UV Irradiation Effect on the Electrical Properties of ZnO Thermal Control Coating Pigment

Electron concentration and Hall mobility have been investigated in pure zinc oxide single crystals, while in the dark and under ultraviolet (UV) excitation. Mode of scattering in ZnO has been determined by studying the temperature dependence of various electrical parameters in the range from -170 to 120°C. It has been observed that the degradation to the crystals by UV irradiation is limited only to the surface layer and shows up only at relatively lower temperatures, which is in contrast to the degradation behavior in thin films and powders.     

Zinc air fuel cell for industrial and specialty vehicles

Metallic Power has demonstrated a regenerative zinc air fuel cell for applications in industrial and specialty vehicles. The fuel cell uses zinc pellets and atmospheric oxygen to generate electric current; the reaction product is zinc oxide, which is collected in a tank. In its present stage of development the 36 V fuel cell will deliver approximately 6 kWh, with a maximum power of 4 kW. The device is refueled at a zinc recycling/refueling station where zinc pellets are pumped into each cell; ZnO is pumped from the tank and replaced with KOH electrolyte. The recycling/refueling unit uses an electrolytic process to convert zinc oxide powder into zinc pellets     

Ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation applied for deformation measurement in thermal testing with infrared quartz lamps

In thermal-structural testing of hypersonic materials and structures, deformation measurement on the front surface of an object directly heated by quartz lamps is highly necessary and very challenging. This work describes a novel front-surface high-temperature deformation measurement technique, which adopts ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation (UV 3D-DIC) to observe and measure the high-temperature deformation fields on front surfaces directly heated by quartz lamps. Compared with existing blue light DIC techniques, the established UV 3D-DIC, which combines UV CCD camera, active UV illumination and bandpass filter imaging, can effectively suppress the strong disturbing light emitted by the quartz lamps and the heated sample itself during heating process. Two experiments were carried out to verify the robustness and accuracy of the developed technique: (1) direct observation of front surfaces of a hypersonic thermal structure sample heated from room temperature to 1050 °C, and (2) front-surface thermal stain and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurement of an Inconel 718 sample up to 800 °C. The well matched strain and CTE results with literature data show that UV 3D-DIC system is an effective technique for front-surface deformation measurement and has great potential in characterizing deformation response of hypersonic materials and structures subjected to transient aerodynamic heating.     

低太阳吸收率αs,高发射率ε有机硅热控涂层进展

本文总结了有机硅热控涂层的设计原理及其紫外真空降解原因,评述了涂层的国内外进展.     

Preparation and Photoluminescence of ZnO Nanostructures

Porous anodic alumina (PAA) hosts with ZnO nanoparticles loaded in were prepared by immersing PAA films in an aqueous solu-tion of zinc acetate and then annealing at high temperatures. Highly ordered ZnO nanodot arrays were produced using the method in combination of PAA template with RF magnetron sputtering deposition. The photoluminescence of the ZnO/PAA composite and the highly ordered ZnO nanodot arrays were investigated by means of a fluorescent spectrometer. The ZnO/PAA composite exhibits intense and broad photoluminescence spectra with the peak position at around 485 nm. The ZnO nanodot arrays have a strong UV light emissive peak at about 380 nm and a wide light emissive peak at 460 nm-610 nm at the room temperature.     

卫星热控涂层地面模拟试验与在轨验证比对分析

卫星在轨运行期间,热控涂层要经受空间复杂环境效应的影响,其光学和热控性能逐渐下降,影响卫星可靠性和寿命。本文利用卫星搭载技术,完成热控涂层5年的在轨试验,验证空间多因素环境对热控涂层的影响。同时,利用地面模拟试验装置,模拟空间质子、电子、紫外等5年的辐照剂量对热控涂层的作用。对在轨试验结果进行解读和分析,并与地面模拟试验结果进行比对。结果显示,在搭载试验和地面试验前,热控涂层太阳吸收比（α_s）为0.12,经5年在轨搭载试验后,α_s退化为0.23。经地面模拟试验后,α_s退化为0.22。搭载试验和地面试验的热控涂层性能均呈现线性退化规律,表明在确定的轨道环境和固定的剂量率条件下,热控涂层的退化与环境作用时间正相关,同时验证了地面试验的有效性。     

