A large flat panel multifunction display for military and spaceapplications

A flat panel multifunction display (MFD) that offers the size and reliability benefits of liquid crystal display technology while achieving near-CRT display quality is presented. Display generation algorithms that provide exceptional display quality are being implemented in custom VLSI components to minimize MFD size. A high-performance processor converts user-specified display lists to graphics commands used by these components, resulting in high-speed updates of two-dimensional and three-dimensional images. The MFD uses the MIL-STD-1553B data bus for compatibility with virtually all avionics systems. The MFD can generate displays directly from display lists received from the MIL-STD-1553B bus. Complex formats can be stored in the MFD and displayed using parameters from the data bus. The MFD also accepts direct video input and performs special processing on this input to enhance image quality     

Improved DC/AC interface inverter for high-frequency spaceapplications

A DC/AC interface inverter for a high-frequency space power distribution system that uses dual asymmetrical resonant bridges is examined. Compared to the conventional approach in which two symmetrical bridges are used, the asymmetrical bridges arrangement offers better use of the installed kVA rating and efficiency of the inverter system. A simplified approach for modeling the inverter system in steady-state is presented, and a criteria to select the resonant components is given. A detailed simulation is performed for the following: a symmetrical inverter system with a resistive load, an asymmetrical inverter system with a resistive load, and an asymmetrical inverter system with the type-1A AC/DC converter load     

气动声学计算中一种声扰动方程的改进

研究了气动声学计算中的一种改进声扰动方程(IAPE)。采用三种不同的声传播模型,数值分析了声在均匀流以及剪切流中的传播问题。与线化欧拉方程(LEE)相比,除了个别位置预测的压力峰值较小以外,声扰动方程(APE)几乎能够预测到类似的物理特性;另外,APE方程具有无需求解密度方程,计算成本相对较少等优点。为弥补APE方程预测压力峰值较小的缺点,通过分析APE方程,这类方程中需要加入剪切流与声波相互作用的源项。为此,对APE方程进行改进,加入了一种声源项,计算结果表明,改进的APE方程(IAPE)能够和线化欧拉方程的计算结果保持一致。     

Computational modeling for multiphase flows with spacecraft application

Many engineering applications involve interactions between solid, gas and liquid phases under normal or micro-gravity conditions. Numerical simulations of such fluid flows need to track the location and the shape of the fluid interface as part of the solution. The merits and basic characteristics of various approaches for numerical computations of interfacial fluid dynamics are reviewed. The computational challenges include: (i) the algorithmic complexity for handling irregularly shaped moving boundaries that can experience merger and break-up; (ii) resolution refinement techniques to maintain desirable resolution of length scales, in accordance with the evolving fluid dynamics; (iii) data structure needed to support identification of the interface and satisfaction of the physical laws in the bulk fluids as well as around the phase boundaries; and (iv) efficient parallel processing techniques required for practical engineering analysis. The present review focuses on these issues related to the Lagrangian–Eulerian approach, utilizing the immersed boundary method with marker-based tracking, as the main framework for interfacial flow computations on Cartesian grids. Specifically, we offer in-depth discussion of the organization and layout of the mesh systems for both fluid and interface representations, local adaptive refinement on two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) Cartesian grids, and multi-level domain decomposition method that utilizes Hilbert space filling curves for parallel processing strategy. The effectiveness of individual components and overall algorithm are presented using various tests such as, binary drop-collision computations to highlight grid adaptation and interface tracking algorithms to handle complex interface behavior, and bubble/droplet placed in a vortex field with various density/viscosity ratios across interfaces to address load balancing and scalability aspects of parallel computing. A time-dependent draining flow problem motivated by spacecraft applications is presented to aid spacecraft design efforts.     

Computational Precision Requirements for Optimal Weights in Adaptive Processing

The required accuracy for computing the estimated optimum weights of an adaptive processor has been analyzed by investigating the effects of errors in computing the inverse matrix. It is shown that the required precision depends upon the matrix. An equation for the general case is derived. Several special cases are considered in detail. It is shown that the case of a single interference source requires the highest precision. The least stressing case is identifi'ed and compared to the worst case. The requirements for a "typical" case are also considered. A comparison of the requirements for the covariance matrix estimation technique and for adaptive weight implementation using gradient descent techniques is given. It is shown that there is a dichotomy in that cases that do not stress one technique tend to stress the other.     

