高超声速进气道再起动特性分析

1引言未来高超声速飞行器飞行必然要经历低马赫数飞行过程,因此高超声速进气道同样要面临低马赫数下的不起动问题,那么进气道一旦进入不起动,如何才能再起动?再起动的特征是怎样的呢?常规内压式进气道再起动过程中存在迟滞回路现象,高超声速进气道的再起动过程是否也有相似的现     

高超声速进气道低马赫数不起动和再起动试验

为拓展对高超声速进气道不起动机理的认识,对一截短的二元高超声速进气道的低马赫数不起动现象和再起动现象进行了风洞试验研究。试验中分别通过改变进气道攻角和在通道下游设置堵锥形成流动壅塞的方法来模拟进气道来流马赫数的改变和燃烧室内释热导致的流动壅塞。试验中采用高速纹影技术和动态压力测量技术对上述动态过程中的瞬态流动结构和壁面动态压力信号特征进行了记录。研究发现,当进气道处于低马赫数不起动时,其口部分离包诱导激波受分离包自身振荡特性的影响,在唇口附近连续的小幅振荡,进而给整个进气道通道内引入了一类无基频的小幅压力扰动。而该扰动随着马赫数的增加,进气道恢复起动后逐渐消失。此外,还捕捉到了进气道再起动过程中分离包吞入的迟滞现象,进气道从"小喘"阶段恢复至起动状态时,由于下游高压的存在使得分离包未能完全吞回,并出现了类似低马赫数不起动时的无基频小幅振荡。该振荡直至通道下游完全敞开、口部分离包被吞入才逐渐消失,至此进气道也顺利地恢复到了起动状态。     

低于自起动马赫数时高超进气道的非定常流动特性

采用非定常数值仿真的方法研究了低于自起动马赫数时高超声速进气道的非定常流动特性.研究表明:低于进气道自起动马赫数时,进气道处于不起动状态,流场发生喉道壅塞性振荡现象,其流场振荡频率为250Hz.流场振荡主要发生在喉道之前,对其后流场影响相对较小,扰动信号由喉道以当地气流速度向下游传播.隔离段长度对喉道壅塞性流场振荡几乎没有影响.飞行马赫数较小时流场未出现振荡现象,当飞行马赫数靠近自起动马赫数时流场出现周期性振荡现象,并且随着飞行马赫数的增大,此类流场振荡趋于强烈;进气道压差阻力随着时间推进呈现周期性变化,振荡频率同样为250Hz.      

钝缘舵高超音速湍流分离特性

给出由半圆柱前缘舵诱导的高超音速湍流分离的实验结果。实验气流Ｍａｃｈ数为７．８,单位长度Ｒｅ数为３．５×１０７ｍ－１。结果表明：钝缘舵诱导的湍流分离极不稳定,分离激波出现大尺度低频振荡,使壁面压力和热流率无量纲标准偏差在主分离线附近达最大值。Ｍａｃｈ数愈高,最大无量纲标准偏差值越大。在前缘区前缘直径是控制分离流场尺度和平均壁面压力、热流率分布的主要参数     

一种高超声速进气道加速自起动的实验方法

为了探寻在地面常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验的可行性,提出了基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法。该实验方法通过将安装有前遮板的进气道模型在风洞实验段整体从极限正攻角旋转至极限负攻角,前遮板会产生激波对远前方气流减速,或产生膨胀波对远前方气流加速,而位于前遮板下游的进气道即可获得加速自起动过程所需连续加速的来流条件。通过数值仿真对所提出的加速自起动实验方法进行了验证。研究结果显示:以2(°)/s的角速度整体旋转基于前遮板的高超声速进气道模型,其起动马赫数与高超声速进气道自身加速自起动马赫数相差在1%以内,表明基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法能够被用于在常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验研究。      

乘波前体两侧高超声速内收缩进气道一体化设计

为了探索两侧进气系统的流场结构及气动性能,采用吻切锥乘波前体、压升规律可控的一种高超声速内收缩进气道设计了两侧进气布局的高超声速飞行器一体化进气系统,并进行了数值模拟,研究了进气系统的流场结构、速度特性、攻角特性以及侧滑角特性等。结果表明,设计点前体外流场和进气道内流场相互独立,接力点前体前缘激波和进气道前缘激波相互耦合。由于未吞入前体附面层,因而进气道内激波附面层相互作用较弱,没有产生分离;随来流马赫数增大,进气道总压恢复系数减小,增压比增大显著,升阻比几乎不变;随攻角增大,流量系数增大明显,总压恢复系数略有减小,增压比增大明显,升阻比逐渐增大;随侧滑角增大,进气道总体性能逐渐减小,迎风侧进气道性能下降较小,背风侧进气道性能下降明显。     

