基于环境压强下NEPE固体推进剂双剪强度准则

基于双剪强度理论和已有的NEPE固体推进剂强度试验资料,提出了一个NEPE固体推进剂双剪强度准则的推广形式,探讨了该双剪强度准则相关参数的选取问题,验证了该双剪强度准则的合理性。研究表明,多轴应力状态下NEPE固体推进剂强度与应力相关,八面体剪应力随平均主应力的增加呈非线性增加;NEPE推进剂的破坏强度随拉伸速率的增加而提高。     

模拟月壤力学性质的试验和仿真研究

文章通过常规3轴试验对某模拟月壤的本构特性进行了研究,根据3轴试验结果获得了模拟月壤的duncan-chang模型参数,在abaqus软件平台上通过umat子程序实现了duncan-chang模型在模拟月壤分析中的应用,并进行了相应的试验验证.之后,文章就内摩擦角、粘聚力参数变化时模拟月壤剪切变形关系的变化及低围压下自重应力对模拟月壤性质的影响进行了仿真分析,结果发现和内摩擦角、粘聚力等参数相比,初始自重应力对模拟月壤的剪切特性影响不大.     

固体发动机用隔热涂料增强改性研究

为了提高固体发动机用隔热涂料的强度,在对隔热涂料特性分析的基础上,分别采用3,3-二氯-4,4-二胺基二苯基甲烷(MOCA)与端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯(ITPB)预聚和环氧树脂与ITPB预聚2种方法对原有涂料进行了增强改性,并分析了溶剂对涂料强度的影响。结果表明,隔热涂料的固化反应主要是ITPB的异氰酸酯基与MOCA的氨基发生一级反应形成线性高分子,高分子中的硬段和软段在固化过程发生相分离现象使涂料具有良好的韧性和一定的强度。采用2种预聚方法均能提高隔热涂料的强度,同时,适当增加二甲苯含量也有利于提高隔热涂料的强度。     

旋转式唇形密封圈开启特性研究

为研究对唇形密封圈可重复使用至关重要的开启性能,建立了唇形密封圈临界开启判据和仿真计算模型,求解了临界开启转速.研究了弹簧紧箍力、唇口过盈量以及泵入口压力对临界开启转速的影响规律,进行了唇形密封圈水运转试验.结果表明:随着弹簧紧箍力的增加,临界开启转速呈线性增加,推荐弹簧紧箍力取值范围为0.1～0.3 N/mm;当唇口过盈量从0.1 mm增加到0.8 mm时,临界开启转速增加量仅为1％,推荐唇口过盈量取值范围为0.3～0.6 mm;泵入口压力对临界开启转速影响较大,当泵入口压力较高时,可以通过减小弹簧紧箍力来降低临界开启转速;泵入口压力从0.4～0.75 MPa变化时,临界开启转速的理论研究结果与试验研究结果偏差范围为2％～7.2％,表明关于唇形密封圈开启转速的数值计算是正确的.     

冷热循环对M40碳纤维/氰酸酯复合材料影响的试验研究

对M40碳纤维/氰酸酯复合材料进行了冷热循环试验,分别测试了经不同次数冷热循环后材料的质损率、弯曲强度和层剪强度,并通过扫描电镜对试样断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明:随着冷热循环次数的增加,样品有少量的质量损失;其剪切性能先增加后略有降低;碳纤维与树脂基体之间的界面结合状态良好。     

固体火箭发动机界面脱粘裂纹分析

使用有限元法,在裂纹尖端周围布置有限奇异裂纹单元以模拟裂纹尖端附近的奇异性。针对轴对称发动机头部的界面脱粘裂纹,计算了点火内压作用下,发动机衬层/药柱、壳体/绝热层界面不同深度脱粘裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,指出应力强度因子随裂纹深度的发展规律。结果表明,当裂纹深度较小时,衬层/药柱界面处于闭合状态,应力强度因子几乎不发生变化,随着裂纹深度的增加,裂纹呈张开状态,裂纹尖端的应力强度因子不断增大;壳体/绝热层界面裂纹总是处于张开状态,且应力强度因子随裂纹深度的增加而增大。     

z向纱对三维正交复合材料层间剪切性能影响

采用置换法增强体成形工艺和树脂传递模塑(RTM)固化工艺制备炭纤维三维正交复合材料。对比研究了不同z向纱体积含量的三维正交复合材料的细观结构、层间剪切性能和破坏形貌。结果表明,基于置换法成形工艺制备的三维正交预制体其3个方向的纱线具有优异的伸直性;z向纱的体积含量在1%~5%时,对材料的层间剪切强度及模量的增强作用明显;同时,随着固化成型压力的增加,材料的层间剪切强度呈上升趋势,但当压力增大到一定程度,纤维屈曲现象明显,从而降低层间剪切强度的增加幅度;在层间剪切载荷的作用下,材料的主要破坏模式包括纤维的断裂、抽拔以及z向纱与树脂的脱粘,但相应增加z向纱的细度,使z向纱与基体之间的孔隙尺寸减小,可防止材料分层现象的产生。     

RBCC引射模态冷流试验研究

通过冷流试验方法研究了不同构型RBCC引射模态下的抗背压特性,通过测量流道壁面压力给出了不同混合室长度和主火箭构型下的壁面压力变化曲线,分析了不同构型的抗背压性能。结果表明:增加混合室长度可以提高抗背压性能,但是提高幅度较小;双主火箭构型可以显著提高抗背压性能。该试验说明主火箭构型对抗背压性能有重要影响,为RBCC引射模态构型设计提供了参考依据。     

