机翼防冰过程中冰脊问题的数值分析

对机翼防冰过程中冰脊的形成特点及冰脊对机翼气动特性的影响进行了计算分析.基于经典的Messinger结冰模型开发了多步结冰程序,对不同条件下过冷水滴的撞击结冰进行了热质耦合计算,计算结果和文献试验结果吻合较好,表明该热质耦合算法的正确性.在此基础上对不同环境温度、飞行速度和不同加热功率等条件下冰脊的生长特点和机翼的气动特性进行了计算分析.结果表明:在非霜冰条件下,冰脊主要在热防护极限外并紧挨着热防护极限的位置处形成和发展,而在霜冰条件下,冰脊主要在机翼下表面形成,但是在热防护区域内有显著的结冰出现,该条件下的结冰对机翼的气动特性具有较大的破坏性.     

基于CFD的水收集系数及防冰表面温度预测

利用计算流体力学(CFD,Computational Fluid Dynamics)软件FLUENT,对二维机翼在结冰气象条件下飞行时的水收集系数,以及防冰系统工作并达到稳定后的防冰表面温度进行了计算.水收集系数计算采用FLUENT中的欧拉两相流模型以及用户自定义函数.特定飞行条件及热气防冰系统结构下的防冰表面平衡温度分布预测采用防冰腔内外热流耦合的方法.所得结果和理论分析一致,表明了利用FLUENT可以有效的进行防冰研究,包括水收集系数及防冰表面温度的预测,为今后进一步研究设计热气或电热防冰系统打下基础.      

大展弦比柔性机翼气动特性分析

长航时无人机在飞行过程中受气动载荷影响,其大展弦比机翼产生弯曲和扭转变形,这种弹性变形严重影响飞机的飞行性能和飞行安全,不能将此种飞机机翼当作传统的刚性机翼进行气动分析.针对一真实复合材料大展弦比前掠机翼,采用气动/结构一体化的分析方法,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件FLUENT和计算结构动力学(CSD)软件NASTRAN联合求解,研究了在不同载荷情况下大展弦比柔性机翼静气动弹性变形对机翼气动特性的影响.结果表明,大展弦比无人机机翼受载变形后升阻比降低,滚转力矩和偏航力矩显著增大,对飞机的纵向和横侧向气动性能产生不利影响,同时也证明此CFD/CSD耦合计算方法可以应用到柔性机翼的气动/结构一体化设计中.      

积冰对飞机纵向操稳特性的量化影响

提出了一种根据气象条件、飞机特征、飞行条件预测积冰对飞机飞行动力学特性影响的估算方法.采用热力学平衡分析方法完成了积冰增长过程的数学描述,利用逐步线性回归方法建立了结冰飞机的气动模型,计算得到了结冰飞机的气动参数,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明这种方法具有一定的工程实用性.并在此基础上研究了不同部位积冰对飞机纵向操稳特性的影响,通过数值仿真计算得出,结冰飞机气动特性的急剧恶化会导致其纵向操稳特性显著降低,严重时会危及其飞行安全.      

旋翼结冰模型与纵列式直升机平衡特性分析

为了研究纵列式直升机结冰后的飞行动力学问题,基于CFD(ComputationalFluid Dynam ics)技术提出了旋翼结冰的理论模型;基于旋翼冰风洞试验数据,考虑桨叶表面附着冰脱落及桨叶表面局部温度对结冰的影响,提出了旋翼结冰的工程模型.建立了纵列式直升机结冰后的飞行动力学模型,研究了不同飞行速度条件下结冰对样机CH-47B平衡特性的影响,分析了环境温度、结冰时间、液态水含量以及平均水滴直径对旋翼扭矩的影响.计算结果的对比分析显示:两种结冰模型在计算精度上基本一致,表明结冰模型合理,能够用来进行结冰后的飞行动力学分析,为纵列式直升机结冰后的飞行动力学研究奠定了基础.     

