Single-phase power-factor-correction AC/DC converters with threePWM control schemes

Three pulse-width modulation (PWM) control schemes for a single-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) AC/DC converter are presented to improve the power quality. A diode bridge with two power switches is employed as a PFC circuit to achieve a high power factor and low line current harmonic distortion. The control schemes are based on look-up tables with hysteresis current controller (HCC) to generate two-level or three-level PWM on the DC side of diode rectifier. Based on the proposed three control schemes, the line current is driven to follow the sinusoidal current command which is in phase with the supply voltage, and two capacitor voltages on the DC bus are controlled to be balanced. The simulation and experimental results of a 1 kW converter with load as well as line voltage variation and shown to verify the proposed control schemes. It is shown that unity PFC is achieved using a simple control circuit and the measured line current harmonics satisfy the IEC 1000-3-2 requirements     

Analysis and Design of Series Resonant Converter by State-Plane Diagram

Analysis based on the state-plane diagram is given for series resonant converters operating in the frequency range 0.5 ? fs/fo ? 1.0. When the voltages and currents in the converter are normalized, design parameters take on special geometric meanings in the normalized state diagram. Examples of converter design using graphical methods are given for the cases of ? and ? control. Control characteristics of the converter operating in the continuous conduction mode are derived. The concept of the energy reflection coefficient is introduced as a measure of power transfer efficiency in the converter design.     

Full bridge ZCS PWM converter for high-voltage high-powerapplications

This paper presents a comprehensive study of a full bridge (FB) zero-current switched (ZCS) PWM converter which is suitable for high-voltage and high-power DC application that achieves ZCS for all active switches, and zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) operation for all diodes on the high voltage side. The given converter utilizes component parasitic parameters, particularly for the high-voltage transformer, and employs fixed-frequency phase-shift control to implement soft-switching commutations. Detailed steady state analysis of the converter power stage is presented for the first time and the major features of the converter's power stage are discussed. Small-signal characteristics are also presented and accompanied by a discussion of the controller design and implementation. A design example is also presented based on the steady state analysis and is validated by simulation. Theoretical and simulated results are in good agreement     

永磁直驱风电机组的机侧多整流器并联运行控制研究

永磁直驱风电机组的容量通常达到了兆瓦级,采用并联型结构是主要的扩容方式。传统的风电变流器机侧整流器具有独立的直流母线,虽具有控制简单的优点,但也存在成本高、体积增加等问题。针对这个问题,提出了一种新型的永磁直驱风电机组机侧多整流器共直流母线并联运行控制策略。该控制策略的控制目的是抑制共直流母线的整流器模块之间由于不同步造成的环流,因此首先对具有公共直流母线的多整流器运行的直流环路和零序电流动态进行了建模和分析,设计了独立的电流控制器,并通过同步载波移相配合生成了多簇脉冲调制信号给不同的整流器模块,但相互的控制器使用了同一个转子位置观测器,从而实现了每个模块的电流同步和均衡,并匹配了最优的总发电机转矩。最后,为了验证控制策略的有效性,基于1.5MW的永磁直驱风电机组试验平台进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,在新型控制策略下,变流器机侧多整流器模块能正常运行,并具有较优的性能。     

AC/DC converter topologies for the Space Station

A new class of AC/DC converter topologies (Type-1 converters) is described, suitable for use in an advanced single-phase sine-wave voltage, high-frequency power distribution system, of the type that was proposed for a 20 kHz Space Station primary electrical power distribution system. The converter comprises a transformer, a resonant network, a current controller, a diode rectifier, and an output filter. The input AC voltage source is converted into a sinusoidal current source using the resonant network. The output of this current source is rectified by the diode rectifier and is controlled by the current controller. The controlled rectified current is then filtered by the output filter to obtain a constant voltage across the load. Three distinct converter topologies, Type-1A, Type-1B, and Type 1-C, are described, and their performance characteristics are presented. All three types have a close-to-unity rated power factor (greater than 0.98), low total harmonic distortion in input current (less than 5%), and high conversion efficiency (greater than 96%)     

飞机二次电源控制器监测电路的分析与计算

对于某些飞机二次电源供电的机载设备,采用两台变流机作为电源,并配备一台控制器。当主变流机发生故障,控制器能使主弯流机停止工作并起动备用变流机向设备供电。文章应用对称分量法分析计算了主变流机在上述两种状态下,监测电路能输出差别甚大的电压信号,从而如实反映主变流机正常工作和故障两种状态。     

