飞机地面转弯和刹车响应动力学分析

 建立了飞机地面运动的数学模型,模型中考虑机体的六自由度运动和起落架弹性;基于滑移率控制方式建立了机轮防滑刹车模型。通过仿真得出了飞机地面匀速转弯和滑跑刹车的动态响应。其结果表明,飞机匀速转弯时,其峰值出现在初始非稳态时刻;弹性起落架在着陆和刹车过程中产生走步现象;采用滑移率控制方式使飞机在整个刹车过程中取得最佳刹车性能。     

Identification and standardization of maneuvers based upon operational flight data

To find a way of loads analysis from operational flight data for advanced aircraft,maneuver identification and standardization jobs are conducted in this paper. For thousands of sorties from one aircraft, after studying the flight attitude when performing actions, the start and end time of the maneuvers can be determined. According to those time points, various types of maneuvers during the flight are extracted in the form of multi-parameters time histories. By analyzing the numerical range and curve shape of those parameters, a characteristic data library is established to model all types of maneuvers. Based on this library, a computer procedure using pattern-recognition theory is programmed to conduct automatic maneuver identification with high accuracy. In that way, operational loads are classified according to maneuver type. For a group of identified maneuvers of the same type, after the processes of time normalization, trace shifting, as well as averaging and smoothing, the idealization standard time history of each maneuver type is established.Finally, the typical load statuses are determined successfully based on standard maneuvers. The proposed method of maneuver identification and standardization is able to derive operational loads effectively, and might be applied to monitoring loads in Individual Aircraft Tracking Program(IATP).     

飞机推出和跑道掉头滑行行为计算方法

针对飞机推出和跑道掉头两种地面滑行特殊行为的位置和姿态计算问题进行了研究。从机场塔台管制运行模拟仿真的角度出发,提出了非完整运动学约束下飞机推出滑行和跑道掉头运动计算方法。依据飞机推出实际和非完整运动路径跟踪模型,设计出适合仿真推演计算的飞机推出运动求解方法。根据飞机跑道掉头的几何约束和转弯角运动约束,设计出开环控制下完整刻画飞机运动的求解方法。与动力学求解模型相比,该方法具有计算简便,适合于视景仿真驱动的优点,并通过数学仿真验证了方法的有效性。     

Gear walk instability studies using flexible multibody dynamics simulation methods in SIMPACK

In a variety of mechanical systems friction induced vibrations are a major concern. The aircraft landing gear is by nature a complex multidegree-of-freedom dynamic system. It may encounter various vibration modes which can be induced by brake frictional characteristics and design features. These brake induced oscillations can lead to very high loads in the landing gear and brake structure which may result in passenger discomfort and sometimes in component failure. Along with the serious fore and aft oscillations of a landing gear, often referred to as gear walk, chatter, squeal, shimmy and other vibrations in aircraft landing systems are not only annoying and disconcerting but can also affect the stability of the plane during take-off, landing, and rolling. In this paper, simulation of such an unstable and complex phenomenon during aircraft ground maneuvers is done to detect vibrations in aircraft landing gear. A commercial multibody simulation tool SIMPACK is used for this purpose. The article is based on work done in co-operation between DLR and Liebherr Aerospace.     

飞机电子防滑刹车系统模拟仿真

提出用飞机三自由度模型进行防滑系统的仿真研究,给出某型飞机的刹车曲线。     

歼击机载荷谱编制方法的研究

 <正> 1.引言 国内外大量的研究表明,编制飞机载荷谱应考虑载荷的大小,频数、顺序和分布这四方面的因素,只有在这四方面都摸拟了飞机实际飞行情况,才能保证载荷谱的真实性。 程序块谱只考虑了载荷的大小和频数,所以逐渐被飞-续-飞谱所取代,飞-飞谱是按一个飞行接一个飞行编制的载荷谱。由空测数据编制这种谱的常规方法是先对法向过载系数ny进行计数处理,得到某个任务段(或任务剖面)内ny的大小和频数,而后将计数结果在该任务段(或任务剖面)内离散,生成ny的随机序列。与此同时,给出其它各主要气动参数的概率分布,然后按概率的大小组合成几种典型的飞行状态,再由飞行状态计算出对应的载荷分布。最后以这几种载荷分布为基础,根据ny的大小进行线性折算,得到各级ny下的载荷和载荷分布。     

