Optimum Design of Single Channel per Carrier Satellite Systems

Optimization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth is utilized to minimize the Earth station G/T in satellite channel per carrier (SCPC) systems. The corresponding optimum transponder output backoff is obtained. Applications in system design are given. In a previous paper [1] the channel capacity of a satellite transponder handling single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission was derived. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio was maximized over the output backoff and the maximum bandwidth available was determined. Given the bandwidth per channel for each carrier, the channel capacity was obtained. The objective of the present investigation is to derive the minimum G/T of the Earth station in SCPC systems by optimum utilization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth. Applications in system design are discussed.     

Urban area performance of GPS receiver with simultrac capability

The theory of operation, practical applications, and technical performance of a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver designed for urban area use are presented. The receiver tracks as many as eight satellites, or all visible satellites, and uses the signals of the four best satellites to ascertain its location. If visibility of one satellite is blocked, one of the additional satellites can be used to provide continuous navigation. Component-level system design choices are shown to support superior automotive vehicle location performance, including optimum mobile communication with satellites and ground-based relays     

基于Markov过程的卫星星座备份策略研究

如何在满足星座可用性指标的同时降低卫星星座备份成本,是当前研究的热点问题。为了选出一种兼顾星座性能与经济效益的备份策略,研究不同备份策略对某低轨卫星星座性能的影响,建立考虑降级运行的星座可用度模型,利用Markov状态转移过程对星座可用度模型进行求解,并基于真实低轨卫星星座在轨运行数据对采用不同备份策略的星座在不同星座等级下的可用度进行计算。结果表明：在每条轨道上部署两颗备份卫星可以使该星座在满足可用度要求的情况下备份费用最低,该备份策略对低轨卫星星座的建设有一定的参考价值,可以在合理降低成本的前提下,为精确地配置备份卫星提供指导。     

COTS星载双模测控应答机基带设计与实现

提出了一种星载双模测控应答机基带设计方案,采用COTS（商用现货）器件实现,能较好解决星载功率受限和空间辐射效应引起的相关问题。测控应答机主处理器由反熔丝FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）实现,可在低功耗条件下保证最基本测控需求,解调上行DPSK（差分相移键控）信号,调制下行扩频信号;协处理器受主处理器控制,由SRAM（静态存储器）FPGA来实现,对上行扩频信号进行解扩解调。测控应答机可根据星载电源功率情况和不同测控任务切换模式,具有成本低、可靠性高、使用灵活等优势。     

Low-cost TDRSS communications for NASA's long duration balloonproject

A transponder and RF ground support equipment that are making tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS) communications available to lower budget NASA projects are discussed. The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)/Wallops Flight Facility's long duration balloon project (LDBP) will be the first to take advantage of this TDRSS user hardware for communications through the TDRSS S-band multiple access system during their around-the-world scientific balloon flight campaigns. The transponder is one tenth the cost of the current generation space-qualified transponder, and the TDRSS user RF test set (TURFTS) is less than one half the cost of the currently available transponder test equipment     

Improved COSPAS-SARSAT locating with geostationary satellite data

The COSPAS-SARSAT system locates distress beacons via Doppler analysis of beacon transmissions as observed by low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites. By contrast, the 406 MHz search and rescue transponder on the geostationary satellites can measure only the transmitted frequency of the beacon, which is not currently being used in location determination. This report shows that a combined data approach can significantly improve the locating success rate, the time delay to the first solution, and the accuracy of location estimates     

考虑性能及成本的固体火箭发动机多学科设计优化

为综合考虑固体火箭发动机的燃烧室、药柱、内弹道、喷管及成本等学科影响,梳理学科间耦合关系,并建立了以总冲最大、成本最小为优化目标的固体火箭发动机多学科设计优化（MDO）模型。为降低MDO问题的计算成本,提出一种基于Kriging代理模型的多目标自适应优化方法（KRG-MAOM）。优化过程中,分别对目标与约束构建Kriging模型,并采用多目标优化算法求解,在伪Pareto解中综合考虑支配关系与分布特性选取新增样本点,引导优化快速收敛。算例结果表明,KRG-MAOM算法在全局收敛性与优化效率方面具有显著优势。最后,采用KRG-MAOM算法求解该MDO问题,得到可行的Pareto解集方案,与初始方案相比,同性能情况下成本节省约3.36%;同成本情况下性能提升约10.93%,从而验证MDO模型合理性与KRG-MAOM算法有效性。     