Unsteady pressure fluctuations in the boattail region of a heat shield

Unsteady, turbulent, compressible, axisymmetric, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the flow past a bulbous payload shroud for a freestream Mach number of 0.95 and Reynolds number of 16.40×10⁶. A time-dependent numerical simulation is carried out using a finite-volume discretization technique in conjunction with a multistage Runge–Kutta time-stepping scheme. The closure of the system of equations is achieved using the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model. Comparisons have been made with experimental results such as the schlieren picture and surface pressure distribution. A good agreement is found between them. A separated flow zone on the boattail region is observed and is found to be highly unsteady. Standard deviation, higher-order moments, histograms, and spectrum of surface pressure levels are analysed in the separated region of the boattail.     

高速进气道低马赫数不起动特性及马赫数影响规律

为了探究进气道低马赫数不起动时的振荡特性,本文结合一体化前体/进气道构型,通过非定常仿真手段,对比研究了来流马赫数变化对进气道低马赫数不起动振荡流场以及飞行器气动力的影响规律。结果表明：低马赫数不起动时出现了稳定的振荡周期,且周期随着来流马赫数的增大而增长。由于拥塞发生在喉道处,其振荡流场单纯的表现为口部分离包的涨大和缩小,并且沿程压力的均值和幅值都呈现出喉道高两头低的分布趋势,而马赫数的增大会加剧此趋势。喘振周期中升力系数CL和阻力系数CD的变化趋势大致相反,升阻比曲线则表现为随分离包吐出而增大、吞入而缩小的趋势。CL和CD随着马赫数增大是整体下降的,但是脉动幅值变化不大,升阻比对马赫数的变化也并不敏感。此外,在进气道实现自起动过程中,当喉道瞬时流量高于起动时的流量一定程度,口部分离包将完全吞入。但定常仿真难以准确模拟该吞入过程,因此定常仿真得到的自起动马赫数偏高。     

超燃冲压发动机进气道低马赫数起动性能研究

为探讨高超声速进气道在低马赫数普遍存在的起动问题,采用等激波强度法设计了超燃冲压发动机二维混压式前体／进气道,给出了前体／进气道的几何尺寸,对所设计的进气道在设计状态、非设计状态的性能与流场进行了数值模拟,对低马赫数下进气道的起动问题进行了研究。研究表明：设计的进气道附加阻力较小,总压恢复系数较高,在低马赫数下通过附面...     

Flow response hysteresis of throat regulation process of a two-dimensional mixed-compression supersonic inlet

The variable geometry supersonic inlet tends to decrease the throat area to reduce the Mach number upstream of the terminal shock, so as to reduce the flow loss. However, excessive Internal Contraction Ratio(ICR) exposes the inlet to a greater risk of unstart, which inevitably results in a process of increasing the throat area to aid the inlet restart. In the above throat regulation process, the inlet undergoes the start, unstart, and restart states in turn. In order to reveal the flow structure...     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

基于LES方法的平板非定常激波/湍流边界层干扰研究

以高超声速发动机进气道湍流分离控制为应用背景,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法进行马赫数为3.0(唇口附近马赫数约为3.0)的激波/湍流边界层干扰(SWTBLI)流场机理研究.利用扰动循环引入的方法,先得到充分发展湍流场,然后根据斜激波关系式引入激波的方法进行激波/湍流干扰模拟.研究结果显示:充分发展湍流场在激波作用下产生逆...     

高超声速咽式进气道起动特性研究

为了研究高超声速咽式进气道在非设计迎角以及低马赫数下的起动性能,利用流线追踪生成了设计马赫数Ma=7,具有8-7无粘基本流场（即俯仰平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈8°夹角的斜压缩面产生;偏航平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈7°夹角的斜压缩面产生）的咽式进气道,并对边界层修正前后的两种咽式进气道进行了数值模拟和高超声速风洞实验。实验观测和记录了各个来流条件下进气道模型唇口的激波系结构,测量了沿进气道模型上下壁面中心线从气流进口到出口的沿程静压分布。结果表明：迎角的增大和来流马赫数的减小都会对进气道的起动性能造成不利的影响,通过对咽式进气道进行边界层修正,可以提高进气道的总压恢复系数,减小内收缩比,从而扩宽进气道起动的马赫数以及迎角范围,对进气道设计有着积极的作用。     

Effects of trips on the oscillatory flow of an axisymmetric hypersonic inlet with downstream throttle

