进气畸变下航空发动机失速/喘振适航审定方法

航空发动机失速/喘振问题是适航审定的重要内容之一,针对失速/喘振适航审定方法开展研究具有重要的工程价值。根据中国民用航空规章(CCAR)《航空发动机适航规定》中关于航空发动机失速/喘振的基本要求,从进气畸变对发动机失速/喘振裕度的影响角度出发,以平行压气机模型为基础对某型航空发动机通用特性及失速裕度进行预估,计算结果与实验值仅相差不到1.5%;然后采用三维数值方法计算了进气迎角以及畸变范围变化下多种工况的进口畸变流场,对比分析后总结出航空发动机喘振裕度-进气畸变-飞行状态(迎角)三者之间的变化规律,发展了极限飞行姿态的判定方法;最后,结合中国民用航空规章的相关文件,制订了针对航空发动机失速/喘振的适航审定流程。     

畸变条件下航空发动机喘振/失速适航符合性方法

为研究畸变条件下航空发动机对喘振/失速特性适航条款的符合性验证方法,将用于发动机稳定性评定的畸变试验方法应用于适航领域。以某型大涵道比涡扇发动机为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究了其在0°～30°迎角条件下的部件特性,并依据所得畸变图谱设计了不同结构的畸变发生器。结果表明:所设计的畸变发生器可以在一定程度上较好地模拟出不同迎角工况的畸变图谱、风扇的气动特性及流场特征,喘振裕度最大偏差4.32%。总结出发动机喘振裕度与不同迎角和畸变发生器之间的变化关系,用以确定适航条款要求的稳定工作范围。依据中国民用航空规章,发展了一种进气畸变条件下航空发动机喘振/失速特性符合性验证方法,并明确了其在型号合格审定过程的任务阶段。      

航空发动机适航审定喘振与失速影响因素

将气动热力基础理论与适航领域工程问题有机结合,对典型的喘振和失速影响因素开展了系统的研究,发展了一套多影响因素作用下航空发动机稳定裕度快速预估方法;在此基础上以JT9D发动机为研究对象,开展了喘振和失速主要影响因素的影响规律研究,结果显示对风扇部件稳定裕度影响权重最大的是进气畸变,对增压级和高压压气机影响权重最大的是寿命期内结构衰变。研究结果进一步明确了喘振和失速适航条款符合性验证活动的关键要素,完善了条款适航符合性验证流程,为进一步提升我国民用发动机适航审定能力提供了技术支撑。     

风扇/压气机失稳辨识系统设计与验证

失速和喘振是航空发动机试验中常遇的两类气动失稳现象,为保障发动机零部件试验安全运转,必须对失速喘振信号进行在线检测控制。根据零部件试车台架的需求,设计了失速喘振辨识算法并对影响辨识算法的关键因素进行了分析,通过小型嵌入式系统为硬件平台实现了失稳辨识系统在线检测功能。该失稳辨识系统具有体积小、实时性强、抗干扰能力强的特点。在多个型号零部件试验件的应用表明,该系统能有效识别发动机深度失速和喘振状态,满足航空发动机风扇/压气机对失速喘振在线检测控制的要求,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

双转子发动机含喘振的动态模型

为了满足现代飞机高性能的要求,应尽可能提高发动机的最大推力,从而使压气机喘振裕度下降。当发动机遇到恶劣的工作条件时,如飞机机动飞行引起进气道畸变,加力燃烧室点火,发动机吸进发射火炮或导弹产生的废气等,可能引起发动机气动力不稳定,即喘振或失速。喘振时,压气机出口总压和流量出现大幅度振荡,涡轮前总温急剧上升,发     

考虑限制保护的航空发动机起动控制技术

涡扇发动机起动控制方法直接影响发动机的起动性能.为在发动机整个起动过程中持续获得高、低压转子转轴上的最大剩余功率,提出了1种涡轮前总温Tt4闭环控制规律用于设计涡扇发动机起动控制的方法.对于起动过程中可能发生的风扇、低压压气机、高压压气机喘振和失速问题,在设计的Tt4闭环回路前加入喘振裕度限制保护控制,并考虑到在起动过程的第1阶段中在起动机带转到发动机点火前Tt4回路不起作用的特点,对Tt4回路设计了积分冻结逻辑.仿真结果表明:在满足给定喘振裕度和涡轮前总温不超温的条件下,涡轮前总温Tt4闭环控制方法能够以持续的最大剩余功率使发动机从静止状态起动到慢车功率状态.     

某型发动机喘振综合治理及扩稳试验

为了解决某型发动机旋转失速、喘振问题 ,在深入分析其原因的基础上 ,提出了对该型发动机从生产、使用和修理等多个环节进行综合治理的方案。为了扩大发动机的稳定裕度 ,把第二级静叶的安装角加大了 2° ,并通过调整喷口面积来弥补对发动机性能的影响 ,进行了相应的试验 ,结果表明 ,这种方法对于减少大修发动机失速、喘振是有效的 ,可行的。     

基于喘振裕度估计模型的发动机高稳定性控制

为解决超机动飞行中发动机喘振裕度不可测量的难题,提出一种发动机喘振裕度的建模方法.喘振裕度的模型分为常规飞行时的无畸变模型与超机动飞行时的损失量模型两部分.无畸变模型是基于喘振裕度特征选择算法筛选最优模型输入,以非线性拟合方法建模实现;损失量模型则基于在线攻角预测模型实时评估发动机进口畸变度,进而计算获得.而后利用上述估计模型对发动机的稳定性进行实时预测,在不改变发动机原控制回路的基础上,对涡轮落压比控制指令进行喘振损失补偿,实现高稳定性控制.最后,通过大攻角机动飞行的数字仿真,验证了上述方案可以准确控制发动机喘振裕度在11%~13%,保证了发动机工作的稳定性和高效性.      

批生产及翻修发动机稳定性检查研究

在国内外发动机稳定性评定技术的基础上，分析研究了发动机的可用稳定裕度，其值应等于或大于多个降稳因子的需要稳定裕度之和，其中考虑了翻修后发动机制造、装配公差对喘振裕度的影响。其于这种认识， 参照第三代发动机的使用实践，提出了翻修后发动机试车的失速边界的验收方法。此外也提出了控制发动机试车质量的技术方案。     

提高超声速压气机级喘振裕度方法研究

在超声速压气机气动设计时,为实现设计点高性能和宽喘振裕度,提出采用优化方法以设计点性能为目标进行叶片设计,通过转/静子叶片几何手动修改提高压气机喘振裕度。以NASA Rotor 37为原型,应用此方法进行更高性能超声速压气机转子气动设计,并匹配静子,构成压气机级。结果表明:超声速压气机转子通道激波推出和静子大攻角分离是失速发生的主要原因,因此分别进行转子叶片前掠设计、改变叶尖稠度,以控制激波位置,单转子喘振裕度可从约7%提高到18%以上;静子上采用前掠、切向弯、修改叶片数及几何进口角等措施,最终将此压气机级的喘振裕度由约18%提高到30%以上。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.