High Range-Resolution Monopulse Tracking Radar

High range-resolution monopulse (HRRM) tracking radar which maintains wide instantaneous bandwidth through both range and angle error sensing channels provides range, azimuth, elevation, and amplitude for each resolved part of the target. The three-dimensional target detail can be used to improve and extend radar performance in several ways: for improved precision of target location, for target classification and recognition, to counter repeater-type ECM, to improve low-angle multipath tracking, to resolve multiple targets, as a miss-distance measurement capability, and for improved tracking in chaff and clutter. These have been demonstrated qualitatively except for the ECCM to repeater ECM and low-altitude tracking improvement. Initial results from an experimental HRRM radar with 3-ns pulse length show resolution of aircraft into its major parts and precise location of each resolved part accurately in range and angle. Realtime closed-loop tracking is performed on aircraft in flight using high-speed sampled, digitized, and processed HRRM range and angle video data. Clutter rejection capability is also demonstrated.     

Analysis of a Multiplicative Feed System for Monopulse Tracking Applications

In angle tracking antenna applications, the angle sensing boresight accuracy capabilities are important. The ability of an antenna to precisely determine the bearing angle to a point source is determined by the slope of the control function pattern at boresight. In the presence of extraneous interference, the magnitudes of the sidelobe and backlobe responses are important. Control pattern slope (angular sensitivity) is primarily a function of aperture illumination. It can be described by a current distribution in intensity and phase at every point. Once distribution is defined, lobe structure is defined by the associated transform. When more than one feed is used, the distribution will be a vector sum of the individual feed distributions. The resulting secondary pattern can be defined in terms of the amplitude distribution and the phase center locations of the contributing feeds. With a four-horn monopulse configuration, the feed phase centers are displaced from the boresight axis. Placing the phase centers on the boresight axis by rotating the feeds through 45 degrees results in a different set of intensity and phase values. A quite different secondary pattern results. The control function obtained by the subtraction of the powers from a paired set of on-axis feeds results in a lower sidelobe level than that obtained with a conventional monopulse combiner for a given feed taper.     

Monopulse Radar Angle Tracking Accuracy with Sum Channel Limiting

The variance of angle tracking error is found for an amplitude-comparison form of monopulse radar when the sum channel contains a limiter prior to the angle error detector. The error expression is valid for any shape of transmitted pulse and any duration of range tracking gate but does assume matched filters in signal processing channels. The procedures used are rigorous and an example of results is worked out for the special case of a rectangular transmitted pulse envelope. It is shown, for rectangular pulses, that achievable angle tracking error variance with sum channel limiting is not more than 2.22 dB larger than the theoretical minimum for any processor and not more than 1.29 dB larger than a similar signal processor that uses a "linear" angle error detector. Results apply for large single-pulse signal-to-noise ratio.     

K-Band Tracking System for Domestic Satellite Communication System

System design and operational results of a tracking system for a K-band Earth station antenna with a diameter of 11.5 m are discussed. Monopulse tracking technique using higher order waveguide modes is utilized. An investigation was conducted to clarify the rainfall effect and the effect of oscillator phase noise on the tracking receiver. An autotrack system is to be manufactured on the basis of these studies. Experiments were performed using the medium capacity communications satellite. No cross coupling was seen in the pull-in patterns. Sufficiently good results were obtained in tracking accuracy: less than 0.005° (peak value) under normal conditions, and less than 0.01° under an average wind velocity of more than 20 m/s.     

Electronically Tracking Antenna System for Satellite Reception

This correspondence describes a novel electronically tracking antenna system for satellite reception in the VHF range. The "hedgehog" antenna consists of several antennas directed in different directions to cover the whole sky. An electronic switch, controlled by the satellite receiver, connects the receiver to the antenna from which the desired satellite signal is obtained. This system is especially suitable for unmanned reliable receiving stations if an antenna gain of the order of 10 dB is enough.     

A Modified Monopulse Technique for Radar Tracking with Low-Angle Multipath

In this paper a new monopluse technique for reducing radar multipath angle-tracking errors is proposed. The solution is achieved by using two monopulse antennas at different heights. The available signals allow one to control the antenna-height diversity so that the elevation angle control signal is not affected by reflected-wave components. The size of the antenna system may be reduced by properly using phase shifters. A possible configuration of such a system is considered and some practical data on the antenna-height diversity are discussed.     

卫星姿态跟踪系统的鲁棒控制器设计

研究了具有参数不确定性和外部干扰的卫星姿态跟踪控制问题。针对这一类多输入／多输出不确定非线性系统，提出了一个基于不确定项上界的鲁棒输出跟踪控制器设计方法。应用输入／输出反馈线性化法和李亚普诺夫方法，设计了一个控制律，它可确保系统输出按指数规律跟踪期望输出。该控制器计算简单，易于实现。仿真结果表明：即使系统存在不确定性，仍可在闭环系统中实现精确的姿态控制。     

Multipath Tracking Errors in Elevation-Scanning and Monopulse Radars

The tracking performance of elevation- scanning and monopulse radars in the presence of multipath propagation are compared. The key difference between these two generic types of radars is the way they respond to moving targets. There are no significant differences between their responses to pure specular multipath, nor to diffuse multipath for targets on radial courses. However, they are found to respond quite differently to the diffuse com ponent for low-altitude crossing targets. For these conditions the tracking errors for elevation-scanning radars may be several times those for monopulse radars.     

