The BDRG and SHOK instruments for studying gamma-ray burst prompt emission onboard the Lomonosov spacecraft

One of the goals of the Lomonosov satellite designed by scientists of Moscow State University is to study the prompt emission of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. This paper describes the gamma-ray burst monitor in the gamma-ray range (the BDRG instrument) and the wide-field optical cameras (the SHOK instrument) for detecting both the gamma-ray burst prompt emission and its precursors.     

Reliability for relativistic spacecraft

In this paper for the first time it is merged the relativistic interstellar flight theory with the reliability theory. If a spacecraft flies to a far stellar system with velocities not negligible in comparison with the speed of light it has to be taken into account special relativistic effects, in particular for the time depending quantities. But probability density function, reliability, hazard rate, and other linked quantities, in general are time depending then they can be studied under this point of view. In particular the most used distributions in space engineering have been considered, i.e. Weibull, exponential, normal, lognormal, gamma, Gumbel, and they have been studied for three different kinds of space flights: non-relativistic, relativistic uniform linear motion and relativistic hyperbolic motion. In the first kind of flight the coordinate time t coincides with the proper time τ (in relativistic sense) then the proper functions coincide with the coordinate functions. For the other two cases the proper functions are again the classical quantities, instead the main result of this work gives the collection of the corresponding coordinate functions that are the quantities calculated on the Earth, necessary to design and follow the mission at a distance.     

Experiment on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vernov</Emphasis> satellite: Transient energetic processes in the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetosphere. Part II. First results

We present the first experimental results on the observation of optical transients, gamma-ray bursts, relativistic electrons, and electromagnetic waves obtained during the experiment with the RELEC complex of scientific equipment on the Vernov satellite.     

基于IGRF地磁场模型的航天器地磁干扰力矩数值仿真

航天器长期在轨运行期间,空间磁场与其自身磁矩相互作用的累积,会对航天器的姿态造成较大影响,加重姿态控制系统负担,降低航天器的可靠性。文章分别针对航天器轨道计算及地磁场模型的使用,对航天器地磁干扰力矩数值的仿真进行了系统的研究,最终得到航天器在轨运行时地磁干扰力矩计算仿真方法。     

A Search for Possible Mesolensing of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts: II. Double and Triple Bursts in the BATSE Catalog

The paper is devoted to searching for a possible phenomenon of the gravitational lensing of cosmic gamma-ray bursts on celestial bodies of a globular cluster type (mesolensing). If this phenomenon takes place, gamma-ray bursts should have light curves with two or three similar components whose spectra are identical. These components are separated in time by a few seconds. Using a statistical method developed for comparing the components, we have found in the BATSE catalog 11 candidates of gamma-ray bursts with mesolensing for the entire time of operation of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (1991–2000). Two of these 11 gamma-ray bursts have light curves with three components. The possibility of gravitational mesolensing of these gamma-ray bursts on the King's type bodies is investigated.     

Experiment on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vernov</Emphasis> satellite: Transient energetic processes in the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetosphere. Part I: Description of the experiment

The program of physical studies on the Vernov satellite launched on July 8, 2014 into a polar (640 × 830 km) solar-synchronous orbit with an inclination of 98.4° is presented. We described the complex of scientific equipment on this satellite in detail, including multidirectional gamma-ray detectors, electron spectrometers, red and ultra-violet detectors, and wave probes. The experiment on the Vernov satellite is mainly aimed at a comprehensive study of the processes of generation of transient phenomena in the optical and gamma-ray ranges in the Earth’s atmosphere (such as high-altitude breakdown on runaway relativistic electrons), the study of the action on the atmosphere of electrons precipitated from the radiation belts, and low- and high-frequency electromagnetic waves of both space and atmospheric origin.     

迭代法求解航天器热网络方程的收敛条件与时间步长优化

热分析计算是航天器热设计验证和在轨温度预示的重要手段,其实质是对描述航天器在轨状态的能量平衡方程即热网络方程的求解。作为典型的非线性问题,航天器热网络方程通常采用迭代法求解,且目前尚无完善的理论可以判断迭代过程的收敛性和收敛条件。文章根据航天器热控设计的工程实际,提出一种可行的近似方法,实现了热网络方程的线性化;在此基础上对迭代法求解过程中的收敛性进行分析,确定了收敛条件下对节点热参数和时间步长的约束关系;并进一步分析时间步长与计算效率的关系,提出了以计算效率为优化目标的最优时间步长确定方法。最后通过某典型航天器热物理模型的计算验证了上述方法的正确性。     

航天器真空热试验用加热板的数值仿真

文章针对加热板在航天器热试验中的传热特点,利用Thermal Desktop软件建立了加热板和空间模拟器热沉的热数学模型,分析了电热丝数量、加热板材料和液氮管路布置方式对加热板升、降温时间和温度分布的影响;建立了模拟星、加热板和热沉的热模型,分析了加热板和星表间距对模拟星表面温度的影响。根据分析研究结果,提出了加热板设计及其在航天器热试验中的应用方法建议。     

