大视场红外星敏感器折反式光学系统设计

星敏感器是以恒星为探测对象的高精度空间姿态测量装置,广泛应用于卫星、航天飞机、导弹等必备的高精度姿态敏感部件。为了实现在特定环境要求下的精确应用,本文设计了可应用于近红外波长的红外光学系统。首先,根据既定的参数进行了初始结构的选型,并对马克苏托夫望远镜的形式进行了改进。然后,对设计结果进行了探测性能分析。随后对设计好的系统进行了公差分析及优化,使它能满足加工装配需求。最后,为光学系统设计了遮光罩,进行了杂散光分析。设计与分析结果表明：该探测光学系统折反射镜全表面采用球面,系统总长171.2mm,全视场14μm包围能量分布均在86%以上,0.8视场内最大畸变小于4μm。该系统视场大、结构紧凑、装调难度低、探测灵敏度高、探测范围广、温度适应性强,可在0.8～1.9μm近红外波段的宽光谱范围内进行高精度目标检测的准确检测。     

H波段折反式星敏感器光学系统设计

面向短波红外星敏感器在机载平台、弹载平台以及舰载平台的应用需求,设计了H波段折反式星敏感器光学系统。该折反式镜头总长为232mm、焦距为704.3mm、全视场为2°、F数为3.9、探测极限星等为6。结果表明：调制传递函数值接近衍射极限,在奈奎斯特采样频率处大于0.5;各视场径向能量趋于一致,弥散斑可覆盖2~3像元;相对畸变小于0.1%,满足指标要求。本文可为近地空间短波红外星敏感器的工程应用提供理论基础与技术支持。     

基于FPGA的星敏感器探测器制冷控制系统

星敏感器探测器用于得到精确的星图数据以解算出高精度的位置、姿态等信息。而星敏感器在轨运行时,需要控制探测器的工作温度,使其工作性能稳定可靠。文章提出了一种基于FPGA的星敏感器探测器制冷控制系统。该系统采用分段式数字PID控制算法生成脉冲宽度调制PWM波驱动半导体制冷器进行高精度制冷,电路结构简单、可靠性高。通过试验验证,该系统具有制冷响应快、超调量小、控温精度高的特点,控温精度可达±0.25℃。     

基于线性最小均方差估计的星敏感器故障诊断

针对使用两个星敏感器进行姿态测量的三轴稳定控制系统,利用星敏感器输出值与陀螺输出值的解析冗余关系,通过设计两个滤波器实现对不同星敏感器的故障隔离.考虑到陀螺测量噪声以乘性噪声的形式出现在姿态运动学方程中,利用陀螺输出测量值和目标星敏感器的测量值,采用线性最小均方差估计器得到包含目标星敏感器故障信息的残差; 以无故障情况下残差的统计方差为基础得到阈值,通过检验残差评价值是否超过相应的阈值,实现对目标星敏感器故障的检测; 分别将两个星敏感器作为目标星敏感器,综合两个故障检测结果隔离故障.对星敏感器出现测量偏差和精度逐渐下降两种故障的仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

Halo轨道探测器的姿态描述与建模

日地系Halo轨道位于平动点附近,且不存在以地球为中心的轨道平面,这使得Halo轨道探测器的姿态描述和建模问题完全不同于近地卫星.针对三轴稳定方式的探测器,给出了2种姿态描述方案:对日定向方案(方案I,基于日、地敏感器)和旋转坐标系下定向方案(方案II,基于星敏感器).依据两者所定义的不同轨道坐标系,分别建立了姿态动力学模型.分析2类描述方案的相对误差,发现方案I的上限不超过5%,而方案II的上限不超过0.005%.并就方案I设计了姿态镇定控制器,以验证所提出的姿态描述方案的合理性.结果表明:具体工程应用中应以方案II为正常工作模式,并定期修正星历表的误差;方案I作为备份,保证探测器的正常运行.      

光谱连续可调星敏感器地面标定系统设计

为解决由于色温不匹配对星敏感器光信号定标精度产生的影响,提出一种光谱连续可调星敏感器地面标定系统设计方案.该高精度准直光学系统的光谱范围为500~800nm,像质测试结果表明,全视场畸变小于0.08%,MTF在60lp·mm^-1处大于0.6.基于DMD光源系统的组成和工作原理,对光谱分辨率和光谱曲线模拟精度进行分析,设计了一套光谱分辨率全谱段优于2nm的Czerny-Turner分光系统.测试结果表明,星点位置精度优于7";光谱分辨率为10nm和20nm时光谱曲线模拟精度分别优于2%和5%,有效降低了由于色温不匹配对星敏感器标定精度的影响.

     

基于Bipod结构的星敏感器遮光罩安装结构优化设计

星敏感器是航天器中常用的姿态确定仪器,其测量精度较高,且受外界环境因素、尤其是温度因素影响显著.星敏感器的热稳定性对其精度有着重要的影响,为改善星敏感器的热稳定性,提出一种基于Bipod结构的星敏感器遮光罩安装结构优化设计.通过仿真分析,此设计极大的改善了星敏感器结构的热稳定性,提高了星敏感器在轨工作时光轴指向精度的稳定性,且星敏感器的强度与刚度条件均能满足安全设计要求.     

倾斜轨道小卫星太阳高度角分析与机动方案设计

针对倾斜轨道小卫星必然会面对的光学姿态敏感器受阳光干扰的问题,分析太阳高度角的变化规律,提出了计算太阳高度角的经验公式,并在此基础上提出了平台偏航姿态机动方案,可以使光学姿态敏感器规避阳光干扰,并可以简化整星热控和帆板驱动设计,提高了整星的可靠性.     

星敏感器误差分析与补偿方法

星敏感器是目前航天器精度最高的姿态测量部件,其误差是影响姿态确定系统精度的关键要素.依据误差频率特性,系统地对星敏感器误差进行分析,主要阐述星敏感器低频误差和高频误差产生的原因以及当前的抑制与补偿方法.在此基础上,根据星敏感器误差的特点,展望星敏感器低频误差以及高频误差抑制与补偿方法的发展趋势.     

基于稳像的星敏感器动态精度提升方法研究

星敏感器在高动态工况下的拖尾现象降低信噪比,影响产品姿态测量精度.本文设计了一种星敏感器稳像方法,利用陀螺获取星敏感器角速度,在星敏感器曝光期间利用像面驱动器带动成像芯片补偿运动实现稳像,可以减小甚至消除拖尾,提升星敏感器在动态工况下的测量精度.实验验证表明稳像补偿后星敏感器定心精度比稳像补偿前提高了57.2%,相比多帧叠加算法也有明显优势.稳像补偿后星点高斯半径、能量峰值以及相关系数等指标相比稳像前也均有大幅改善.该稳像方法可广泛应用于具有高动态应用场景的星敏感器和其他光电成像仪器中.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。