应用特点,并针对当前的研究热点,简要论述了未来的发展趋势,最后给出了几点结论.     

Low cost orbit transfer of inoperative satellites by a service vehicle

Tumble Orbit Transfer, which is an effective method of re-orbiting inoperative satellites is described. This is done by an independent service vehicle equipped with a long arm and a grapple mechanism on top of it. After grappling the target satellite, the service vehicle orients its axis perpendicular to the orbit velocity vector. Then a thruster is activated to give an impulse on the service vehicle, which simultaneously causes velocity change and tumbling of the combined system. Since the angular momentums of two masses are exchanged periodically, separation at a selected instance will bring each mass into different orbits, one with a higher energy and the other with a lower. Separation soon after the impulse application puts the target satellite into an elliptical orbit, and separation after a half orbital period puts it into a higher circular orbit, assuming the original orbit is circular. The amount of total impulse is exactly half of that required in a conventional method. In case the service vehicle returns to the original orbit after injecting the target into the new orbit. The required total impulse is further reduced to one-third maximum. Another important feature of this method is the ease of capturing. Because the dominant force during and after the impulse application is tension through the arm, bending rigidity in the capture mechanism is not required. Therefore, a simple grapple will be enough for this maneuver. Small fuel requirements and simple capturing make this method attractive for transferring orbiting objects, and only this will provide a method of re-orbiting inoperative satellites of arbitrary shape.     

The future of launch vehicles

This article traces the development of satellite launch vehicles from the derivatives of long-range ballistic missiles to the current Ariane and Space Shuttle programmes. Looking to the next generation of launchers, the author outlines current thinking on reusable vehicles, focusing particularly on the British Aerospace/Rolls Royce HOTOL concept.     

运载火箭地面测发控设备研制中的“三化”设计

分析目前我国运载火箭地面测发控设备"三化"的现状,简介我国现有的运载火箭地面测发控"三化"标准,提出进一步开展运载火箭地面测发控设备"三化"工作的设想.     

Developing new launch vehicle technology: The case for multi-national private sector cooperation

Space is now a global business, yet the cost of getting to space is still high. Developing new launch vehicles that are cheaper, safer, and more reliable is the key to both rapid commercial growth and to more and better government uses of space. However, the R&D process leading to new launch vehicles is expensive and technically challenging; the past 50 years have seen many government development programs, but no major technological breakthroughs. Perhaps, it is therefore time to think about other ways of developing new launch vehicles. The best expertise in this field resides primarily with private companies and is spread across many actors and nations. A consortium led by space firms might be a better approach to opening up space in the 21st century. Governments will have to develop new policies treating space as though it were a commercial industry, in particular, relaxing export trade restrictions wherever possible. Issues of dual-use may be outweighed by the rapidly growing widespread availability of launch capabilities. Since new launch vehicles will require large up-front R&D expenditures, government support will continue to be needed to supplement private capital funds. Contributions to this effort should be international. However, difficult it might be in today's security conscious environment to reorient government policy, doing so may offer the most efficient and successful way to break the technological and economic barriers to more reliable access to space.     

RLV economics: fiscal evaluation of NASA''s reusable launch vehicle effort

The US RLV program aims to stimulate commercial development of a next-generation heavy-lift launcher and lower launch costs by one order of magnitude from the Space Shuttle. This paper discusses the incentives needed to encourage private investment — income tax relief, investment mitigation, financing assistance — in the venture and uses a specifically developed case study model to evaluate their effectiveness. It finds that an R&D tax credit would be the most practical incentive. Directions for future work are provided.     

运载火箭性能计算一体化优化设计系统分析与设计

运载火箭性能计算一体化优化设计系统在运载火箭方案论证设计阶段中有着重要的应用价值。本文在面向对象方法学的指导下，建立了运载火箭性能计算一体化优化设计软件系统的对象模型、动态模型以及功能模型，划分了系统的组成模块，利用Visual studio 6．O和Office2000开发实现了该软件系统。对象技术的应用使得系统具有良好的通用性。该软件系统可以完成不同型号运载火箭和不同优化设计性能要求的仿真优化计算，软件具有较好的稳定性、可重用性和可维护性。     

The cost of space flight

Estimates of the cost of human space flight continue to generate controversy in the effort to set US space policy. Estimates vary widely, depending upon the position of the observer. This article identifies the real cost of major space flight programs and traces the heterofore unsuccessful efforts to cut the expense of space operations.     

Cost Engineering – The new paradigm for space launch vehicle design

The paper describes the basic definition and application of 'Cost Engineering' which means to design a vehicle system for minimum development cost and/or for minimum operations cost. This is important now and for the future since space transportation has become primarily a commercial business in contrast to the past where it has been mainly a subject of military power and national prestige. Several examples are presented for minimum-cost space launch vehicle configurations, such as increasing vehicle size and/or the use of less efficient rocket engines in order to reduce development and operations cost. Further a cost comparison is presented on single-stage (SSTO)-vehicles vs. two-stage launchers which shows that SSTOs have lower development and operations cost although they are larger, respectively have a higher lift-off mass than two-stage vehicles with the same performance. The design of a space tourism-dedicated launch vehicle is an extreme challenge for a cost-engineered vehicle design in order to achieve cost per seat not higher than $50,000. Finally an outlook is presented on the different options for manned Earth-to-Moon transportation modes and vehicles – another most important application of 'cost engineering', taking into account the large cost of such a future venture.     