船载单脉冲跟踪雷达快速标校方法

针对现有船载单脉冲雷达标校方法受船摇影响较大、效率低等问题,提出一种基于差分法的快速标校方法。阐述了单脉冲跟踪雷达的工作原理,分析了现有标校技术的缺点和工作效率低的原因,从理论上论证了快速标校方法的可行性,并根据该方法设计开发了快速标校软件,设计了快速标校方法的操作流程。通过对试验数据进行分析,得出船载单脉冲跟踪雷达快速标校方法标校结果满足设备指标要求,缩短了相位标校时间,提高了相位标校工作效率。     

Average Monopulse Angle Tracking Response to Two Unresolved Sources

Theoretical equations for the average monopulse ratio response of a monopulse seeker, when tracking in angle two unresolved sources, have been applied to the case where the two sources may be either both passive, both active, or one passive and the other active. The theoretical results for four particular cases of two-source targets are derived to illustrate the effect on the average angular response of the shape of the sum pattern and of the statistical properties and magnitude and separation of the two sources. The theoretical results are verified with the results of digital computer simulation.     

Effect of Monopulse Signal Thresholding on Tracking Multiple Targets

The monopulse angle of arrival measured from two targets may wander far beyond the angular separation of the targets. In order to remove large errors, angle of arrival measurements are passed through a threshold detector and the measurements which do not satisfy the threshold are rejected. Thresholding has the tendency to move the mean indicated angle of arrival away from the stronger target and toward the power centroid of the targets, which may be undesirable in some applications. Expressions for the probability density function, the mean, and the variance of the in-phase angle of arrival are developed in this paper as a function of the threshold setting. Background noise and interfering signals are neglected in the analysis.     

卫星跟踪设备伺服系统的动态范围

从理论上给出卫星跟踪设备的角跟踪范围,为具体设备研制中确定伺服系统的角跟踪动态范围提供最根本的技术依据。方法是先分析卫星相对于地心和地表设备的角运动,给出角速度及角加速度范围;然后针对A-E和X-Y两种伺服方式进行角运动的分解,并结合卫星运动的典型轨道,分别给出A-E式和X-Y式伺服系统跟踪卫星时所需的最小保精度动态范围,本文的分析表明：A-E式伺服存在过顶盲区,该盲区是实际应用中不可避免的客观存在,X-Y式伺服存在地平盲区,但该盲区不影响实际应用。     

美国三代跟踪与数据中继卫星系统的发展

1983年4月,NASA将首颗跟踪与数据中继卫星（TDRS）送入地球同步轨道。经过20多年的发展,NASA已经部署了两代TDRS,当前正在发展第三代TDRS。本文介绍了跟踪与数据中继卫星系统（TDRSS）的演变过程,讨论了每一代TDRS和地面终端站的采购策略与技术要求,比较了第一代和第二代TDRS的特性和能力,并给出了各地面终端站的当前配置情况。     

Tracking Performance of a Monopulse Radar in the Presence of Multiple Targets

The equations derived by A. J. Rainal for the probability density function of the angle error output of a monopulse radar excited by a Gaussian signal and Gaussian thermal noise are generalized to include the presence of multiple targets. The examples given demonstrate the radar's behavior for various combinations of target and noise parameters.     

GPS即将更新换代

GPS星座的更新换代将从2005年3月份发射第一枚Ⅱ R-M型卫星开始。与此同时,GPS接收机也在更新。如果美国和欧盟能够按照签订的协议走下去,使欧洲的伽利略导航卫星与GPS具有一定互操作性,全球卫星导航系统将会向前迈出一大步     

Improvement of Automatic Landing Through the Use of a Space Diversity ILS Receiving System

A space diversity method of receiving and processing ILS localizer information has been developed and flight tested. Multiple lateral ly separated antennas are used which sense the ILS signal on and around the approach path. Combining these signals suppresses ILS beam distortion produced by multipath signal interference and provides much improved guidance information to the landing aircraft control system.     

Multipath Effects on an Azimuthal Monopulse System

The first topic considered is an analysis of the conditions under which the conventional definition of length of the glistening surface, as given by Beckmann and Spizzichino, is not valid. For some conditions, significant amounts of incoherent scattered power can be received from areas beyond the conventional length. A second topic is the investigation of the effect on azimuthal angular tracking accuracy due to such scattering factors as shadowing, surface height distribution, standard deviation in surface height ?, surface correlation length T, unevenness and inhomogeneity of the terrain, antenna heights, and signal polarization. A number of interesting results have been observed. The amount of additional incoherent power not included under the conventional definition depends on the ratio ?/T, except for the case where both transmitter and receiver are very close to the surface. The trends in the behavior of the glistening surface are similar for vertical or horizontal polarization, for Gaussian or exponential surface height distributions, and for different signal frequencies in the S-band to L-band range.     

Frequency Diversity in Low-Angle Radar Tracking

Elevation angle errors due to sea-reflected multipath are evaluated theoretically for a radar operating in an off-boresight monopulse tracking mode. The computer simulation accounts only for specular reflection. Angle estimates at three frequencies are assumed to be available. It is shown that one can improve upon a simple average of the three indicated angles by unequally weighting them according to rank (lowest, middle, or highest). Some sample computations show that there is an optimum difference between the three frequencies.     

基于预警卫星系统的临近空间飞行器跟踪简

 系统地研究了如何对临近空间飞行器进行有效实时跟踪的问题,并提出了一种基于约束总体最小二乘与自适应交互式多模型（CTLS-AIMM）滤波相结合的实时跟踪滤波算法。首先考虑到临近空间飞行器的特点,选择使用红外预警卫星系统探测目标飞行器,并使用约束总体最小二乘算法（CTLS）对目标进行粗定位;然后在粗定位信息基础上,使用自适应交互式多模型滤波算法（AIMM）对目标飞行器进行实时跟踪。在AIMM中,根据临近空间飞行器机动特性,合理选择目标模型集,并使用迭代最小二乘算法对模型参数进行自适应调整。通过仿真,验证了该跟踪滤波算法的可行性。