Reducing mission operations costs through spacecraft autonomy: the near earth asteroid rendezvous (near) experience

With a maximum time of 12 days out of ground contact and a round-trip light time as high as 56 minutes, The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft requires a moderate degree of onboard autonomy to react to faults and safe the spacecraft. Beyond the basic safing requirements, additional functions are carried out onboard. For example, on-board calculation of the Sun, Earth, asteroid, and spacecraft positions allow the spacecraft to autonomously orient itself for science and downlink operations. On-board autonomous momentum management during cruise relieves Mission Operations from planning, scheduling, and carrying out many manual momentum dumps. During development, additional operations, such as center-of-mass management during propulsive maneuvers and optical navigation were also considered for onboard autonomy on the NEAR spacecraft, but were not selected. The allocation of functions to onboard software or to ground operations involved tradeoffs such as development time for onboard software versus ground software, resource management, life cycle costs, and spacecraft safety.After two years of cruise operations, considerable experience with the NEAR autonomy system has accrued. The utility of some autonomous capabilities is greater than expected, others less so. Software uploads increased spacecraft autonomy in some cases, and the impact on Mission Operations can be assessed. Allocation of functions between spacecraft autonomy and ground operation during development of future missions can be improved by applying the lessons learned from the NEAR experience.     

Optimization of measurements of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes

The Earth’s radiation belts discovered at the end of the 1950s have great scientific and practical interest. Their main characteristics in magnetically quiet periods are well known. However, the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts during magnetic storms and substorms, particularly the dynamics of relativistic electrons of the outer belt, when Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes undergo significant time variations, is studied insufficiently. At present, principally new experiments have been performed and planned with the intention to better study the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts and to operationally control the space-energy distributions of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes. In this paper, for spacecraft designed to measure the fluxes of electrons and protons of the Earth’s radiation belts at altitudes of 0.5–10000 km, the optimal versions for detector orientation and orbital parameters have been considered and selected.     

一种航天器热平衡试验温度稳定判据确定方法

针对典型航天器热控设计与传热过程特点,建立了设备与舱体动态耦合换热集总参数模型。提出了一种基于热时间常数的航天器热平衡试验温度稳定判据确定方法,给出了双节点耦合换热型航天器系统的热时间常数定义,建立了热平衡温差与温度变化率的对应关系。提出了基于Levenberg-Marquardt最小二乘法温度曲线拟合的热时间常数实时修正方法,该实时修正方法可用于多节点耦合换热航天器热平衡温度稳定判据确定。讨论了目前广泛采用的航天器热平衡试验温度稳定判据的适用性,研究结果可用于指导航天器热平衡试验中温度稳定判据确定。     

航天器交会对接发射时间的选择与确定

在航天器交会对接飞行试验中,追踪飞船与目标飞船发射时间的选择不是独立的,而是相互关联的,并且涉及多方面因素,如轨道共面要求、对太阳电池帆板的日照角限制以及最终平移段目标飞船的照明需求等。综合考虑这些约束条件,提出追踪飞船与目标飞船发射时间选择与确定的方法,并以图表形式给出许多模拟计算结果,对航天器交会对接设计与飞行试验具有应用价值。     

航天器低压差分信号线束的电磁兼容性分析

航天器有效载荷设备之间的高速率数据信号通过低压差分信号（LVDS）线束进行传输,因此,LVDS线束的电磁兼容性（EMC）对系统产生直接影响。文章首先通过专用的电磁兼容性仿真软件对航天器实际结构中的1对低压差分信号线束的传导特性进行了分析,之后,基于该分析结论,对由12对线束构成的设备间线束捆的串扰特性、外界电场辐射下线束的抗扰特性进行了分析。频域和时域仿真结果验证了文章所述航天器低压差分信号线束布局的合理性,为将该成果进一步推广至航天器系统级线束布局及优化奠定了基础。     

木星探测器轨道计算中的动力学

针对木星探测任务中轨道计算所面临的轨道动力学问题进行研究。首先，对木星探测轨道计算中涉及的时空参考系进行概述，比较了木星动力学时(TDJ)与质心动力学时(TDB)的差异；其次，对木星的定向参数模型及转换关系进行描述，给出了木星天球参考系与固联参考系的转换关系；再次，对木星探测器定轨计算中所需考虑的动力学模型进行讨论，提供了各类摄动加速度计算所需的公式；最后，对木星探测器JUNO的星历数据进行动力学拟合，检验了动力学模型的正确性。     

An analysis of magnetic protection of spacecraft against penetrating radiation

Negative effect of cosmic ray particles is a serious danger for astronauts and onboard equipment. When planning interplanetary flights it becomes one of the main obstacles. The aim of this work is to analyze currently available methods of protecting spacecraft against cosmic rays using magnetic fields and to choose the most effective method. Three variants of protection systems were considered, two of which had been described in scientific literature: with azimuth and axial magnetic filed. The third, more general method (with helical magnetic field) is suggested here for the first time. The first two variants are extreme special cases of the third one. The exact solution is obtained for the problem of motion of a charged relativistic particle in the helical magnetic field, and a criterion of particle reflection is determined. A comparative analysis of reflection characteristics of the chosen systems has been performed, and the conclusion about the optimal configuration of the magnetic protection is drawn.     