Experimental investigations are conducted on an axisymmetric hypersonic inlet to evaluate the effects of trips on oscillatory flows. The model exit is throttled with a fixed block to generate oscillatory flows at a freestream Mach number of 6 in a conventional wind tunnel and a shock tunnel. Schlieren imaging and pressure measurements are adopted to record unsteady flow features.Results indicate that trips with a 1 mm thickness prominently suppress external separations, shorten oscillatory cycles, and modify pressure magnitudes. Trips can reduce the upstream movement ranges of separated shocks from nose regions to locations axially 142 mm downstream. The oscillatory cycles are shortened from 3.75 ms to 3.25 ms and from 4 ms to 3.13 ms in two facilities.Tripped cases generally exhibit higher pressure magnitudes than those of untripped cases, of which the increment is up to 21 times the freestream static pressure for the farthest downstream transducer in the shock tunnel. The effects of trips are related to the streamwise vortexes in wake flows, in which interactions between external separations modify the separated flow patterns and enhance the sustainment of the forebody boundary layers to backpressure. Flow processes causing increments of oscillatory frequencies and pressure magnitudes are analyzed, while the flow mechanisms dominating the processes still need to be clarified in the future.     

抽吸对高超声速内收缩进气道涡流区及起动性能的影响

研究了抽吸位置和开槽形式对高超声速内收缩进气道涡流区和起动性能的影响.数值计算结果表明:在内收缩进气道下洗气流集中区域开槽对减小出口涡流区效果显著,在分离包内开槽可以以较小的流量损失来大幅提升进气道的起动性能.横纵向组合槽即T型槽的综合抽吸效率最高,相对原型进气道,设计点马赫数为6.0时在相对抽吸流量为1.01%时出口总压恢复系数提高了12.8%,畸变指数减小了37%;起动马赫数从5.2降至4.1,自起动马赫数由6.2降至4.8.      

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

高超声速二维前体进气道一体化优化设计研究

在飞行器前体进气道的一体化优化设计中,最大总压恢复系数是一个必须考虑的参数.本文从二维高超声速进气道的最大总压恢复系数入手,通过理论分析给出了高超声速飞行器从2波系到6波系的二维高超声速飞行器前体进气道的一体化优化设计计算模型.采用拉格朗日乘子法和序列二次规划法(SQP)分别计算了进气道内一道内激波和两道内激波时的情况,给出了进气道的最大总压恢复系数、进气道内马赫数、激波偏转角和激波强度随来流马赫数的变化关系.比较两种方法的计算结果可知采用的计算方法是合理的.     

二维进气道不启动流场非定常特性的混合LES/RANS模拟

采用一种混合大涡模拟/雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(LES/RANS)方程模拟方法结合5阶WENO(weighted essentially non-oscillatory)格式对马赫数为3的来流中、内收缩比为1.5的不启动状态下的二维进气道进行了计算,再现了不启动进气道中的非定常流场.计算结果表明:所采用的模拟方法对入口处的平均绝热壁温、摩擦速度和雷诺应力的计算精度较好,进气道不启动流场中激波波系和分离区存在大时空尺度的低频运动,其占主导的特征频率和典型的激波/湍流边界层干扰问题中激波和分离区的低频频率接近,且进气道出现了间歇性的启动状态.      

二元高马赫数进气道的起动特性数值研究

采用数值模拟方法,研究了不同内收缩比二元高马赫数进气道的起动特性。研究发现:内收缩比影响进气道的加速起动特性,内收缩比越大,加速自起动马赫数越大,加速过程中,大内收缩比性能参数只有1次阶跃,而小内收缩比构型性能参数存在2次阶跃;相同来流条件下,隔离段出口反压对具有不同加速自起动能力的进气道影响不同,来流马赫数高于加速自起动马赫数的进气道,反压引起进气道不起动后可以再起动,来流马赫 数低于加速自起动马赫数的进气道,反压引起进气道不起动后无法再起动,且抗反压能力严重下降。不起动状 态下的进气道对出口反压十分敏感,给定出口反压边界条件的模拟方法很难获得稳定的不起动流场。     

抽吸对高超声速进气道起动能力的影响

对在不同抽吸开孔率下，某典型高超声速二元进气道二维流场进行了数值模拟，给出了高超声速进气道性能参数随抽吸开孔率的变化规律，研究了抽吸对高超声速进气道起动和再起动能力的影响，发现抽吸可以有效地降低进气道的起动马赫数，改善进气道的流动性能，提高进气道的总压恢复系数，但降低了压比，且开孔率越大，上述变化越明显；同时还发现抽吸能够减小高超声速进气道的迟滞回路曲线，大大降低进气道再起动马赫数，改善进气道再起动过程中的超压、超温问题。