氢动力无人机大展弦比机翼静气弹特性分析

以氢动力超长航时无人机(UAV)为背景,针对其大展弦比轻质复合材料机翼,采用强耦合方法求解了几何非线性变形下的静气弹特性,对比了弹性机翼与刚性机翼的气动性能,并在此基础上,给出了一种刚性机翼的弹性气动力修正方法。结果表明:相比刚性机翼,弹性机翼巡航状态下的升阻比降低3.2%,滚转力矩导数和偏航力矩导数显著增大,对飞机的气动性能产生不利影响;基于刚性计算结果,对大展弦比机翼进行气动修正,是一种有效的大展弦比轻质机翼气动分析思路。     

飞机系列机翼气动特性稳健匹配优化设计

在现代大型客机系列的设计中,机翼常作为通用模块,在每个型号上使用.针对各个型号因使用任务要求不同而使得对机翼气动特性需求不同的问题,引入设计权重,提出机翼气动特性匹配设计概念,建立了机翼气动特性匹配设计模型.并分析了设计权重的不确定性对机翼气动特性的影响,建立了稳健匹配优化设计模型,最终完成某高亚音速客机系列机翼气动特性稳健匹配优化设计.研究结果表明:与传统优化方法相比,稳健优化设计能够减小飞机系列中机翼在各型号上的气动特性差异,降低了设计权重的不确定性对机翼气动特性的影响, 提高了飞机系列的气动性能.     

多段翼积冰的数值模拟及防冰预测

为研究飞行器翼面积冰预测问题,通过对积冰形成机理的分析,提出了基于经典Messinger模型的积冰表面传质传热的改进模型;通过引入对多段翼空气流场的插值计算,建立了多段翼翼面积冰预测模型;考虑防冰系统向翼面控制体带入的等效热功率,提出了防冰条件下的积冰预测方法.通过对算例的分析对比,数值模拟计算结果与实验数据基本吻合,表明本文提出的结冰计算模型合理,能够用来进行积冰预测分析,为进一步研究翼面结冰后的飞行动力学问题及防除冰系统的设计奠定了基础.      

充气式机翼的颤振特性分析

充气式机翼的结构刚度由内充气压决定,其颤振特性需要建立静、动力学耦合的分析方法.机翼结构刚度和固有振动特性需要在静力分析基础上计算,进一步计算非定常气动力,从而采用传统的颤振计算方法分析其颤振特性.针对某一充气式机翼采用膜单元建立了有限元模型.在不同内充压条件下,对充气机翼进行了静力分析得到其结构刚度;然后对机翼进行模态计算和颤振分析.研究表明:各阶模态的频率随内充气压的升高而升高;除典型的弯扭模态外,充气机翼的弦向弯曲模态频率较低;充气机翼的颤振形式除常规的弯扭模态耦合外,弦向弯曲模态同样会发生颤振;机翼的临界颤振速度随内充压的变化近似呈分段线性变化;临界颤振模态及耦合分支在一定气压范围内保持不变.      

过冷大水滴动力学行为对翼型结冰的影响分析

过冷大水滴（SLD）是极端危险的飞行环境之一。因大粒径水滴独特的动力学行为变形破碎、飞溅反弹,传统结冰计算方法难以准确地反映SLD结冰情况。采用Navier-Stokes方法求解流场、Euler方法计算水滴撞击、Shallow Water模型模拟结冰,并与NASA实验结果进行了对比验证方法可信。结果表明：SLD动力学行为对结冰和冰形影响较大。其中,变形破碎改变了水滴运动轨迹和撞击范围,降低了水滴撞击极限,导致上下结冰极限减小2.83%、2.13%;飞溅降低了驻点附近水滴收集率,导致前缘积冰量减少8.09%;反弹显著降低了水滴撞击极限,导致上下结冰极限减小30.69%、20.01%;撞击后飞溅反弹二次水滴再入流场使得上下结冰极限增加6.14%、3.71%。同时,与干净翼型相比带冰翼型空气动力学性能严重退化,在相同迎角下,升力更小、阻力更大、气动效率更低。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.