Monopulse Radar Angle Tracking Accuracy with Sum Channel Limiting

The variance of angle tracking error is found for an amplitude-comparison form of monopulse radar when the sum channel contains a limiter prior to the angle error detector. The error expression is valid for any shape of transmitted pulse and any duration of range tracking gate but does assume matched filters in signal processing channels. The procedures used are rigorous and an example of results is worked out for the special case of a rectangular transmitted pulse envelope. It is shown, for rectangular pulses, that achievable angle tracking error variance with sum channel limiting is not more than 2.22 dB larger than the theoretical minimum for any processor and not more than 1.29 dB larger than a similar signal processor that uses a "linear" angle error detector. Results apply for large single-pulse signal-to-noise ratio.     

K-Band Tracking System for Domestic Satellite Communication System

System design and operational results of a tracking system for a K-band Earth station antenna with a diameter of 11.5 m are discussed. Monopulse tracking technique using higher order waveguide modes is utilized. An investigation was conducted to clarify the rainfall effect and the effect of oscillator phase noise on the tracking receiver. An autotrack system is to be manufactured on the basis of these studies. Experiments were performed using the medium capacity communications satellite. No cross coupling was seen in the pull-in patterns. Sufficiently good results were obtained in tracking accuracy: less than 0.005° (peak value) under normal conditions, and less than 0.01° under an average wind velocity of more than 20 m/s.     

A Modified Monopulse Technique for Radar Tracking with Low-Angle Multipath

In this paper a new monopluse technique for reducing radar multipath angle-tracking errors is proposed. The solution is achieved by using two monopulse antennas at different heights. The available signals allow one to control the antenna-height diversity so that the elevation angle control signal is not affected by reflected-wave components. The size of the antenna system may be reduced by properly using phase shifters. A possible configuration of such a system is considered and some practical data on the antenna-height diversity are discussed.     

Effect of Monopulse Signal Thresholding on Tracking Multiple Targets

The monopulse angle of arrival measured from two targets may wander far beyond the angular separation of the targets. In order to remove large errors, angle of arrival measurements are passed through a threshold detector and the measurements which do not satisfy the threshold are rejected. Thresholding has the tendency to move the mean indicated angle of arrival away from the stronger target and toward the power centroid of the targets, which may be undesirable in some applications. Expressions for the probability density function, the mean, and the variance of the in-phase angle of arrival are developed in this paper as a function of the threshold setting. Background noise and interfering signals are neglected in the analysis.     

美国三代跟踪与数据中继卫星系统的发展

1983年4月,NASA将首颗跟踪与数据中继卫星（TDRS）送入地球同步轨道。经过20多年的发展,NASA已经部署了两代TDRS,当前正在发展第三代TDRS。本文介绍了跟踪与数据中继卫星系统（TDRSS）的演变过程,讨论了每一代TDRS和地面终端站的采购策略与技术要求,比较了第一代和第二代TDRS的特性和能力,并给出了各地面终端站的当前配置情况。     

Tracking Performance of a Monopulse Radar in the Presence of Multiple Targets

The equations derived by A. J. Rainal for the probability density function of the angle error output of a monopulse radar excited by a Gaussian signal and Gaussian thermal noise are generalized to include the presence of multiple targets. The examples given demonstrate the radar's behavior for various combinations of target and noise parameters.     

GPS即将更新换代

GPS星座的更新换代将从2005年3月份发射第一枚Ⅱ R-M型卫星开始。与此同时,GPS接收机也在更新。如果美国和欧盟能够按照签订的协议走下去,使欧洲的伽利略导航卫星与GPS具有一定互操作性,全球卫星导航系统将会向前迈出一大步     

Multipath Effects on an Azimuthal Monopulse System

The first topic considered is an analysis of the conditions under which the conventional definition of length of the glistening surface, as given by Beckmann and Spizzichino, is not valid. For some conditions, significant amounts of incoherent scattered power can be received from areas beyond the conventional length. A second topic is the investigation of the effect on azimuthal angular tracking accuracy due to such scattering factors as shadowing, surface height distribution, standard deviation in surface height ?, surface correlation length T, unevenness and inhomogeneity of the terrain, antenna heights, and signal polarization. A number of interesting results have been observed. The amount of additional incoherent power not included under the conventional definition depends on the ratio ?/T, except for the case where both transmitter and receiver are very close to the surface. The trends in the behavior of the glistening surface are similar for vertical or horizontal polarization, for Gaussian or exponential surface height distributions, and for different signal frequencies in the S-band to L-band range.     

Improvement of Automatic Landing Through the Use of a Space Diversity ILS Receiving System

A space diversity method of receiving and processing ILS localizer information has been developed and flight tested. Multiple lateral ly separated antennas are used which sense the ILS signal on and around the approach path. Combining these signals suppresses ILS beam distortion produced by multipath signal interference and provides much improved guidance information to the landing aircraft control system.     