炭纤维层合板和铝合金板阶梯形胶接接头拉伸失效实验

对炭纤维层合板和铝合金板阶梯形胶接接头的拉伸失效损伤进行了实验研究,分析了搭接长度、粘接体厚度、胶层缺陷、层合板铺层方式对失效载荷、接头强度和失效模式的影响。实验结果表明,失效载荷随着搭接长度的增加而增大,接头强度随着搭接长度的增加而减小;粘接体厚度增大2倍时,接头强度与粘接体厚度并不成正比关系。在胶层内设置微小缺陷对接头强度影响较小,随着搭接长度的增加,影响变得越来越小;增加层合板单向纤维的铺层数,可提高接头的失效载荷和接头强度;各类型试件主要的失效模式为分层失效,有时并伴随有胶层失效和纤维撕裂现象。     

穿刺结构参数对C/C复合材料拉伸性能的影响

采用不同间距、不同根数的纤维束穿刺成型炭纤维预制体,经进一步化学气相沉积、沥青浸渍-高压炭化致密制备穿刺C/C复合材料。拉伸性能测试结果表明,穿刺间距2.1mm、穿刺束纤维根数为12K的C/C复合材料获得高的拉伸强度,Z向拉伸强度131.4MPa,XY向拉伸强度111.3MPa;随着穿刺间距减小、穿刺丝束纤维根数增加,Z向纤维含量增加,Z向拉伸强度明显提高。穿刺C/C复合材料1800℃真空条件下的拉伸强度与室温相当,拉伸模量低于室温,延伸率高于室温;常温拉伸断口较平整,且纤维/基体间的裂纹明显,而高温拉伸断口参差不齐,纤维及基体断面粗糙,呈现出假塑性断裂特征。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

美国未来国家空域系统规划

美国的空域范围与我国空域范围大致相同，但美国空域内飞行量却是我国的几十倍，因此，认真分析和研究美国空域系统的规划、建设与发展，将对提高我国空域使用率，系统建设与空中飞行相配套的设施设备，促进军民航空中飞行安全快速发展起到积极的推动作用。本文就美国未来国家空域系统规划（1998—2015）的主要内容提要奉献给读者，希望大家能得到启示。     

前苏联洲际弹道导弹P-7控制系统研制历程

本文叙述了前苏联第一种洲际弹道导弹P - 7弹上控制系统的前期研制和试验历史 ,介绍了燃料消耗控制、视速度调节、法向和横向控制这些子系统的构成原理     

Cardiac arrhythmias in space. Role of vagotonia.

Rhythm disorders observed in space have always been minor but they are not unfrequent. They include: ventricular or supra-ventricular extrasystoles, nodal arrhythmias, auriculo-ventricular conduction disorders. There are several etiopathogenetic hypotheses: a strict selection must permit its elimination of an underlying heart disease; the potassium deficiency is often advanced but its role is not certain; the role of catecholamines is also discussed; the role of hypervagotony is extensively analysed as great clinical and electro-cardiographic evidence speaks for it. It can induce disorders which are more serious than those observed so far, particularly fibrillation or intermittent atrial flutter; weightlessness itself could partly condition the vagotonic state; and the effects of fluid shifts are also discussed from this point of view. The possible therapies for various atrial, nodal, ventricular disorders are reviewed, with greater detail for vagal atrial arrhythmias.     

美国空管现代化进程浅析

一、背景二十世纪末期,美国国家空域系统由于存在容量不足的缺陷,航班延误和旅客投诉处在高发期。据美国官方统计,2000年前几个月对航空运输的不满意率比1999年同期上涨了16个百分点。     

Spectral signatures of photosynthesis. I. Review of Earth organisms

Why do plants reflect in the green and have a "red edge" in the red, and should extrasolar photosynthesis be the same? We provide (1) a brief review of how photosynthesis works, (2) an overview of the diversity of photosynthetic organisms, their light harvesting systems, and environmental ranges, (3) a synthesis of photosynthetic surface spectral signatures, and (4) evolutionary rationales for photosynthetic surface reflectance spectra with regard to utilization of photon energy and the planetary light environment. We found the "near-infrared (NIR) end" of the red edge to trend from blue-shifted to reddest for (in order) snow algae, temperate algae, lichens, mosses, aquatic plants, and finally terrestrial vascular plants. The red edge is weak or sloping in lichens. Purple bacteria exhibit possibly a sloping edge in the NIR. More studies are needed on pigment-protein complexes, membrane composition, and measurements of bacteria before firm conclusions can be drawn about the role of the NIR reflectance. Pigment absorbance features are strongly correlated with features of atmospheric spectral transmittance: P680 in Photosystem II with the peak surface incident photon flux density at approximately 685 nm, just before an oxygen band at 687.5 nm; the NIR end of the red edge with water absorbance bands and the oxygen A-band at 761 nm; and bacteriochlorophyll reaction center wavelengths with local maxima in atmospheric and water transmittance spectra. Given the surface incident photon flux density spectrum and resonance transfer in light harvesting, we propose some rules with regard to where photosynthetic pigments will peak in absorbance: (1) the wavelength of peak incident photon flux; (2) the longest available wavelength for core antenna or reaction center pigments; and (3) the shortest wavelengths within an atmospheric window for accessory pigments. That plants absorb less green light may not be an inefficient legacy of evolutionary history, but may actually satisfy the above criteria.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology [correction of biotechnilogy

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adapted at all to "near weightlessness conditions" (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICAL (correction of ZOOLOGICASL) COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i.e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the sound controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle flight (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiment and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the shortterm space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated "reproduction module" for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.