带空间机械臂的充液航天器姿态动力学研究

本文研究空间机械臂运动对充液航天器姿态的影响，讨论了利用机械臂调整充液航天器姿态问题、以及机械臂操作与航天器姿态稳定的协调问题。研究表明：影响充液航天器姿态的因素除了机械臂运动的路径，还有机械臂运动的时间、机械臂转角的变化规律、液体的粘性、质量和惯性张量等。其中机械臂运动时间的影响比较明显，而且机械臂运动得越慢对航天器姿态的影响越大。合理地选择机械臂操作时间和机械臂转角变化规律，可以实现机械臂操作     

基于感应耦合式无线能量传输的 微纳聚合体航天器电源系统设计与验证

微纳聚合体航天器是一种以机械或电磁锁紧机构实现各模块化基本单元航天器连接的新型航天器架构,可以灵活实现在轨组装与自重构以满足不同任务需求。但是,基于传统电连接器的电气互联方式无法适应模块化航天器间灵活交汇对接与快速分离需求。针对上述问题,文章建立了基于感应耦合式双向无线能量传输的微纳聚合体航天器电源系统架构,根据地面演示验证需求分别设计了能源核航天器和载荷任务航天器电源系统参数,然后根据各模块化航天器间非接触供电需求,设计了双向无线能量传输单元参数,最后通过地面演示试验验证了基于双向无线能量传输的微纳聚合体航天器电源系统架构可行性,单级无线能量传输功率在20W~30W时传输效率稳定在75.8%以上,通过效率优化提升至95%以上,将可实现四个基本单元航天器的多级功率传输。     

One optimization problem for trajectories of spacecraft rendezvous mission to a group of asteroids

The optimization problem is considered for the trajectory of a spacecraft mission to a group of asteroids. The ratio of the final spacecraft mass to the flight time is maximized. The spacecraft is controlled by changing the value and direction of the jet engine thrust (small thrust). The motion of the Earth, asteroids, and the spacecraft proceeds in the central Newtonian gravitational field of the Sun. The Earth and asteroids are considered as point objects moving in preset elliptical orbits. The spacecraft departure from the Earth is considered in the context of the method of a point-like sphere of action, and the excess of hyperbolic velocity is limited. It is required sequentially to have a rendezvous with asteroids from four various groups, one from each group; it is necessary to be on the first three asteroids for no less than 90 days. The trajectory is finished by arrival at the last asteroid. Constraints on the time of departure from the Earth, flight duration, and final mass are taken into account in this problem.     

Solar cycle variation of “killer” electrons at geosynchronous orbit and electron flux correlation with the solar wind parameters and ULF waves intensity

To construct models for hazard prediction from radiation belt particles to satellite electronics, one should know temporal behavior of the particle fluxes. We analyzed 11-year variation in relativistic electron flux (E>2 MeV) at geosynchronous orbit using measurements made by GOES satellites during the 23rd sunspot cycle. As it is believed that electron flux enhancements are connected with the high-speed solar wind streams and ULF or/and VLF activity in the magnetosphere, we studied also solar cycle changes in rank order cross-correlation of the outer radiation belt electron flux with the solar wind speed and both interplanetary and on-ground wave intensity. Data from magnetometers and plasma sensors onboard the spacecraft ACE and WIND, as well as magnetic measurements at two mid-latitude diametrically opposite INTERMAGNET observatories were used. Results obtained show that average value of relativistic electron flux at the decay and minimum phases of solar activity is one order higher than the flux during maximum sunspot activity. Of all solar wind parameters, only solar wind speed variation has significant correlation with changes in relativistic electron flux, taking the lead over the latter by 2 days. Variations in ULF amplitude advance changes in electron flux by 3 days. Results of the above study may be of interest for model makers developing forecast algorithms.     

The Investigation of Possible Approaches of Cataloged Space Objects to Manned Spacecraft

Initial orbital parameter errors are used to examine the miss distance between a spacecraft and an ensemble of tracked objects by a Monte Carlo-type analysis. The radial separation between orbits is evaluated and a keep-out zone is determined, which reduces the risk of collision to an acceptable level.An operational prediction methodology is suggested based on a catalog database, which identifies potentially hazardous approaches and computes the probability of collision for selected spacecraft. An example for the Mir Space Station is presented, which estimates the collision probability and the cross-sectional flux of cataloged objects for the time frame of interest. The results appear to be in good agreement with those of other space debris models.