Optical Calibration of Geostationary Satellite Tracking Systems

A precise calibration method for range and angle observation has been developed for eliminating the systematic error of tracking systems, thus improving the accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellites. The principle of calibration is based on an orbit determination employing a point of optical angle observation in addition to radio tracking observation, in which we estimate observation bias parameters simultaneously with orbital elements, including the effects of geodetic mismodelings. As shown by an actual calibration experiment in our ground station, orbit determinations is sufficiently accurate that the error of predicting satellite range falls within a few meters at four days after the day of orbit determination.     

Frequency Diversity in Low-Angle Radar Tracking

Elevation angle errors due to sea-reflected multipath are evaluated theoretically for a radar operating in an off-boresight monopulse tracking mode. The computer simulation accounts only for specular reflection. Angle estimates at three frequencies are assumed to be available. It is shown that one can improve upon a simple average of the three indicated angles by unequally weighting them according to rank (lowest, middle, or highest). Some sample computations show that there is an optimum difference between the three frequencies.     

Improvement of Satellite Tracking Accuracy Using Optical Observations

A method to improve satellite tracking accuracy is presented and discussed theoretically and experimentally in terms of two parts: correction for errors of the tracking system and correction of satellite orbit predictions. In the first part, it is concluded that the pointing error of the tracking system can be determined accurately using data from stellar observations, so that correction is possible with an accuracy of about 0.001°. In the second part, it is shown that apparent errors of satellite orbital elements can be deduced from the optical observation of one orbit, and one can track the satellite after the correction with high accuracy for several subsequent orbits. The accuracy is 0.1-0.2 mrad or better for satellites at 1000 km altitude when given orbit prediction accuracy is approximately 1°.     

中继卫星系统动力学分析

应用单摆模型来等效液体晃动，并利用拉格朗日方程建立了中继卫星的动力学方程。在确定天线跟踪规律的基础上，从工程实际的角度分析了天线和星体之间的耦合作用。考虑天线不同的跟踪模式，将卫星的本体视为刚性体，在星体无控情况下进行系统的动力学响应分析。通过数值仿真确定天线在不同跟踪模式下对星体姿态的影响，并通过有无柔性振动和液体晃动结果的分析，得出天线运动特别是高速回扫、附件柔性振动都会对星体姿态产生比较大的影响，而液体晃动对星体姿态影响不大的结论。     

Polarization Loss of a Satellite: Data Collection Sensor Link

Economy of data collection systems consisting of several widely dispersed sensor platforms monitored by satellite can be realized by using an inexpensive linearly polarized antenna on each platform. The polarization loss of such an antenna is calculated.     

A Novel Method for Measuring the Polarization Angle of Satellite Radio Waves

One of the most important parameters for the study of the physics of the ionosphere is the columnar electron content. This can be obtained indirectly by measuring the Faraday rotation of signals emitted from satellites. Many different types of polarimeters have been developed for this purpose. Efforts to develop a new type of polarimeter, suitable for extensive network operation, led to a novel technique for measuring the polarization angle.     

Radiowave Receiving System Intercept Probability Model

A model is presented for estimating the intercept probabilities of radiowave-acquisition receiving systems. The specific architecture of each of the receiving systems is not important, but there must be two or more of them and they must operate in such a manner that for each trial (event) they alarm independently from a statistical point of view. The data giving the number of alarms for each receiver and the number of receivers alarming for each trial is all that is required. These data are used to form estimates of the conditional probabilities of intercept and simultaneous alarm. A least mean square estimator is then used to find the unconditional intercept probabilities.     

极化角对跟踪接收机相位影响分析

根据卫星通信中遇到的极化问题及其对移动地面站的影响,针对不同极化卫星间的差异,从电磁场理论中极化的定义和分类出发,给出不同极化电磁波电场信号表示方法,以某型移动卫通站天线馈源结构为例,介绍了不同状态下极化工作方式和线极化方式中线极化面调整的机理,然后结合单通道单脉冲跟踪接收机工作原理,对天线跟踪水平极化信标时线极化角与跟踪接收机相位间的关系进行了详细分析,为解决实际应用中遇到的跟踪接收机相位漂移问题提供了技术依据。     

Satellite Constellation Design with Adaptively Continuous Ant System Algorithm

The ant system algorithm （ASA） has proved to be a novel meta-heuristic algorithm to solve many multivariable problems. In this paper, the earth coverage of satellite constellation is analyzed and a n ＋ 1^ -fold coverage rate is put forward to evaluate the coverage performance of a satellite constellation. An optimization model of constellation parameters is established on the basis of the coverage performance. As a newly developed method, ASA can be applied to optimize the constellation parameters. In order to improve the ASA, a rule for adaptive number of ants is proposed, by which the search range is obviously enlarged and the convergence speed increased. Simulation results have shown that the ASA is more quick and efficient than other methodV211.71s.