基于TMS320F2812生成移相PWM的2种办法

移相 PWM波是很多开关电源常用的驱动脉冲信号。双向全桥直流变换器(Bidirectional-Full-Bridge DCDC Converter,BDC)在双重移相控制方式下时需要 4组两两互补的移相 PWM波。文章基于 TMS320F2812型 DSP(Digital Signal Processor)分析了 2种生成移相 PWM的方法。为提高双向全桥直流变换器工作的安全性和可靠性,为移相 PWM波设置死区时间。对所提出的方法进行测试后结果良好,对于双向全桥直流变换器闭环控制系统的构建具有重要意义。     

限制转子电流的双馈风电机组虚拟同步控制策略

随着新能源的大规模开发利用,其在能源结构中的占比不断提高。为了维持大电网的平稳运行,要求双馈风机等新能源机组参与电网调频。双馈风机的转子侧变流器存在容量限制,而调频过程中转子电流变化可能会超出此限。为应对这一问题,首先分析了双馈风力发电机的数学模型,并得出了额定转速下dq系的转子电流控制模型;然后使用误差转化函数与李雅普诺夫方法,设计了限制转子电流的控制器,并与常规的虚拟同步控制相结合,提出了一种改进的虚拟同步控制策略,可以兼顾风机调频的需求与调频动态过程中转子电流的限制。通过仿真验证了所提出控制器参与电网调频的能力以及对于转子电流的良好控制。     

Full control of a PWM DC-AC converter for AC voltage regulation

The design and implement action of a DSP-based fully digital-controlled single-phase pulsewidth modulated (PWM) dc-ac converter for ac voltage regulation is described. The proposed multiloop digital controller (MDC) consists of a current controller, a voltage controller, and a feedforward controller. This MDC was realized using a single-chip digital signal processor (DSP). The PWM gating signals are determined at every sampling instant by the proposed multiloop digital control scheme using a set of detected feedback signals. A software current control; scheme has been developed to achieve fast current control of the PWM inverter and decouple the inductor of the output filter. Experimental results have been given to verify the proposed digital control scheme. The constructed DSP-based PWM dc-ac converter system can achieve fast dynamic response and with low total harmonic distortion (THD) for rectifier type of loads     

Feedforward maximum power point tracking of PV systems using fuzzy controller

A feedforward maximum power (MP) point tracking scheme is developed for the interleaved dual boost (IDB) converter fed photovoltaic (PV) system using fuzzy controller. The tracking algorithm changes the duty ratio of the converter such that the solar cell array (SCA) voltage equals the voltage corresponding to the MP point at that solar insolation. This is done by the feedforward loop, which generates an error signal by comparing the instantaneous array voltage and reference voltage. The reference voltage for the feedforward loop, corresponding to the MP point, is obtained by an off-line trained neural network. Experimental data is used for off-line training of the neural network, which employs back-propagation algorithm. The proposed fuzzy feedforward peak power tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through the simulation and experimental results, and compared with the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controller based system. Finally, a comparative study of interleaved boost and conventional boost converter for the PV applications is given and their suitability is discussed.     

Multimodule parallel series-loaded resonant converters

The design and implementation of a multimodule parallel series-loaded resonant (SLR) converter system is presented. The SLR converter to be paralleled is operated in the n=2 discontinuous mode (DCM). Its dc analysis and dynamic modeling are made. In parallel operation, an average control technique is proposed to compensate the mismatch in current control characteristics of each parallel converter. Good dynamic and static current sharing characteristics are obtained. In addition, to obtain good output voltage regulating control performance, a design procedure is presented to find the parameters of feedback voltage controller according to the prescribed specifications     

State Trajectories Used to Observe and Control DC-to-DC Converters

State-plane analysis techniques are employed to study the voltage stepup energy-storage dc-to-dc converter. Within this framework, an example converter operating under the influence of a constant on-time and a constant frequency controller is examined. Qualitative insight gained through this approach is used to develop a conceptual free-running control law for the voltage stepup converter which can achieve steady-state operation in one on/off cycle of control. Digital computer simulation data are presented to illustrate and verify the theoretical discussions presented.     

Dynamic modeling and controller design of flyback converter

The accurate dynamic modeling and quantitative controller design for an isolated converter with optocoupler isolation in its feedback loop are considered to be difficult issues, since the transfer characteristics of some blocks are highly nonlinear and difficult to be modeled analytically. First a current-mode controlled flyback converter with an optically isolated feedback path is designed. Then the equivalent control system block diagram is constructed, and its block transfer functions are found. To increase the accuracy, the dynamic models of some critical blocks are estimated from measurements. In order to facilitate the controller design, the model simplification is further made. Finally, based on the reduced dynamic model, a quantitative design procedure is derived to find the parameters of the voltage controller to meet the prescribed regulating specifications. Validity of the estimated dynamic model and the proposed controller design approach is demonstrated by some simulation and experimental results     