锤头体弹性振动跨音速气动阻尼系数的确定

通过研究锤头形运载火箭跨音速飞行时，箭体结构的弹性振动与气体运动的耦合效应，描述了用全弹模型的风洞实验和非定常数值计算、确定气动阻尼系数的技术和方法，分别给出了实验和数值模拟的结果，并对结果进行了对比分析。结果表明，在气动阻尼实验中，模拟低阶固有模态的前节点位置是非常重要的，该方法可以作为研究航天飞行器非定常飞动特性的一种方法。     

小型固体运载火箭运载能力分析

针对控制系统,采用姿控发动机和格栅舵的小型多级固体运载火箭开展了运载能力分析研究.给出了运载火箭飞行方案,提出了一种飞行程序角的工程设计方法.给出了姿控发动机工作模型,建立了六自由度弹道计算和优化模型,采用混合进化算法进行弹道优化,并给出了仿真算例.仿真计算及分析表明,小型多级固体运载火箭满足发射小卫星的运载能力要求,姿控发动机推进剂分配方案合理,为总体方案论证和初步设计提供了理论依据.     

新一代运载火箭增压技术研究

随着新一代运载火箭研制的开展,新型120t级高压补燃液氧煤油发动机将得到广泛的使用,该发动机采用的推进剂贮箱增压系统设计被列为新一代运载火箭研制的重大关键技术之一。在对国内外主要液体运载火箭增压方案进行分析的基础上对120t级液氧煤油发动机的贮箱增压系统进行了研究,提出了液氧贮箱采用压力传感器与电磁阀组合的常温氦气加温增压,煤油贮箱采用压力传感器与电磁阀组合的常温氦气增压方案,并针对液氧贮箱采用常温氦气加温增压的方案开展了理论分析和全尺寸系统级试验研究。理论分析和试验结果表明,该增压方案可行。     

Development trend review of foreign heavy-lift launch vehicle

重型运载火箭发展的核心问题是总体构型方案,包括箭体直径、发动机选型及技术继承性问题.通过对国外重型运载火箭发展脉络进行分析,研究其发展特点,总结了发展趋势,即重型运载火箭由传统的串联构型向捆绑助推器构型发展;重型运载火箭采用大直径箭体和大推力发动机;充分发挥液体、固体发动机的优势,实现最佳动力组合,并充分利用成熟技术.最后,提出我国重型运载火箭总体设计工作的相关建议.     

可重复使用运载器机翼外形优化

研究了有翼可重复使用运载器机翼平面外形参数优化设计问题。在高超声速配平和低速水平着陆性能等约束条件下，利用混合遗传算法和粒子群优化算法来选择最优机翼外形参数，使机翼重量最小化。在已知的不同质心位置下求得相应的最小重量机翼外形。亚声速气动力采用面源法计算，高超声速气动力采用修正的牛顿流理论计算。为了降低计算耗费，使用均匀设计和逐步回归方法建立了低速气动力回归模型。整个优化过程在Matlab集成环境下完成。     

导弹垂直发射转弯规律优化设计

防空导弹垂直发射转弯控制是一非线性最优控制问题.在优化设计垂直发射转弯规律时,粒子群算法存在易早熟而陷入停滞问题,而变尺度法对俯仰角规律初值敏感容易发散,且计算量大.利用粒子群算法无需手动设定初始值、速度快的特点,将其优化结果作为后者的初始值,然后利用变尺度法较强的局部搜索能力逼近最优解.采用这2种算法简单串联的方法优化得出的垂直发射转弯控制规律,经仿真验证可满足速度、攻角、过载等约束条件,俯仰角速度和攻角变化规律与工程经验一致.     

可应用于运载火箭上的组合制导方法研究

以惯性导航为基础的组合制导技术，既保持了惯性导航的独立性和抗干扰的特点，又可以提高制导的精度，在航空航天领域得到了广泛应用。组合制导的形式很多，适合于运载火箭的组合制导方法主要有惯性导航 卫星导航组合制导、惯性导航 星光导航组合制导两种基本形式。本文对以上两种组合制导方式的主要技术问题和应用情况进行了综合分析，对组合制导在运载火箭上的应用进行了研究。     

国外重型运载火箭发展趋势述评

重型运载火箭发展的核心问题是总体构型方案,包括箭体直径、发动机选型及技术继承性问题.通过对国外重型运载火箭发展脉络进行分析,研究其发展特点,总结了发展趋势,即重型运载火箭由传统的串联构型向捆绑助推器构型发展;重型运载火箭采用大直径箭体和大推力发动机;充分发挥液体、固体发动机的优势,实现最佳动力组合,并充分利用成熟技术.最后,提出我国重型运载火箭总体设计工作的相关建议.     

一种适用于小推力轨控发动机“二次变轨”机动突防方案

针对突防发动机轨控推力较小,难以产生在拦截器末制导段内成功突防所需的机动过载的实际情况,提出避开拦截器机动性能最强的末制导段,而选择在拦截器自由飞行段和末制导结束后实施“二次机动变轨”的突防方案,旨在解决弹道中段机动突防方案的有效性问题.建立了推力方向、推力持续时间等轨控发动机主要控制参数的优化规划模型,提供了基于遗传...     

Large proton disturbances in the orbit: 14 years later

A comparison of the measurement data of radiation conditions onboard the ISS during solar proton events in October 2003 and onboard the Mir orbital station in October 1989 is carried out. It is shown that there is a difference in the conditions of particle penetration to the station orbits during these series of flares. Computational estimates of the absorbed doses are obtained, and they agree well with the data of measurements by standard instruments of radiation monitoring. The comparisons made demonstrate that the equivalent thickness of the shield at the location of the R-16 radiometer onboard the ISS exceeds the corresponding value onboard the Mir station by a factor of 2.8.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 42, No. 6, 2004, pp. 663–667.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Bondarenko, Mitrikas, Tsetlin.