Receiver-channel based adaptive blind equalization approach for GPS dynamic multipath mitigation

Aiming at mitigating multipath effect in dynamic global positioning system (GPS) satellite navigation applications, an approach based on channel blind equalization and real-time recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is proposed, which is an application of the wireless communication channel equalization theory to GPS receiver tracking loops. The blind equalization mechanism builds upon the detection of the correlation distortion due to multipath channels; therefore an increase in the number of correlator channels is required compared with conventional GPS receivers. An adaptive estimator based on the real-time RLS algorithm is designed for dynamic estimation of multipath channel response. Then, the code and carrier phase receiver tracking errors are compensated by removing the estimated multipath components from the correlators’ outputs. To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach, this technique is integrated into a GPS software receiver connected to a navigation satellite signal simulator, thus simulations under controlled dynamic multipath scenarios can be carried out. Simulation results show that in a dynamic and fairly severe multipath environment, the proposed approach achieves simultaneously instantaneous accurate multipath channel estimation and significant multipath tracking errors reduction in both code delay and carrier phase.     

GPS M码综述

M码信号是GPS系统采取的主要抗干扰措施,M码信号设计是未来军用GPS基础设施的核心问题,美国GPS联合计划办公室已于2001年8月批准了M码信号结构,计划在2004年发射第一颗M码卫星。本文介绍GPSM码信号的设计要求,M码信号调制方式设计以及信号捕获设计。     

多模GNSS IFCB产品特点分析及精密单点定位性能评估

随着多模全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）高精度应用需求的日益增长,频间钟偏差（IFCB）问题近年来得到广泛研究。基于2023年年积日（DOY）（130～136）澳大利亚地区18个多模实验跟踪网（MGEX）观测数据的无几何无电离层（GFIF）组合,分别估计了北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）、伽利略卫星导航系统（Galileo）和全球定位系统（GPS）卫星的 IFCB 产品。对比分析了BDS-2,BDS-3,Galileo和GPS卫星的IFCB的特点。评估了相位相关的IFCB（PIFCB）误差对GPS BLOCK IIF卫星超宽巷（EWL）未校准相位硬件延迟（UPD）和非组合（UC）三频精密单点定位（PPP）性能的影响。实验结果表明,PIFCB误差对Galileo卫星的影响最小,对GPS BLOCK IIF卫星的影响最大;对BDS-3卫星的影响低于BDS-2卫星;不同信号频率对IFCB产品的估计结果会产生一定的影响。实验结果进一步表明,IFCB产品可以显著提高GPS BLOCK IIF卫星EWL UPD的稳定性和UC三频PPP的定位性能。EWL UPD的平均标准差（STD）从0.064周减小到0.021周,提高了67.2%。UC三频PPP在东（E）、北（N）、天顶（U）三方向分别从4.63 cm,3.04 cm和8.76 cm减小到3.08 cm,2.00 cm和5.85 cm,平均定位精度分别提高了31.5%,34.2%和33.2%。收敛时间小于20 min的比例从66.3%提高到71.8%,提高了5.5%。平均收敛时间从21.13 min缩短到17.24 min,减少了18.4%。     

BOC信号的相关跟踪研究及GALILEO接收机设计初探

Galileo卫星导航系统是欧盟组织研发的新一代完全面向民用的卫星导航系统,使用了BOC(二进制副载波)这一独特的调制方式,研究BOC信号的相关峰特性,对设计接收机捕获跟踪通道是至关重要的。本文简要介绍了Galileo系统导航信号的特征和频率规划,对多种BOC信号的自相关性能、码跟踪方法进行了仿真,并探讨了接收机开发中的关键问题。     

Galileo卫星星钟故障前后信号质量分析

星载原子钟是卫星导航系统的核心器件,是影响导航信号质量的重要因素。2016年11月,Galileo系统利用一箭四星发射升空4颗新一代Galileo卫星。根据观测显示,截至2017年7月,仅能接收到其中1颗卫星发射的导航信号。在2017年1月,欧洲航天局通告称多颗卫星原子钟大规模故障。针对此,40m 大口径高增益天线系统设备对不同批次和星钟故障情况的3颗Galileo卫星E5频点信号进行了数据采集处理,对各信号分量的功率谱、星座图、码片波形、相关损失、相关峰、S曲线偏差等信号质量指标进行了分析评估。结果表明,此次星载原子钟的大面积故障并未影响Galileo卫星信号的可用性,足够的星载备份钟避免了信号质量的严重恶化。     

