低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计

以临近空间太阳能无人机研究为背景,针对高空低雷诺数状态下多螺旋桨/机翼构型进行了耦合气动设计研究。首先,通过对典型多螺旋桨/机翼构型进行气动特性及流动特性分析,提出了以在多螺旋桨滑流影响下构建机翼近壁面理想流态分布形式为核心的低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计思想;然后,基于该耦合设计思想,依次进行了多螺旋桨布局参数设计研究、低雷诺数流态区域二维翼型设计研究以及近似高雷诺数流态区域耦合螺旋桨滑流影响的机翼翼段设计研究;最后,通过相关设计结果的对比分析验证了所提出低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计思想及设计方法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明：与常规仅进行低雷诺数翼型优化得到的设计结果相比较,基于所提出低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合设计思想设计得到的多螺旋桨/机翼构型气动特性得到显著改善,在设计状态下,多螺旋桨滑流影响下的机翼阻力相对降低达8.8%,升阻比相对增大达12.1%,由多螺旋桨滑流为机翼气动特性带来的不利影响亦得到约64.5%的补偿和改善。     

螺旋桨飞机俯仰力矩特性改进方法

螺旋桨滑流对飞机各部件的气动干扰造成飞机的俯仰力矩特性恶化,危害飞行安全。开展螺旋桨滑流对螺旋桨飞机俯仰力矩特性的影响机理研究和螺旋桨滑流作用下螺旋桨飞机俯仰力矩特性改进方法研究十分重要。采用动态重叠多块结构网格,通过求解非定常雷诺平均可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,数值模拟了某螺旋桨飞机不同拉力系数下降落构型的绕流流场。结果显示螺旋桨滑流对机翼、平尾的气动干扰是导致飞机俯仰力矩特性恶化的主要原因,改进螺旋桨飞机俯仰力矩特性的关键是改进其平尾的升力特性。以拉力系数等于0.4时的降落构型为优化对象,开展了俯仰力矩特性的改进方法研究,包括降低平尾高度、改变平尾上反角、抬高螺旋桨轴线等方法。研究发现在不增大机翼对平尾整体下洗强度的前提下,减小平尾和螺旋桨轴线的垂向距离,可以明显地改善螺旋桨飞机的俯仰力矩特性。     

基于气动载荷分布的螺旋桨诱导流场重构设计

基于分布式电推进飞行器创新性发展理念,以螺旋桨滑流耦合下机翼气动效率最优为目标开展螺旋桨诱导流场重构设计研究。首先,通过构建基于动量源方法的准定常数值模拟技术,建立了螺旋桨桨盘载荷分布与诱导流场特性之间的联系;然后,基于对螺旋桨桨盘气动载荷分布曲线的参数化控制,提出了螺旋桨诱导流场重构优化设计思想及设计方法;最后,通过相关设计结果的对比分析验证了所提出螺旋桨诱导流场重构设计思想及设计方法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明：与等拉力最小诱导损失螺旋桨相比较,基于所提出诱导流场重构设计思想设计得到的螺旋桨最优气动载荷分布耦合下的机翼气动效率得到显著改善,在本文设计状态下,机翼翼段计算升力相对提高10.40%,计算阻力相对降低7.05%,计算升阻比相对增大18.77%。     

螺旋桨滑流与机翼气动干扰的非定常数值模拟

基于动态面搭接网格,求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程模拟螺旋桨滑流与机翼的干扰流动.分别对3种构型,即:单独螺旋桨十短舱构型、螺旋桨十短舱十机翼构型以及短舱十机翼构型进行流场数值模拟,对比分析了机翼对螺旋桨滑流流动结构的干扰,在滑流作用下机翼气动特性的改变以及机翼对螺旋桨桨叶气动力的影响.模拟结果表明:...     

螺旋桨/机翼耦合下的目标螺旋桨滑流设计

针对分布式电推进(DEP)构型等具有多螺旋桨特征的飞行器,发展了通过优化螺旋桨滑流来达到提高机翼升阻比的方法。提出了一种可以获得目标诱导速度分布的螺旋桨设计方法,基于面元法发展了一套可以快速计算螺旋桨机翼干扰的气动程序Prop-wing,基于Kriging代理模型建立了一套高效的优化方法获得最优的螺旋桨诱导速度分布提高机翼升阻比。优化结果显示当拉力保持相同时,螺旋桨桨毂附近的轴向诱导速度越大,下游机翼的升阻比越大。在不对螺旋桨功率进行限制时,优化后的螺旋桨使得下游的翼段阻力相比较安装最小能量损失设计的螺旋桨的翼段减少了1875%,而翼段升阻比提升达到了2563%,当优化螺旋桨功率被限制后,翼段升阻比提升为962%。虽然升阻比的提升需要付出螺旋桨效率下降的代价,但是研究还是给分布式动力滑流的利用提供了一种思路。      