机翼机动减载策略与效果评估

飞行载荷设计是飞机平台设计的重要组成部分,是飞机能力需求与结构强度实现的桥梁。面向高机动飞机较为突出的机翼载荷大的问题,以一种常规布局飞机本体特性和飞行载荷特性为研究对象,通过典型极限动作的机动过程仿真,初步探索机翼机动减载的方式和可实现性,并使用测压风洞试验数据和结构有限元模型评估了减载效果。研究结果表明,通过合适的策略,可有效实现飞机机翼的机动减载,并且不会增加飞行负担对于飞机的疲劳损伤也起到一定的减轻作用。     

基于SPH方法的飞机轮胎滑水仿真分析计算

轮胎滑水会导致轮胎与地面之间的摩擦力急剧减小,增加飞机起降距离,进而影响飞行安全,因而需要开展关于飞机轮胎滑水的研究。针对飞机轮胎滑水问题,采用FEM 方法建立简化轮胎模型并通过实验进行模型验证,采用SPH 方法建立积水模型,进而建立轮胎—积水—道面相互作用的轮胎滑水模型,分析不同影响因素和不同台面构型对轮胎滑水的影响。结果表明：水深越大,轮胎越容易发生滑水,但水深大于6 mm 之后,水深对轮胎滑水的影响较小;轮胎速度、胎压、轮载越大,越容易发生滑水;沟槽宽度增加,轮胎滑水速度提高,但稳定性会降低;轮胎磨损越严重,越容易发生滑水;沟槽数量越多,临界滑水速度越大。     

面向复杂构型飞机的非定常气动力建模与辨识

不论是现代高机动隐身战斗机的设计需求还是常规布局飞机的飞行动力学分析,深入研究大迎角飞行时的非线性非定常气动力模型都极其重要。基于纵向运动小振幅及大振幅强迫振荡试验数据,分析了常规稳定导数模型的准确性,并从导数模型出发发展了简化涡流和分离流时间迟滞效应的非定常气动力线性模型和非线性模型,最后应用风洞典型机动历程模拟试验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明：对于复杂构型高机动飞机模型,发展并改进的非线性微分方程模型可以准确预测飞机不同机动下的非定常气动力特性,具有较强的工程可行性。     

飞机轮胎爆破喷流模式下管路的强度计算方法

飞机起落架作为飞机唯一的支撑结构,是不可或缺的飞机部件,而轮胎作为飞机起落架的重要部件,在飞机起飞、降落到滑跑过程中承受着巨大的冲击力和摩擦力,从而可能导致轮胎爆破的事故发生,也可能引起轮胎的空气喷流效应,导致其空气喷流效应影响范围内的液压管路破坏。而液压管路的破坏将会导致飞机液压能源系统和与之相关联的液压设备非正常工作,进而威胁飞机的飞行安全。在进行喷流模式下的液压管路的强度计算时,由于该模式下轮胎爆破产生的喷流是瞬间的、巨大的,因此计算其喷流载荷是非常困难的。针对该模式下提出一种喷流载荷拟合方法,并将拟合后的载荷加载到管路的有限元模型中,从而计算出液压管路的强度,为轮胎爆破下喷流模式的液压管路计算提供了工程实用的方法。     

航空拖曳诱饵系统机动过程缆绳张力仿真

为解决航空拖曳诱饵系统研制过程中拖曳缆绳强度设计问题,对拖曳诱饵系统机动过程缆绳张力进行了仿真研究。仿真中建立了缆绳的质量弹簧阻尼模型和诱饵弹的六自由度动力学模型,研究了直线加速和机动转弯2个典型飞行动作中缆绳受力情况,分析了载机加速度、飞行高度、缆绳弹性模量、缆绳直径等因素对缆绳张力的影响。结果表明：缆绳中张力大小不仅与诱饵弹、缆绳的气动阻力、重力有关,还与它们的惯性力有关;由于张力在缆绳中传递存在时滞性,机动过程中缆绳张力存在波动现象,波动的剧烈程度与载机加速度、缆绳弹性模量、缆绳直径有关;机动转弯过程中,缆绳会承受一个较大的峰值应力,该应力随着转弯角速度的增大而增大。     