航空铝合金涂层体系加速老化试验前后电化学阻抗变化

采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术,选用目前飞机上使用的7B04铝合金/锌黄丙烯酸聚氨酯有机涂层体系,对其在加速老化试验过程中的电化学阻抗变化进行了原位测试,分析了其失效的特征.研究表明,加速老化试验前,7B04铝合金锌黄丙烯酸聚氨酯涂层中的缺陷较少,涂层可以很好地将腐蚀性介质阻挡在外,保护金属基体免受腐蚀破坏,此时涂层相当于1个纯电容.加速老化试验后,水很快就能进入涂层内部,但涂层内防腐蚀颜料锌铬黄离子遇水发生水解反应的产物能将基体钝化,保护基体免受腐蚀,经过335 h即1个周期电解液已渗透到达涂层/基底的界面,并在界面区形成腐蚀反应微电池后,测得电化学阻抗谱表现为2个时间常数.划痕处金属的腐蚀反应与划痕周围涂层内锌铬黄离子的水解反应同时进行,加速老化试验进行1 008 h即3周期后,电化学阻抗谱上出现感抗现象,在低频时相角出现负值,这是由于锌铬黄离子的水解产物能将金属基体钝化,而钝化膜此时处于点蚀诱导期.感抗现象在加速老化试验进行了1 344 h即4周期后消失,说明此时钝化膜已经穿孔,点蚀进入发展期,并有腐蚀产物生成.     

MSM结构ZnO紫外探测器的制备及光电性能研究

采用磁控溅射方法,在石英衬底上制备了光电性能优良的ZnO紫外探测器。通过紫外光电性能测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察及X射线衍射(XRD)分析,研究了ZnO紫外探测器的光电特性。结果表明:探测器的光电流高出暗电流近3个数量级,紫外波段的光响应高出可见光波段近2个数量级,所制备ZnO紫外探测器达到了高辐射灵敏度和可见盲特性的要求。     

Prediction of shock-layer ultraviolet radiation for hypersonic vehicles in near space

A systemic and validated model was developed to predict ultraviolet spectra features from the shock layer of near-space hypersonic vehicles in the ‘‘solar blind" band region. Computational procedures were performed with 7-species thermal non-equilibrium fluid mechanics, finite rate chemistry, and radiation calculations. The thermal non-equilibrium flow field was calculated with a two-temperature model by the finite volume technique and verified against the bow-shock ultra-violet(BSUV) flight experiments. The absorption coefficient of the mixture gases was evaluated with a line-by-line method and validated through laboratory shock tube measurements. Using the line of sight(LOS) method, radiation was calculated from three BSUV flights at altitudes of 38,53.5 and 71 km. The investigation focused on the level and structure of ultraviolet spectra radiated from a NO band system in wavelengths of 200–400 nm. Results predicted by the current model show qualitative spatial agreement with the measured data. At a velocity of 3.5 km/s(about Mach11), the peak absolute intensity at an altitude of 38 km is two orders of magnitude higher than that at 53.5 km. Under the same flight conditions, the spectra structures have quite a similar distribution at different viewing angles. The present computational model performs well in the prediction of the ultraviolet spectra emitted from the shock layer and will contribute to the investigation and analysis of radiative features of hypersonic vehicles in near space.     

REMS: The Environmental Sensor Suite for the Mars Science Laboratory Rover

The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) will investigate environmental factors directly tied to current habitability at the Martian surface during the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. Three major habitability factors are addressed by REMS: the thermal environment, ultraviolet irradiation, and water cycling. The thermal environment is determined by a mixture of processes, chief amongst these being the meteorological. Accordingly, the REMS sensors have been designed to record air and ground temperatures, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed in the horizontal and vertical directions, as well as ultraviolet radiation in different bands. These sensors are distributed over the rover in four places: two booms located on the MSL Remote Sensing Mast, the ultraviolet sensor on the rover deck, and the pressure sensor inside the rover body. Typical daily REMS observations will collect 180 minutes of data from all sensors simultaneously (arranged in 5 minute hourly samples plus 60 additional minutes taken at times to be decided during the course of the mission). REMS will add significantly to the environmental record collected by prior missions through the range of simultaneous observations including water vapor; the ability to take measurements routinely through the night; the intended minimum of one Martian year of observations; and the first measurement of surface UV irradiation. In this paper, we describe the scientific potential of REMS measurements and describe in detail the sensors that constitute REMS and the calibration procedures.     