飞行器控制系统的高精度计算方法

对于连续时间线性二次最优控制问题，在动力学方程和价值泛函的基础上，给出其全状态下的微分方程，进而将精细时程积分法引入上述问题，其优点为，放弃了传统的差分算法，使计算过程既简便又稳定；避免了Ｒｉｃｃａｔｉ代数方程的求解；具有非常高的计算精度。通过对某飞行器控制系统的计算，充分说明了上述特色。     

Computational approach for investigation of thrust and acoustic performances of present-day nozzles

A computational viewpoint on the problems of design and numerical simulation for the nozzles of modern aircraft turbofan engines is presented. Modern concepts of noise-suppressing nozzles for civil aircraft are reviewed. Examples of application of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) methods to the analysis of nozzle flow structure and assessment of nozzle thrust characteristics are given. Errors of turbulence models in simulation of jets are analyzed. The authors’ experience in simulation of noise-suppressing nozzles for supersonic civil aircrafts is demonstrated. Insufficient accuracy of acoustic analogies for this class of tasks is shown, but a possible area of acoustic analogies application is noted. The essential elements of computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach and numerical methods characteristic of CAA are reviewed. Numerical methodology for the simulation of nozzle acoustic performance is described in detail, including methods for simulation of near and far field of a nozzle, for generation of input perturbations and for the processing the far-field noise. Results of verification and methodical analysis of this acoustic methodology are presented.     

一种P2P环境下的信任值计算算法

P2P环境下的信任反映的是一个节点对另一个节点信誉以及能力的综合评价。现有的信任模型多采用算术平均的方法来综合计算信誉,易受到不公正评价行为的攻击。为此提出了一种基于信誉的信任值计算算法。该算法考虑了信誉的时间衰减特点,使用内容兴趣相似度衡量节点推荐的信誉,并将信誉与其它相关因素综合得出信任值。仿真实验及分析表明,采用本算法的信任管理模型能抵御恶意评价的攻击,相比已有的信任模型能更为准确地计算信誉值。     

基于非结构网格流场超大规模并行计算

大规模并行的计算流体力学已成为现代航空工业研发的核心手段之一。基于非结构混合网格和有限体积法,发展了适用于工业级复杂外形气动计算的并行流动数值模拟方法。文中首先介绍了紧致数值离散格式、基于Metis的分布式多核系统网格分区技术、并行边界虚拟单元技术和MPI并行实现等相关算法。采用网格量相对较小的旋成体构型绕流模型对比分析多核并行计算结果与单核计算结果以验证并行计算的正确性,比较了不同并行规模下并行效率和残差收敛情况。然后通过对上亿网格单元的运输机复杂构型绕流模拟,开展并行效率的测试,结果表明,本文方法并行加速性能高,直到多达18816核并行效率都保持在80%以上。     

CFD不确定度量化方法研究综述

随着计算流体力学(CFD)算法和软件的不断发展和完善,CFD数值模拟已经在涉及流体力学的各个领域发挥着日益重要的作用.不确定性因素在CFD计算过程中普遍存在,并且会对数值模拟结果造成影响.发展CFD不确定度量化方法,既能满足工程实践中对CFD可信度评估的需求,同时也能够支撑飞行器的精细化设计.本文旨在总结不确定度量化方法及其在CFD领域中的发展与应用.首先介绍CFD计算中的不确定性来源,以及不确定性的表现形式—随机不确定性和认知不确定性.然后按照不确定性的表现形式介绍对应的不确定度量化方法.最后介绍不确定度量化方法在CFD计算中的发展与应用,并且给出进一步开展不确定度量化工作的建议.     

The Observational Motivation for Computational Advances in Solar Flare Physics

A solar flare is a violent and transient release of energy in the corona of the Sun, associated with the reconfiguration of the coronal magnetic field. The major mystery of solar flare physics is the precise nature of the conversion of stored magnetic energy into the copious accelerated particles that are observed indirectly by the radiation that they produce, and also directly with in situ detectors. This presents a major challenge for theory and modeling. Recent years have brought significant observational advances in the study of solar flares, addressing the storage and release of magnetic energy, and the acceleration and propagation of fast electrons and ions. This paper concentrates on two topics relevant to the early phase of a flare, magnetic reconnection and charged particle acceleration and transport. Some recent pertinent observations are reviewed and pointers given for the directions that, this reviewer suggests, computational models should now seek to take.     