多星分离速度设计

针对多量分离过程对星间最小间距的要求,运用Ｈｉｌｌ方程,对其相对运动进行了分析,提出了一种分离速度设计方法,讨论了最小间距最大化问题,并给出了最小间距最大的等 条件,最后,针对一箭五星情况进行了仿真计算,结果表明,该方法简单、有效,最小间距的最大值明显大于设计要求值,这就分离速度的设计、选择提供了很大的余地。     

民机项目定费用设计

经济性对民机项目商业成功至关重要,概述了民机项目定费用设计的起源和基本概念,分别讲述研制费用的估算方法,设计经济性对单机成本的影响,设计经济性对运营成本的影响,总结出定费用设计是民机项目成本控制的关键。     

复合材料加筋壁板制造成本的快速估算模型

为了能够在设计阶段早期对复合材料加筋壁板制造成本进行快速估算,提出了一种以结构设计重量为主要驱动因素的制造成本估算模型。该模型的关键是考虑了诸如材料成本比重系数、制造工艺系数、蒙皮形状系数、筋条形状系数、材料利用率系数等合理取值。以某验证试验的试验件制造成本估算为例,估算成本与实际制造成本的偏差为10.8%,说明了采用该方法对复合材料加筋壁板制造成本进行快速估算的结果是可以为设计人员提供决策依据的。     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Channel Capacity

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of modulation and speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assignment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder in applications where the traffic at individual Earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required Earth terminal G/T. The fraction of the total link noise allocated to uplink noise is treated as a parameter, so that the cost of improving G/T may be traded against the cost of providing increased Earth terminal transmitter power. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, together with various practical combinations of syllabic companding, voice-actuated carriers, and error-correcting codes. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Curves showing required G/T as a function of the total number of voice channels per transponder are also presented for the above-mentioned signal processing techniques, assuming "CCIR/CITT type" speech quality and transponder EIRP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

Pick any system: what is the real cost?

The realities of a system's development process are described by the cliche: "Pay me now or pay me later." Everything costs something - there is no free lunch. However, there are less costly lunches. We are driven to lessen the cost, while still trying to garner the same or greater value. AU decisions have a relative cost associated with them, in both the short- and long-term. Further, this cost is seen differently by those who pay it, than by those who make the decisions that incur it - they are often not the same people. Yet it should always be our charge to manage the reduction of those costs over the life cycle, not just under our watch.     

System Worth, System Effectiveness, Integrated Logistics Support, and Maintainability

The system worth or cost effectiveness concept covers the measure of a system in terms of total dollar value. System worth encompasses the elements of system effectiveness (a quantitative measure of a system's technical ability) as well as cost. One of the elements of system effectiveness is maintainability. Maintainability is an effective mechanism for the accomplishment of planned maintenance during the early design and development phases of a system. Planned maintenance is an element of integrated logistics support. The intent of this paper is to outline the basic elements associated with system worth, system effectiveness, and integrated logistics support, to outline the interrelation-ships of these concepts, and to cover the discipline of maintainability as an element of each concept.     

