飞机燃油温度仿真及应用

为研究飞行过程中燃油温度变化规律,采用热网络法建立油箱热模型,并在Matlab/Simulink软件平台上输入与飞行试验相对应的边界条件以验证模型可信度,在此基础上,分析了整个航程中各油箱隔舱燃油温度的变化规律。结果表明:该计算方法和仿真模型具有较高的可信度,试验值与计算值两者误差超过1.67 K的时间段中,模拟温度比试验温度高;多数航段内机身油箱燃油温度处于高位,为适航符合性审定重点关注对象,代表着整个燃油箱系统的可燃性暴露时间水平, 以巡航结束阶段为例,标准天长航程下机身油箱燃油温度比机翼油箱燃油温度平均高出25 K,标准天短航程下机身油箱燃油温度比机翼油箱燃油温度平均高出7 K,热天短航程下机身油箱燃油温度比机翼油箱燃油温度平均高出12 K;机翼油箱燃油温度在飞机下降阶段回升幅度较大,其可燃性暴露时间主要集中在航程结束阶段。     

符合适航认证要求的燃油温度计算方法

基于适航认证需要,以某型飞机中央翼油箱隔舱在规定工况下实测的燃油温度变化曲线为输入条件,借助于MATLAB多项式分段拟合功能,获取了各个阶段燃油温度变化规律的高阶函数表达式;采用Monte Carlo评估模型中规定的指数衰减方程来表征燃油温度变化规律,其中环境总温(TAT)由评估模型中所指定方法获取,平衡温差和时间常数...     

基于FTFAM的燃油箱可燃性暴露率影响因素研究

燃油箱可燃性评估方法(FTFAM)是当前民用飞机中定量化验证燃油箱可燃性符合性的指定方法,其计算核心是求解燃油箱可燃性暴露率(ηFER)。文中在明确FTFAM求解ηFER的基础上,对评估方法中所考虑的大气环境、气动特性和飞机内部系统3类主要热源进行了分析,并明确用飞行高度、马赫数、平衡温差作为热源对应的表征参数,计算了各表征参数单因素作用时对应的ηFER。计算结果显示3种热源均对ηFER产生不同程度的影响,飞行高度主要影响可燃性包线,而马赫数和平衡温差则影响燃油温度。此外,根据计算分析结论,还对降低燃油箱可燃性提出了相关建议。     

飞机燃油箱可燃性定量分析的燃油箱热参数计算方法研究

燃油箱热参数是飞机燃油箱可燃性定量分析的关键输入参数之一。依据燃油箱热量平衡方程,推导得出了燃油箱两个热参数平衡温差与热时间常数的定量关系式。基于该关系式,给出了燃油箱热参数的计算方法。此外,还介绍了燃油平均温度的两种获取方法：燃油箱热模型方法和燃油系统热特性飞行试验方法。     

民用飞机燃油箱系统热模型分析研究

飞机燃油箱系统热分析是飞机燃油系统设计和适航取证的关键技术之一。首先对燃油箱热模型分析方法进行了阐明,然后在典型热天环境中(地面温度为327K)对一种典型民用飞机燃油箱结构的热参数进行了工程计算研究。研究表明,外翼油箱、机身油箱以及集油箱内燃油温度分布不均匀;各油箱燃油温度在地面状态均高于巡航状态;燃油的最高温度时刻出现在地面终了状态,而且最高点位置出现在集油箱内。研究结果既可以指导飞机燃油箱设计,也可以为飞机燃油系统的适航取证提供一定技术支持。     

民用飞机燃油箱热特性数值仿真

燃油温度是民用飞机燃油箱可燃性评估的关键输入参数。基于部分假设,利用Matlab/Simulink软件对某型飞机燃油箱热特性进行了数值仿真研究。研究表明,燃油温度仿真结果与飞行试验结果吻合较好,满足适航规章的误差要求。采用数值仿真方法可在飞机设计阶段较为准确地获得燃油箱热特性,用于支持燃油箱内及附近热源部件布置的优化,并可在飞机适航取证阶段提供数据支持。     

飞机燃油箱可燃性适航条款分析

分析燃油箱可燃性适航条款的历次修改,对当前适航条款进行梳理,总结出符合性验证的思路,同时对比了欧美适航当局对该条款要求的异同,有助于把握正确的燃油箱可燃性研究方向,利于项目和型号设计的工作开展.     

飞机燃油箱可燃性评估方法研究

FAA（美国联鄞航空局）在适航条例及其修正案中提出了专门的方法和程序来评估燃油箱的可燃性。根据飞机燃油箱安全适航条款、修正案的要求,对飞机燃油箱可燃性评估方法（MonteCarlo法）的目的、方法内容、输人参数及其作用进行了分析研究,提出了飞机燃油箱的可燃性评估思路。     

民用运输类飞机燃油箱/滑油箱晃振试验及适用性讨论

民用飞机燃油箱/滑油箱装载的燃油/滑油在惯性载荷的作用下,会对邻近结构带来冲击力,可能造成油箱结构件的疲劳或强度问题,引起油箱漏油,进而引发其他安全问题。依据第25.965条、第25.1015条中燃油箱及滑油箱晃振试验的相关要求,分析了晃振试验的适用性、验证实施及审查方式,梳理了审查风险点并提出了对应的审查重点。结合具体型号审查案例,对审查的过程及符合性判定进行了分析。分析了燃油箱、滑油箱设计特征并与条款判据进行对比,明确了25.965(b)、25.1015(b)的符合性验证思路,以说明性文件的方式进行符合性表明。通过审查案例说明,采用符合性判据,并与飞机设计特征进行对比,可直接对晃振试验的适用性及符合性进行判断。梳理总结得到的符合性判据、审查重点及风险点为燃油箱及滑油箱晃振试验的型号审查工程实践的具体实施提供了一定的参考及明确判据。     

基于MATLAB/Simulink的飞机燃油箱内燃油温度仿真计算

燃油温度是飞机燃油箱可燃性评估的关键参数之一。为了研究飞机燃油箱内温度的分布规律及传热模型的正确性,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件平台搭建出了客机的燃油箱热仿真模型。在输入飞行实验所对应的的边界条件后,通过数值模拟获得燃油箱内部各计算节点处的燃油温度。结果表明,在三种不同的航行条件下,燃油箱热模型仿真结果均能较好地与飞行实验结果吻合,能够将计算误差控制在一定范围内。采用该燃油箱热模型进行热仿真数值模拟可以获得较为准确的飞机燃油箱热特性,能够在飞机设计阶段,用于对燃油箱结构以及内热源部件布置的优化。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.