FPGA-based military avionics computing circuits

There are processing requirements for military avionics applications in excess of 10/sup 10/ operations per second. Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) support these types of processing rates, and also offer other advantages (i.e., lower cost, lower power consumption, and smaller size) for military avionics relative to alternate types of processing solutions. This paper discusses the need for very high performance computing in military avionics, with precision guided munition (PGM) applications used as an example of this need. It presents a model suggesting continued rapid improvements in FPGA processing capability, and it analyzes the utility of FPGAs as processing engines in terms of processing capability, cost, power consumption, and size. It presents several examples of the use of FPGAs as processing engines which validate the model, and it also uses these examples to describe various FPGA-based processing engine implementation techniques.     

研发铝合金的集成计算材料工程

用于铝合金的集成计算材料工程是将微观(10-10~10-8m)、细观(10-8~10-4m)、介观(10-4~10-2m)和宏观(10-2~10 m)等多尺度计算模拟和关键实验集成到铝合金设计开发的全过程中,通过成分-工艺-结构-性能的集成化,把铝合金的研发由传统经验式提升到以组织演化及其与性能相关性为基础的科学设计上,从而大大加快其研发速度,降低研发成本。本文详细阐述了原子尺度模拟、相图计算、相场、元胞自动机和有限元等计算模拟方法及微结构表征和性能测定的实验方法,论述了其在铝合金研发中所发挥的具体作用。基于集成计算材料工程,提出了从用户需要、设计制备和工业生产3个层面研发铝合金的具体框架。通过2个应用实例,展示了集成计算材料工程在铝合金研发中的强大功能,这也为新型铝合金及其它新材料的设计和开发提供了新模式。     

复合材料加筋壁板结构件VARI液体成型工艺计算模拟

通过注模模拟软件PAM-RTM可以预测复合材料液体成型工艺中树脂的流动时间和模拟树脂的流动形式.渗透率是成型工艺模拟中重要的参数,面内和面外渗透率通常采用复杂且昂贵的封闭模具来测试,本工作自建了一套结构简单、操作方便且成本低廉的模具,使用真空辅助树脂灌注(VARI)工艺可获得准确的面内和面外渗透率参数.采用一种简单的等效建模方法,通过分层建模方法建立了有限元模型.将渗透率参数输入模拟注模软件PAM-RTM中,将使用等效建模方法所得模拟计算结果与实验液体成型结果进行了比较.计算模拟树脂充模时间为254 s,比实验工艺树脂充模时间(301 s)短.在使用等效建模方法的流道布局基础上,制备了加筋壁板结构件,对所选方案进行了工艺验证.     

Swarm intelligence: A survey of model classification and applications

Swarm Intelligence(SI) is a collective behavior that emerges from interaction between individuals in a group. Typical SI includes fish schooling, ant foraging, bird migration, and so on. A great deal of models have been introduced to characterize the mechanism of SI. This article reviews several typical models and classifies them into four categories: self-driven particle models,with Boids model as the primary example; pheromone communication models, including the ant colony pheromone model which serves as the foundation for ant colony optimization; leadership decision models, utilizing the hierarchical dynamics model of pigeon flock as a prime instance;empirical research models, which employ the topological rule model of starling flock as a classic model. On this basis, each type of model is elaborated upon in terms of its typical model overview,applications, and model evaluation. More specifically, multi-agent swarm control, path optimization and obstacle avoidance, formation and consensus control, trajectory tracking in the dense crowd and social networks analysis are surveyed in the application of each category, respectively.Furthermore, the more precise and effective modeling techniques for leadership decision and empirical research models are described. Limitations and potential directions for further exploration in the study of SI are presented.     

一种高精度气动弹性计算方法

提出了一种实用高精度静气动弹性计算方法,该方法的气动力计算基于FLUENT软件,结构变形的求解和流场网格调整在ANSYS平台下完成,结构流场网格划分使用界面节点一致化方案。气动力计算和结构变形均使用专业软件完成,可以建立精细的计算模型并获得相应的精确计算结果。界面节点一致化方案降低了流固耦合难度,气动力和结构变形的传递简单而精确。最后以三维机翼模型为算例验证了该方法的可行性有效性。     

二股流喷射控制推力矢量数值计算研究

利用求解雷诺平均的N-S方程的数值模拟方法,对一种新型的推力矢量喷管———基于次流喷射控制的二维收缩-扩张喷管(2DCD)———的推力矢量性能进行了研究。根据数值模拟结果分析了外流马赫数、喷管压强比和次流总压与主流总压之比对矢量偏角的影响。