Modeling and analysis for the GPS pseudo-range observable

In this paper, a digital system for the Global Positioning System (GPS) pseudo-range observable is modeled and analyzed theoretically. The observable is measured in a GPS receiver by accurately tracking the pseudorandom noise (PRN) code phase of the input GPS signal using a digital energy detector and a digital delay lock loop (DDLL). The following issues are presented: (1) mathematical modeling of the digital PRN code acquisition and tracking system, (2) the closed-form expression derivation for the detection and false-alarm probabilities of the acquisition process and for the variance of code phase tracking error, and (3) the linear and nonlinear performance analysis of the DDLL for optimizing the receiver structures and parameters with tradeoff between the tracking errors due to receiver dynamics and due to input noise     

基于调制域增强副载波剥离的 GPS M码授权码流提取方法

针对 GPS M码授权码流获取问题,提出 1种新的基于调制域增强副载波剥离的方法。该方法利用 GPS C/A码和 M码码片起始位的相关性,在调制域上利用 BOC调制短码信息对 GPS M码信号进行累加增强,获取授权码流。首先,利用公开的 GPS C/A码辅助获取 GPS信号载波相位和 C/A码码相位;然后,分别利用获得的 GPS信号载波相位和 C/A码码相位,完成 GPS C/A码与交调量的剥离以及 M码授权码的初始相位对准;进一步,利用 BOC调制短码信息在调制域上实现累加增强,完成副载波剥离,获得 GPS M码授权码流;最后,利用实际采集信号对所提方法有效性进行了验证,并与现有方法进行了对比。结果表明,所提方法能够克服带宽内 P(Y)信号旁瓣能量对 M码授权码提 取的影响,可带来 3.5 dB左右的性能改善。     

Assessment and improvement of the capabilities of a window correlator to model GPS multipath phase errors

The potential of output from a window correlator to mitigate GPS phase multipath is reviewed and assessed based on the analysis of data collected in controlled multipath environments under both static and kinematic conditions. Previous findings that the method is suboptimal for reflectors leading to additional path lengths of less than about 7m are confirmed, and methods for combining this output with two other multipath indicators: time series of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and estimates of code multipath from dual frequency code and phase combinations, are investigated. A new method to combine all three indicators has been found and its application is shown to improve the quality of GPS static phase data by between 10% and 20% depending on the length of the additional path travelled by the reflected signal. The method can be applied completely automatically as it uses just the three multipath indicators; no knowledge of the surrounding environment is required. The paper concludes with some suggested practical applications.     

Multi-objective approach in GNSS code discriminator design

In spread spectrum ranging system receivers such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, a discriminator is used in the code tracking loop to provide an error signal for the tracking of incoming signals. Typically, the discriminator manipulates several correlator outputs to form the correction signal. A multi-objective approach is adopted here to design the coefficients associated with a multi-correlator-based discriminator to lead to a better performance tradeoff in large tracking range, acceptable multipath-induced bias, high sensitivity, free of ambiguity, and small variance. It is shown that the multiple-objective problem can be tackled via a quadratic/linear programming method, rendering the optimal coefficient vector for the implementation of the discriminator. In addition, as the discriminator design is often subject to conflicting requirements, it is shown that the proposed design approach is capable of establishing bounds on achievable performance. Examples with respect to BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero), and BOC (binary-offset carrier) signals are given to illustrate the design approach.     