基于案例推理的直接维修成本预计方法

在飞机研制初期就开始对直接维修成本(DMC)进行分析和控制对于降低飞机全寿命周期成本、增强飞机市场竞争力具有重要的意义。然而,现有的DMC预计方法存在精度低、大量依靠专家经验的缺陷,针对这些缺陷提出一种基于案例推理的预计方法。经过验证,此方法不仅需要的经验知识大大减少,而且简单、快捷,精度比其他方法提高了十几个百分点。     

基于多目标粒子群算法的导航星座优化设计

导航星座的设计涉及诸多优化变量的选取,优化设计的目的是选取合适的优化变量使导航星座最大程度地满足人们需求。提出了将导航性能和卫星生产成本作为目标对导航星座进行多目标优化设计的研究方案,导航星座基本构型为中轨道(MEO)与地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星组成的混合星座,MEO卫星用于全球导航,GEO卫星用于增强星座对中国及周边地区的导航性能。探讨了MEO和GEO的轨道设计思路。阐述了星座导航性能与卫星生产成本的计算方法,并选取定位精度因子(PDOP)作为导航性能指标。介绍了基本粒子群算法和多目标优化的概念,提出了改进的多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO),给出了该算法的计算步骤和测试结果。讨论了导航星座多目标优化设计的数学模型,列举了优化设计变量的定义域,采用MOPSO算法对导航星座进行了多目标优化设计,通过分析优化设计结果,说明了导航星座多目标优化设计方案的可行性。     

民用飞机直接维修成本分配模型研究

降低民用飞机直接维修成本是提高飞机经济性、增强市场竞争力的重要途径。以民用飞机研制阶段在很大程度上决定其维修成本的高低为背景,在分析相关文献研究成果的基础上,构建可反映民用飞机成本特性的设计参数结构层次图,基于TOPSIS-灰色关联法计算类似机型的相对相似度,进行民用飞机直接维修成本分配;将类似机型典型系统直接维修成本数据输入分配模型进行验证。结果表明：本文模型可较为准确地预测民用飞机系统级直接维修成本,计算结果满足工程要求,可为预测新研机型直接维修成本提供参考。     

测控应答机下行调制度问题的技术分析

针对应答机采用不同的接收信号功率控制方式，对下行测距调制度、残留遥控调制度以及转发噪声调制度的情况进行了理论分析，得到了各种情况下的调制度数学模型，可供读者在航天工程的测控链路设计及应答机设计时参考。     

Some practical strategies for reducing intermodulation in satellitecommunications

Various heuristic procedures for obtaining practical solutions to the general one-level carrier frequency assignment problem are described. The problem treated is general in the sense that it accommodates the case where L of the N slots may be explicitly designated as prohibited and unavailable for assignment. This problem occurs in satellite transmission with many small carriers accessing the same transponder where, due to multipath and TV interference from crosspolarized transponders of the same satellite and from copolarized transponders of the adjacent satellites, some portions of the bandwidth of the considered transponder cannot be used. To permit comparison with respect to the intermodulation advantage and central-processing-unit time required, the case without prohibited slots is considered. The sequential insertion procedure in which, starting with two carriers at the two end slots, one additional carrier at a time is optimally inserted into one of the unassigned slots is found best when the ratio between the available bandwidth and the total carrier bandwidth is greater than about 125%. All the heuristic procedures produced assignments whose intermodulation advantages are all greater than the bandwidth ratio     

航空企业成本管理关键技术

航空装备研制、采办成本急剧增长的形势要求我国航空企业变革现行组织管理机制,建立起先进有效的成本管理体系。本文总结提出了成本管理的5项关键技术:成本数据管理、成本估算分析、设计阶段成本控制、协同设计与制造、成本管理团队的建立等。     

Integration of Manufacturing Cost into Structural Optimization of Composite Wings

 The manufacturing cost is a significant factor that must be considered in the structural design of a composite wing. A multi-objective optimization method for the tradeoff between manufacturing cost and weight of composite wing structure is developed by integrating the manufacturing cost model into the traditional wing structural optimization. A two-level optimiza-tion method is proposed to carry out the tradeoff between manufacturing cost and weight, in which the design variables include both structural layout and dimensions and a cost model is incorporated into structural optimization. The manufacturing cost model for a composite wing and the detail procedure for solving this tradeoff problem are presented. The application of the method to the composite wing structural design of an unmanned aerial vehicle is illustrated to verify the method. The applica-tion indicates that the method is able to find the Pareto optimal set of minimum structural weight and manufacturing cost. Based on the Pareto optimal set, one can conduct the tradeoff between manufacturing cost and weight of wing structures.