ZnO纳米颗粒薄膜的制备与光致发光特性研究

利用高分子包覆法(Polymer Capping Method)在Si衬底上生长了颗粒分布均匀、致密的纳米ZnO薄膜.样品的形貌和光学性能分别使用SEM,AFM和PL谱进行表征.实验发现,前驱体溶液的pH值对纳米颗粒的分散性和尺寸有很大影响,进而影响紫外发光峰位.在本实验条件下,随纳米颗粒尺寸增大,PL谱的紫外发光峰红移,符合量子尺寸效应.     

超长纳米悬臂氧化锌带的制备和光谱分析

通过化学气相沉积的方法制备了具有超长纳米悬臂的氧化锌带。纳米带平均宽度有200nm,厚50nm左右。单晶主干沿着[0110]方向生长到±（2110）和±（0001）面终止。所得的纳米悬臂通常是垂直于（0001）生长,且长度能够达到几十μm。文中讨论了超长氧化锌纳米带的生长机制,并对其室温发光谱进行分析。     

Thermal Properties of Icy Surfaces in the Outer Solar System

The thermal properties of airless icy surfaces are providing a wealth of information on their regolith structure after eons of space weathering. Numerous observations of the thermal cycles of Jupiter and Saturn icy satellites or Centaurs and TNOs have been acquired in the latest decades thanks to the Galileo and Cassini missions and to the Spitzer and Herschel telescopes. These observations and the latest developments on thermophysical modeling which have been achieved to link the thermal inertia to the regolith structure are reviewed here. Measured thermal inertias of these surfaces covered with water ice are very low, roughly between about 1 and 100 J/m²/K/s^1/2. Often interpreted as due to unconsolidated or highly porous regoliths, these low values may result from a composition of amorphous ice or from the roughness of grains defacing contacts in a regolith of normal compaction. Taken together, thermal inertias appear to increase with probed depth and to decrease with heliocentric distance. This latter effect can be easily reproduced if heat transfer is dominated by radiation in pores, despite low temperatures, because the conduction through grains is limited, either due to the presence of amorphous ice or because of the roughness of grains.     

极性面导致新型纳米结构的生长

以氧化锌粉为原料,采用化学气相沉积的方法,通过控制沉积温度、压强、沉积时间等实验条件获得了2种氧化锌纳米材料的新形貌。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、X射线能谱仪等仪器进行了表征,并对氧化锌纳米材料的生长机制进行了探讨。     

含铜有机络合物在丁羟推进剂中的作用过程初步探索

通过常压热重法、高压差热分析、夹心件中断熄火燃烧实验及SEM观察和XPS分析等多种实验观测手段,初步研究了一种能有效地降低HTPB/AP复合推进剂压强指数的含铜有机络合物(TP)的作用过程。研究表明,TP通过促进氧化剂AP的高温分解过程促进推进剂的燃速;TP的作用效果与这种化合物的耐热性和燃烧过程中各种产物的性质有关。对典型催化剂TP的研究结果为筛选燃速催化剂和进一步研究燃速催化机理提供了分析的依据。     

Modeling of Thermal Perturbations Using Raytracing Method with Preliminary Results for a Test Case Model of the Pioneer 10/11 Radioisotopic Thermal Generators

Electromagnetic radiation emitted from a source carries momentum. Thus, the dissipation of waste thermal energy can produce disturbance forces on spacecraft surfaces if the energy is not dissipated in a symmetric pattern. This force can be computed for a plate element as the quotient of the radiated power in normal direction and the speed of light. Depending on mission and spacecraft design the resulting surface forces have to be included into the disturbance budget. At ZARM an elaborated method for the exact modeling of the disturbances caused by heat radiation was developed which can be used for any satellite mission with high requirements on perturbation knowledge (e.g. LISA, LISA pathfinder, MICROSCOPE). The method which will be presented in this paper is based on raytracing and finite element (FE) thermal analysis. As a demonstration of the potential of the method, preliminary results acquired with a test case model of the Pioneer 10/11 Radioisotopic Thermal Generators (RTGs) will be shown.     