Galileo AltBOC signal multiresolution acquisition strategy

Herein, some critical aspects related to the acquisition of the future Galileo signals are discussed. In particular, the Alternative Binary Offset Carrier (AItBOC) modulation that will be used by the Galileo satellites to broadcast navigation signals on the E5 band is considered, addressing acquisition issues only partially analyzed in previous works. The implementation of an acquisition section for the AltBOC signals is not straightforward, since several different receiver architectures can be used and remarkable differences are required with respect to the conventional signal processing used in GPS receivers. The main problems that must be handled (risk of false lock, resolution of the search space, and computational burden) are outlined in the following. An innovative technique, called multiresolution acquisition and tailored to the AltBOC signals, is then proposed as an effective solution to previous problems. As demonstrated by means of simulations, this novel strategy can be successfully used in coherent dual-band AltBOC receiver architectures with a feasible implementation complexity and it leads to remarkable advantages in terms of acquisition time.     

GPS多径信号的自适应滤波估计方法

 研究全球定位系统(GPS)多径信号估计的问题。通过分析自适应滤波器的原理,建立了数字中频信号处理的数学模型,提出一种用自适应滤波实现GPS多径幅度、码相位和载波相位估计的方法。该方法采用不同延迟的伪随机序列对信号进行解扩、解调和累加,得到了作为期望信号的系列自适应滤波相关值。对该方法与其他3种方法进行了理论上的分析比较,得出本方法具有信噪比高、自适应滤波性能好、带有码相位信息和不存在载波模糊度问题等优点。根据各种滤波器算法的特点和本应用的需求,给出了选用递归最小二乘算法实现的方法。通过计算机仿真,验证了提出的方法能够在14 dB的信噪比下,以1个采样间隔的时间延迟分辨率和0.005周的载波相位估计精度估计出GPS L1的多径信号。     

GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法

研究了GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法。分析了时域串行滑动相关捕获算法和频域基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法,设计了适合GPS软件接收机的并行算法,实现了对空中可见卫星的捕获。针对GPS信号的特点,设计了基于DLL与PLL相结合方法的GPS跟踪算法。利用实测中频信号对上述捕获与跟踪算法进行了验证分析,测试结果表明,基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法能够有效增强软件接收机的捕获能力,采用DLL与PLL相结合的方法能够实现对GPS信号的有效跟踪。     

一种基于数据跳变检测的高动态环境GPS信号参数估计方法

鉴于高动态环境中 Ｇ Ｐ Ｓ信号参数估计和调制数据跳变检测所遇到的问题,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法（ Ｅ Ｋ Ｆ）对信号参数进行了估计,分析了通过载波辅助技术实现伪码延时估计的原理,重点研究了一种简单的数据跳变检测和估计参数修正方法。模拟结果表明这种方法在信号参数估计精度和动态跟踪性能等方面都能够满足高动态环境的要求。     

惯导速度辅助下GPS接收机码环的噪声响应和动态跟踪性能分析

 本文推导了C/A码信号相干和非相干接收的GPS接收机码环的动力学方程,分析了码环的噪声响应和动态跟踪性能对码环带宽的矛盾要求,并提出了解决矛盾的方法:惯导速度辅助。分析结果表明:窄带宽码环经精度为1nmile/h的惯导系统速度辅助后,动态跟踪误差为无辅助时的1/1000,接收机将兼有抗强干扰和跟踪高动态的性能。     

地球静止卫星精密测定轨技术的现状及发展

介绍并分析了针对地球静止卫星的各种高精度测定轨跟踪技术.指出测距系统的校正误差是常规测距跟踪网定轨在沿迹方向和法向的主要误差源,为保证一致的卫星三维位置解算精度,应利用高分辨率的角度观测约束信息来有效地降低测距偏差对轨道确定的影响,或者利用天地基联合定轨的低轨卫星运动几何在轨道改进的同时精化测距偏差.     

Precise orbit determination for TH02-02 satellites based on BDS3 and GPS observations