螺旋桨滑流对短舱/机翼构型尾迹流场的影响

螺旋桨滑流对飞机机翼表面流动和尾迹流场有重要的影响,进而改变机翼和飞机的性能。本文通过风洞试验方法开展了螺旋桨滑流对尾迹流场的影响研究。试验模型为后掠角4°、带增升装置的螺旋桨/短舱/机翼模型,试验构型包括襟翼收回和襟翼打开,试验策略是在两种构型下分别同时模拟真实飞行状态的拉力系数和前进比。通过比较有/无螺旋桨时空间尾迹流场的速度场和流动偏角等,分析滑流在尾迹流场中的发展规律和影响范围,研究尾迹流场中滑流的加速效应、下洗和侧洗效应等。结果表明,在滑流作用下,机翼远后方流场参数在机翼展向和垂直方向上均呈现复杂的变化;同时,襟翼收回和襟翼打开构型的滑流效应有明显的区别,影响规律也有所不同。     

耦合多螺旋桨滑流影响的低雷诺数机翼设计

以某型手抛式太阳能无人机(UAV)模型为对象进行考虑多螺旋桨滑流影响的低雷诺数机翼平面形状设计研究。首先,基于升力面理论发展了准定常求解多螺旋桨/机翼相互气动干扰问题的涡格法(VLM)程序,并采用建立参考翼型气动特性数据库的形式发展了相关低雷诺数修正(LRC)方法;然后,通过对翼型、低雷诺数机翼及单螺旋桨/机翼算例的数值模拟及与相关实验结果的对比,验证了本文数值方法具备模拟低雷诺数复杂流动问题的可靠性及准确性;最后,对某型手抛式太阳能无人机简化拉力多螺旋桨/机翼模型进行了直接优化设计及反设计,并通过具有较高精度的CFD准定常求解技术对优化结果进行了验证。结果表明:以CFD方法计算结果为参考,本文涡格法程序及低雷诺数修正方法能够准确高效地计算相关低雷诺数复杂流动问题;传统未考虑多螺旋桨滑流影响的设计机翼在实际螺旋桨工作状态下将偏离设计点,机翼气动特性得不到提高;考虑螺旋桨滑流影响的优化设计方法能够有效改善机翼阻力特性,相对应地,在设计状态下优化机翼总阻力能够降低19.52counts。     

低雷诺数螺旋桨滑流对机翼气动特性的影响研究

深入研究低雷诺数滑流对机翼的影响,能够推进临近空间低速流动机理性研究,提供可靠的气动参数。参考某太阳能无人机,建立单螺旋桨计算模型,采用两叶螺旋桨,通过ICEM网格软件生成具有两个计算域的高质量结构网格,应用滑移网格边界条件,对模型进行数值模拟;分析低雷诺数螺旋桨滑流的发展和机翼在滑流作用下的非定常气动特性,研究不同螺旋桨位置对机翼气动特性的影响,计算结果表明螺旋桨滑流会很大程度地改变机翼表面压力分布和沿翼展的升力分布,对机翼升阻特性有显著影响,同时螺旋桨滑流可以抑制机翼表面层流分离泡的产生。     

螺旋桨滑流对带后缘襟翼机翼气动特性影响的数值分析

采用动量理论结合有限体积法求解N-S方程的方法,进行了螺旋桨滑流对带后缘襟翼机翼气动特性干扰的数值模拟分析.螺旋桨模型简化为一个激励盘,即一个无厚度可穿透的圆盘,以给定的圆盘拉力载荷,即压强差来模拟螺旋桨滑流的效果.采用嵌套网格技术处理桨盘与机翼间复杂的几何关系.算例计算表明,该计算方法能够较好的模拟滑流对带后缘襟翼机翼气动特性的影响.     

低雷诺数分布式螺旋桨滑流气动影响

以高空长航时（HALE）太阳能无人机（UAVs）研究为背景,采用基于混合网格技术及k-k_L-ω转捩模型求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程的多重参考系（MRF）方法,对3种螺旋桨-机翼构型的低雷诺数气动特性进行了高精度准定常数值模拟,在等拉力前提条件下,通过对比机翼气动力系数及表面流场结构特征分析了分布式螺旋桨（DEP）滑流对FX63-137机翼的气动影响。研究表明：螺旋桨滑流影响使得桨后总压及流速显著增大,这是机翼升力增大的主要原因,但同时机翼阻力特性急剧恶化,升阻比反而降低;螺旋桨滑流向机翼边界层内注入丰富湍动能从而抑制流动分离,扩大机翼表面湍流范围及附着流动区域;分布式螺旋桨滑流与低雷诺数机翼表面复杂流动相互作用显著,主要表现为滑流区域边界展向涡结构的产生。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.