Voltage-based maximum power point tracking control of PV system

Photovoltaic (PV) generators exhibit nonlinear v-i characteristics and maximum power (MP) points that vary with solar insulation. An intermediate converter can therefore increase efficiency by matching the PV system to the load and by operating the solar cell arrays (SCAs) at their maximum power point. An MP point tracking algorithm is developed using only SCA voltage information thus leading to current sensorless tracking control. The inadequacy of a boost converter for array voltage based MP point control is experimentally verified and an improved converter system is proposed. The proposed converter system results in low ripple content, which improves the array performance and hence a lower value of capacitance is sufficient on the solar array side. Simplified mathematical expressions for a PV source are derived. A signal flow graph is employed for modeling the converter system. Current sensorless peak power tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through simulation results. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method     

基于反馈线性化的双馈风电机组次同步控制相互作用抑制策略

大规模风电经固定串补线路送出时,由于变流器与固定串补之间的相互作用,使双馈风电机组(DFIG)可能会存在一种新的次同步谐振(SSR)问题,称为次同步控制相互作用(SSCI)。提出反馈线性化控制策略,并将之应用于DFIG转子侧变流器和网侧变流器控制回路以抑制SSCI。首先对系统的反馈线性化条件进行验证,再选取合适的坐标变换,在保证系统零动态稳定的前提下求得非线性状态反馈规律。在MATLAB/Simulink下的仿真结果表明:与参数已整定的比例积分控制策略相比,反馈线性化控制策略能够有效抑制SSCI,使DFIG在不同串补度和风速下都能保持稳定运行,且不影响DFIG的故障穿越能力。     

Novel single-phase AC/DC converter with two PWM control schemes

A novel single-phase AC/DC converter with two pulsewidth modulation (PWM) schemes is proposed to draw a sinusoidal line current with nearly unity power factor, achieve balanced neutral point voltage and regulate the DC bus voltage. With the aid of neutral point clamped scheme, a three-level voltage pattern is generated on the AC side of the proposed rectifier. To track the tine current command derived from a voltage controller and a phase-locked loop circuit, a hysteresis current control scheme is used in the inner loop control. A capacitor voltage compensator is employed to achieve the balanced neutral point voltage. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, the simulation and experimental results based on a laboratory prototype circuit are performed.     

High-performance EHA controls using an interior permanent magnetmotor

A controller for a high-performance electrohydrostatic actuator (EHA) using an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor to produce servo motion is described. The buried-magnet design of the IPM motor yields desired characteristics such as high efficiency, robust rotor construction, and wide operating speed range. Power converter size is minimized by using insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power switches combined with high-voltage integrated circuit (HVIC) gate drivers in phase-leg power modules. Experimental results for the demonstrator motor-controller hardware rated at 12 hp (continuous) are presented confirming the IPM motor drive's performance     

ADuC812单片机温度控制器

本文提出的单片机温度控制器，是以ADuC812芯片为核心，根据PID控制原理构成的数字控制器，文中论述了它的硬件设计方法，并给出了几组主要测试曲线，研究结果表明，该温度控制器的硬件设计简单，成本低，功耗小，体积小，控温效果好，具有实用价值。     

计及全风况小干扰稳定的双馈风机变换器控制参数设计

随着双馈风电并网容量增大,系统的稳定性与风机变换器控制参数的相关性也越来越大,风机变换器控制参数整定时必须计及电网小干扰稳定性。针对双馈风机单机无穷大系统,建立风机工作在全风况下的小信号模型,采用李雅普诺夫线性化方法并考虑风速分区,分别推导出风机在最大功率跟踪区、恒转速区、恒功率区电网小干扰稳定分析的状态方程。分析风机变换器控制参数与特征根之间的相关性,引入表征系统稳定性强弱的小干扰稳定裕度指标,提出使系统全风况小干扰稳定的风机变换器控制参数设计方案。实例仿真表明:所提方案可快速获取有效参数,并保证全风况下电网小干扰稳定性。     

Design and technology of compact high-power converters

New material technologies such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) are promising in the development of compact high-power converters for next-generation power electronics applications. This paper presents an optimized converter design approach that takes into consideration non-linear interactions among various converter components, source and load. It is shown that with the development of high-temperature, high-power SiC power module technology, magnetic components and capacitors become important technology challenges, and cannot be ignored. A 50% improvement in power density is calculated for a 100 V-2 kV, 7 kW SiC DC-DC power converter operating at 150°C compared to a silicon power converter. The SiC power converter can be operated at junction temperatures in excess of 300°C (as compared to 150°C for a silicon power converter) with reasonable efficiency that potentially leads to a significant reduction in thermal management