The Tianhui-2 02 (TH02-02) satellite formation, as a supplement to the microwave mapping satellite system Tianhui-2 01 (TH02-01), is the first Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) satellite formation-flying system that supports the tracking of BeiDou global navigation Satellite system (BDS3) new B1C and B2a signals. Meanwhile, the twin TH02-02 satellites also support the tracking of Global Positioning System (GPS) L1&L2 and BDS B1I&B3I signals. As the spaceborne receiver employs two independent boards to track the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites, we design an orbit determination strategy by estimating independent receiver clock offsets epoch by epoch for each GNSS to realize the multi-GNSS data fusion from different boards. The performance of the spaceborne receiver is evaluated and the contribution of BDS3 to the kinematic and reduced-dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) of TH02-02 satellites is investigated. The tracking data onboard shows that the average number of available BDS3 and GPS satellites are 8.7 and 9.1, respectively. The carrier-to-noise ratio and carrier phase noise of BDS3 B1C and B2a signals are comparable to those of GPS. However, strong azimuth-related systematic biases are recognized in the pseudorange multipath errors of B1C and B3I. The pseudorange noise of BDS3 signals is better than that of GPS after eliminating the multipath errors from specific signals. Taking the GPS-based reduced-dynamic orbit with single-receiver ambiguity fixing technique as a reference, the results of BDS3-only and BDS3 + GPS combined POD are assessed. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of orbit comparison of BDS3-based kinematic and reduced-dynamic POD with reference orbit are better than 7 cm and 3 cm in three-Dimensional direction (3D). The POD performance based on B1C&B2a data is comparable to that based on B1I&B3I. The precision of BDS3 + GPS combined kinematic orbit can reach up to 3 cm (3D RMS), which has a more than 25% improvement relative to the GPS-only solution. In addition, the consistency between the BDS3 + GPS combined reduced-dynamic orbit and the GPS-based ambiguity-fixed orbit is better than 1.5 cm (3D RMS).     

顾及频间偏差的GNSS多频非组合PPP变形监测

精密单点定位(PPP)技术有望解决长距离、大范围等监测场景难以找到稳定基准点的难题。现代化的全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)卫星纷纷开始播发多频信号,多频观测值融合理论上可提升PPP变形监测性能。为了充分利用多频冗余观测数据,详细研究了每个频点的差分码偏差(DCB)和全球定位系统(GPS)存在的相位频率间卫星钟偏差(PIFCB)的改正方法,扩展了多频数据处理的严密理论模型,能够灵活处理GPS三频、Galileo五频和BDS-3五频观测数据。多频PPP振动监测实验结果表明,GPS三频PPP、BDS-3五频PPP、Galileo五频PPP较各自双频PPP位移监测精度可分别提升12%、13%和14%,表明多频PPP技术有利于提升PPP位移监测精度与稳定性。     

基于FPGA的BOC(1,1)信号捕获技术

BOC调制是新一代卫星导航系统中广泛采用的调制方式,在时域上具有多峰值特性,副峰的存在增加了捕获的难度。采用自相关副峰消除技术(ASPeCT)在原有的BOC码相关支路的基础上增加一条伪码相关支路,可以有效削弱码相位检测函数的副峰,避免误捕获,是一种性能良好的BOC信号捕获技术。提出一种采用二维并行快速搜索的在FPGA芯片中实现ASPeCT捕获技术的方案,可以显著缩短捕获时间。在理论分析和仿真验证的基础上,采用Verilog硬件描述语言在接收机FPGA+DSP平台上编程实现,在露天测试中,成功捕获到Galileo E1B卫星导航信号,并对ChipScope采集的数字中频信号的多普勒频率和码相位静态捕获结果进行验证,与同一段信号的Matlab仿真结果一致,证明所提出的技术方案正确合理可行。     

极弱信号环境下GPS位同步和载波跟踪技术

为解决环路未锁定、无法找出正确的导航数据位跳变点时极弱全球定位系统(GPS)信号跟踪问题,通过分析信号跟踪模型和相关器1 ms采样数据特性,将最优路径动态规划算法应用于GPS位同步,并提出基于平方根无迹卡尔曼滤波(SRUKF)和位同步结合的载波联合跟踪算法。建立了适合位同步的SRUKF载波环参数估计模型,针对位同步的实现条件和无相位频率先验信息的情况,将位同步模块提前,研究设计了环路未锁定时串行和并行两种弱信号跟踪方案。位同步跟踪完成后环路采用单独的SRUKF工作方式。实验结果证实该文提出的算法具有较高的数据位边缘检测概率(EDR)和参数估计性能,而无须关心环路是否处于锁定状态,能够对载噪比低至22 dB/Hz的弱信号实现跟踪。