一种典型过失速机动的仿真

从飞机的六自由度运动方程出发,结合推力矢量控制系统,进行三种典型过失速机动的数值仿真,主要研究了第一种机动的操纵规律;失速迎角后大迎角不对称气动力和力矩及气动迟 完成过失速机动的影响;推力矢量在实现过失速机动中所起到的作用。此外,对不同初始飞行状态也给予了讨论。仿真结果表明：推力矢量是过失速机动的有效手段;在设计操纵规律时,应予以充分考虑到不对称气动力矩的影响,气动迟滞、进入速度对过失速机动的影响     

舰载运输类飞机副翼飞行载荷设计

舰载运输类飞机布局紧凑，副翼兼备增加升力（襟副翼）、提供滚转力矩等作用。根据CCAR-25增升装置和滚转情况的设计准则，并考虑机舰适配性要求，研究了某舰载运输类螺旋桨飞机的襟副翼和副翼飞行载荷设计方法。通过机动仿真获得襟副翼、副翼典型载荷情况，通过面元法获得不同动力影响下的气动特性数据和压力分布数据，结合理论方法与工程需要，计算、筛选出襟副翼和副翼的载荷边界作为其设计载荷。研究结果表明，算例飞机的襟副翼和副翼飞行载荷受滑流影响较小；襟副翼在各个设计空速的迎面突风情况下获得设计载荷；副翼在设计俯冲速度的最大可用偏度情况下获得设计载荷。     

Consideration on aircraft tire spray when running on wet runways

The tire spray produced by aircraft running on wet runways may enter the intake of engines, which may lead to the compressor stall, surge, or even combustion flameout. Therefore, it is necessary to do some research work on the tire spray to help to solve this problem. Firstly, the mechanism of tire spray is analyzed, and some parameters are defined to describe the spray pattern. Secondly, the numerical model of tire spray is established by coupled Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Finite Element Method (FEM) in LS-DYNA software, and the model is validated by a simplified water spray experiment. Then some influence factors on the spray pattern are studied by numerical simulation. Finally, some suggestions are proposed on different types of aircraft to avoid too much tire spray being ingested into the engine intakes.     

基于联合仿真的飞机空调系统故障影响

飞机空调系统是飞机的重要组成部分,由于其在飞行过程中环境和工作参数变化较大,易于受到多种因素的影响而成为故障率较高的飞机系统之一。飞机空调系统故障主要发生在飞行过程中,在地面状态难以复现,因此基于联合仿真的飞机空调系统故障影响分析对飞机设计验证和地面维修具有重要意义。首先根据飞机空调系统原理建立了冲压空气进气口模型、发动机压气机模型、压力调节与预冷组件模型、制冷组件模型;然后基于AMESim-Simulink联合仿真平台,模拟飞行过程中空调系统组件性能动态变化过程;最后对典型故障如预冷器泄漏、预冷器空气活门卡死、压力传感器冲击、冲压空气进气作动筒卡死等故障进行模拟,再现了飞行过程中空调系统故障情况,分析了空调组件性能的变化过程。     

飞机结构弹性对起落架缓冲性能的影响

研究了飞机结构弹性对起落架缓冲性能的影响。建立了计及飞机结构弹性效应的起落架缓冲系统的动力模型和分析方法。应用结果表明,飞机结构弹性效应能降低起落架缓冲系统的过载、位移等,尤其对大、中型飞机主起落架更为明显,如,某Ｙ机主起落架过载降低６％。     

舰载飞机拦阻钩载荷实测方法研究

为完成某舰载飞机飞行试验任务,采用应变法实测了其拦阻着舰时的拦阻钩载荷。在分析着舰拦阻过程中拦阻钩受载状态的基础上,建立了拦阻钩纵向、侧向和垂向这3个方向上的载荷模型;对拦阻钩钩臂进行内力分析,设计了载荷测量应变电桥,并进行了载荷校准,建立了载荷方程。给出并详细分析了典型拦阻过程中的拦阻钩载荷,计算了拦阻功量及拦阻系统的效率。最后,通过与常规单向载荷模型的对比,探讨了采用三向载荷模型的意义。分析表明,建立的模型和采用的方法正确,结果合理可信,可供相关工程参考。     

