基于耦合气动参数的HGV多模型估计

利用气动参数对未知气动力建模是提高高超声速滑翔目标跟踪精度的有效途径。对目标气动加速度及其导数项进行分析,在非耦合气动参数模型的基础上,考虑气动加速度在转弯和俯仰方向存在的先验信息,推导滚转和螺旋2种耦合气动参数模型。利用一种分离估计模型对目标状态与气动参数进行估计,分别给出状态滤波器和气动参数滤波器的表达式。同时,考虑不同飞行模式下参数的机动频率,构建基于耦合气动参数的交互多模型跟踪算法。仿真表明,本文所提算法精度显著高于针对该类目标的其他跟踪算法。同时,滚转模型的性能优于螺旋模型,且计算复杂度更小。      

高超声速再入飞行器气动布局多目标优化

气动布局的多目标优化是飞行器设计中的关键技术。提出一种新的高超声速再入飞行器气动外形参数的多目标优化方法,证明外形优化对高超声速流下飞行器性能的影响。通过实例仿真对飞行器所受阻力和升力对制导性能影响进行详细验证分析,将飞行器落点圆概率偏差、末速大于500 m/s的占比、最大飞行过载小于60g的占比这3个性能指标作为优化目标,将升力特性作为中间参数,将气动布局优化问题分解为2个子问题,通过基于搜索算法的升力特性优化和基于改进的模拟退火算法的外形参数优化,减少优化计算时间、提升计算效率、实现对飞行器主体和襟翼的气动布局优化、获得高超声速流下的最佳飞行器外形。仿真结果表明：在确定的约束条件下,优化算法增加了飞行器在超音速流下的气动升力,有效提高了升阻比。在不影响最大飞行过载的前提下,优化后的飞行器表现出更高的气动性能,显著提升了命中精度,同时末速也满足指标要求,制导系统性能得到有效改善。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器多参数灵敏度分析

为实现吸气式高超声速飞行器多参数情况下的灵敏度分析及参数分类,降低设计的复杂度,在吸气式高超声速飞行器参数化建模的基础上,首先采用正交试验设计生成样本,再通过计算流体力学(CFD)进行高精度气动力性能计算,最后运用方差分析法进行气动性能的参数灵敏度分析,在运用较少的试验样本点的情况下,即可完成多参数、复杂构型条件下气动性能的参数灵敏度分析。结果表明,该方法可以正确地分析出参数对飞行器气动性能的敏感程度,得到参数对气动性能的影响规律。同时,通过灵敏度分析的计算样本,还可以初步选出气动性能较优的飞行器构型,为地面试验和优化设计提供参考。     

缝道参数对多段翼型气动性能的影响

数值模拟研究缝道参数对着陆构型多段翼型气动性能的影响,采用有限体积法求解雷诺平均N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程,湍流模型采用S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)模型,给出了多段翼型升力系数与表面压力系数随各缝道参数的变化规律.计算结果表明:采用的计算模型可用于二维多段翼型的计算;缝道参数对多段翼型气动性能的影响显著,在各个缝道参数的变化范围内升力系数均存在最优值,适当的缝道参数可以抑制后翼上表面逆压梯度,消除后翼分离,并保持前翼尾迹不与后翼边界层相掺混,提高多段翼型的气动性能.      

基于多目标优化的深空探测器姿态组合规划方法

深空探测器在执行姿态机动任务中,通常需要优化多个性能指标参数.此外,姿态指向约束和有界约束的存在显著减小了姿态机动路径的可行空间.在复杂的多约束条件下,多目标姿态机动优化对深空探测器系统是一个极大的挑战.提出多目标组合的概念,通过物理规划方法将多目标优化转换为单目标规划问题.考虑到欧拉路径的低能量特性,提出一种多目标组...     

基于在线气动参数修正的预测制导方法

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器,提出了一种基于在线气动参数修正的预测制导方法.研究了再入过程中受到的各种飞行约束,给出了多约束下控制量设计的基本方案.分析了传统预测制导法在落点预测过程中存在的气动参数偏差影响,引入综合升力系数与综合阻力系数,并对其进行在线参数估计以及参数修正,以提高制导方法的适应性.基于气动参数修正方法,完成了纵向与横侧向制导律设计.设定较大的轴向力、法向力系数组合偏差对该方法进行了验证,并考虑再入初始条件和再入气动参数的不确定性,进行了蒙特卡洛仿真.结果表明:预测制导法中引入气动参数的在线估计与修正环节,可保证其制导精度,尤其对再入过程的气动扰动具有较强的适应能力.     

面向总体性能的高速飞行器布局优化

飞行器气动布局的选型和优化技术在总体设计中处于关键地位,在临近空间飞行的飞行器对升阻比和操控性能都提出了更高的要求。翼身组合的升力体外形由于兼顾内部装填以及升阻特性成为了目前高速飞行器主要的设计方向。以一类具有普适性的面对称升力体外形为基础,采用相关性分析手段提取出飞行器的关键几何参数,挖掘出几何参数对所关心的总体性能指标的影响度大小,并建立起基于CFD方法的气动布局优化平台,以总体性能指标为约束,优化出高升阻比外形,通过风洞试验验证了优化设计方法的有效性,为高速飞行器的气动布局工程化设计提供了有效的技术手段。      

多变量气动伺服弹性系统的鲁棒稳定性研究

根据现代控制理论,对多输入-多输出气动伺服弹性系统的鲁棒稳定性进行研究.分别采用小增益原理和最小奇异值理论两种方法,对涉及飞行器互相耦合的横滚和偏航回路的控制系统进行分析,得出了气动伺服弹性系统抵抗建模误差、保持鲁棒稳定的范围.这两种方法都分别给出了稳定性判据,根据判据可以确定其鲁棒稳定性(或稳定裕度).作为系统扰动的表达形式,文中还对系统不确定性矩阵进行了描述.算例是在某ACT战斗机的计算模型上完成的,两种方法的计算结果取得了一致.      

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

An all-sky survey at 230 GHz by MLS on Aura

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument is a small satellite-borne radio telescope. Its purpose is to make limb-scanning measurements of atmospheric composition. One of the gases to which it is sensitive is carbon monoxide (CO), detected via the J = 2 → 1 rotational transition at 230 GHz. CO is present in molecular gas clouds in the Milky Way. Although it was not designed for the purpose, MLS can detect emissions from galactic CO, allowing a map of the 230 GHz radio sky to be constructed. We report the MLS measurements of galactic radio emission and discuss their effect on the atmospheric mission of MLS. The region of the Milky Way with emissions strong enough to significantly affect MLS observations of atmospheric CO is identified. Ground-based radio astronomers have been mapping the sky using CO emission for many years. However, the MLS data are the first such survey to be carried out from space. The MLS survey covers a larger area of the sky than any other 230 GHz survey, but no previously unknown gas clouds are observed.