Numerical exploration on the thermal invasion characteristics of two typical gap-cavity structures subjected to hypersonic airflow

In this paper, numerical investigation of hypersonic gas flow over two typical gap-cavity structures is carried out using all-speed preconditioned density-based solver. Such structures filled with porous seal in the gap are often present at the joint locations of control surfaces of the hypersonic vehicles. Single-domain approach is adopted to integrate the governing equations for both porous and fluid regions. The basic thermal invasion characteristic is first illustrated using the maze gap-cavity structure without sealing. Then, the influence of seal filling depth on the thermal invasion characteristic is investigated for the structure with sealing. Finally, a comparison of thermal invasion characteristics between maze and straight gap-cavity structures is performed to examine the influence of gap bending. Results show that the main source of hot airflow invading into the gap is from the millimeter scale gas layer within the boundary layer. And the invasion characteristic presents approximate stationary behavior. A primary vortex occurs in the gap adjacent to the leeward wall, which is ascribed to the impinging effect between the separate boundary flow and the windward wall. This effect is also the main driving force of thermal invasion. A treatment of filling the seal in certain depth inside the gap can significantly reduce the thermal load of seal and maintain an acceptable level of the invading mass flow rate. Additionally, it is found that the gap bending exerts a limited block effect on the thermal invasion without sealing, and this effect can be ignored with sealing. These results can provide a reference for optimizing the seal gap-cavity structure configuration.     

空间环境分子污染对航天器的影响

空间环境分子污染对航天器的影响,是目前高可靠性、长寿命航天器在设计时非常重要的问题之一。通过对国外航天器在轨飞行过程中所发生的分子污染现象的总结,从分子污染的来源、形成过程、与原子氧和紫外辐射等其他空间环境因素间的反应、对航天器敏感表面特性的影响等方面,对分子污染效应做了详细的介绍。并指出,材料的真空放气产物和原子氧剥蚀产物在航天器表面的沉积,是分子污染的主要来源。而在原子氧和紫外辐射的作用下,污染层会发生氧化、固结、暗化等现象,使其外观和成分发生了不同程度的变化,从而对航天器敏感表面的光、电、热控等性能带来了很大程度的影响。     

The Surface Composition of Ceres

Our understanding of the composition of Ceres is driven by remote sensing of its surface. We review spectral observations of Ceres over wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the radio, as well as non-spectral data such as thermal inertia, photometric properties, radar experiments, and surface variability. We also discuss the closest likely meteorite analogs to Ceres and consider the likelihood that material from Ceres could be delivered to Earth.     

Investigation of Formation Process of the Chrome-free Passivation Film of Electrodeposited Zinc

The feasibility was investigated to substitute chrome-free passivation treatment of electrodeposited zinc in a titanium bath for chromate passivation treatment. The formation mechanism of the chrome-free passivation film was further analyzed. The surface mor- phologies and the elemental compositions of the treated samples with varied immersion times were observed by scanning electron mi- croscopy (SEM) and determined by energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The electrode potential of the sample surface was recorded in the film formation process. The changes of the electrode potential are in accordance with that of SEM and EDS of the sample surface. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the chrome-free passivation film composed of ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2, and SrF2. The anode zinc dissolution and the local pH value increase due to the cathode hydrogen ion reduction process result in the formation of the chrome-free passivation film. The macro-images of the chrome-free passivation films formed on electrodeposited zinc show that the color of the film changes from blue to iridescence with the increase of the immersion times.