倾转三旋翼飞行器地面效应风洞试验

倾转旋翼飞行器在近地悬停或低速前飞时有明显的地面效应,对飞行器的气动载荷有强烈影响。针对倾转三旋翼(TTR)飞行器的地面效应问题,采用0.5 的缩比模型,在低速回流式开口风洞中设计了可移动地面平台,模拟TTR飞行器悬停和低速前飞时的离地高度,利用杆式天平测量机体所受载荷大小并使用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术捕捉机体下方的动态流场。试验结果表明:当TTR飞行器悬停离地高度在1.25倍旋翼直径以下时,地面效应影响显著,机体受到的最大上载荷约为旋翼总推力的4%,并观测到明显的涡旋喷泉流现象;在低速前飞状态,受旋翼尾流和前向来流影响,相对于悬停状态机体所受上载荷明显减小,喷泉流中心后移。试验结果对TTR无人飞行器动力系统选择,控制増稳系统设计以及借助地面效应优势提高承载能力具有一定参考价值。     

Ground maneuver for front-wheel drive aircraft via deep reinforcement learning

The maneuvering time on the ground accounts for 10%–30% of their flight time, and it always exceeds 50% for short-haul aircraft when the ground traffic is congested. Aircraft also contribute significantly to emissions, fuel burn, and noise when taxiing on the ground at airports. There is an urgent need to reduce aircraft taxiing time on the ground. However, it is too expensive for airports and aircraft carriers to build and maintain more runways, and it is space-limited to tow the aircraft fast using tractors. Autonomous drive capability is currently the best solution for aircraft, which can save the maneuver time for aircraft. An idea is proposed that the wheels are driven by APU-powered (auxiliary power unit) motors, APU is working on its efficient point; consequently, the emissions, fuel burn, and noise will be reduced significantly. For Front-wheel drive aircraft, the front wheel must provide longitudinal force to tow the plane forward and lateral force to help the aircraft make a turn. Forward traction effects the aircraft’s maximum turning ability, which is difficult to be modeled to guide the controller design. Deep reinforcement learning provides a powerful tool to help us design controllers for black-box models; however, the models of related works are always simplified, fixed, or not easily modified, but that is what we care about most. Only with complex models can the trained controller be intelligent. High-fidelity models that can easily modified are necessary for aircraft ground maneuver controller design. This paper focuses on the maneuvering problem of front-wheel drive aircraft, a high-fidelity aircraft taxiing dynamic model is established, including the 6-DOF airframe, landing gears, and nonlinear tire force model. A deep reinforcement learning based controller was designed to improve the maneuver performance of front-wheel drive aircraft. It is proved that in some conditions, the DRL based controller outperformed conventional look-ahead controllers.     

三轴式无人旋翼飞行器及自适应飞行控制系统设计

设计了一种操控简便的三轴式无人旋翼飞行器,由三组共轴双旋翼组成,各旋翼由直流电机直接驱动,只需调节各电机转速就能控制旋翼飞行器运动姿态和轨迹。为使三轴式无人旋翼飞行器飞行控制系统设计得到有效验证,研究了旋翼飞行器的飞行动力学非线性建模,运用叶素动量理论建立了共轴双旋翼变转速旋翼载荷计算方法,分析了旋翼入流分布对共轴双旋翼气动载荷模型的影响,通过试验验证了共轴双旋翼气动载荷计算模型的正确性。由于旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型的非线性及未建模动力学的影响,难于建立非常精确的数学模型,给飞行控制系统设计带来了挑战。本文根据旋翼飞行器飞行动力学非线性模型推导出了旋转动力学模型逆和平移动力学模型逆控制器,利用神经网络在线自适应修正模型逆误差,采用线性PD或PI控制器调节指令跟踪误差,应用由向心回转和垂直上升组合的机动科目进行了仿真验证,给出了具有外界阵风干扰模拟的仿真结果,表明所设计的飞行控制系统具有自适应性和鲁棒性,能实现精确的轨迹跟踪控制。