小卫星在建立信息高速公路中的作用

小卫星在建立信息高速公路中的作用林来兴当今科学技术革命的核心和主流，是信息技术革命。如果说４０年代中期计算机问世为第一次信息革命的开始，那么，那次信息革命的主要成就是把信息处理能力成百万倍地提高。９０年代信息高速公路的出现就标志着第二次信息革命的开始...     

卫星与海战

卫星覆盖面大,又能及时地将所收集的信息传输给舰队,对未来的海上作战至关重要。本文作者系美国海军空间司令部技术主任,他在文中论述了卫星对海战的影响,并强调海军须考虑规划中的设施与未来的空间系统相配套。     

美国军用卫星系统发展现状与趋势

美国军用卫星系统的发展起步于20世纪50年代末。40多年来，美国军用卫星系统取得了巨大的发展。目前以侦察卫星系统、预警卫星系统、军事通信卫星系统和导航定位卫星系统为主组成的军用卫星系统已经发展成为美军军事作战系统的重要组成部分，在海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争等现代局部战争中发挥了巨大的作战支援作用。美军已经认识到21世纪的战争将是“信息化战争”，夺取制信息权将成为取胜的关键，而空间因其高度优势在夺取制信息权的行动中有着至关重要的地位。在未来战争中能够控制空间或占有空间优势的一方，将掌握战争的主动权，夺取空间优势将成为夺取制信息权的保障。军用卫星系统作为夺取空间优势的重要武器装备，将成为军事作战系统信息链中的重要一环，成为夺取信息优势的重要武器。     

大型挠性卫星的工程建模方法

以跟踪与数据中继卫星 (TDRS)为背景 ,探讨了大型挠性卫星的工程建模方法。首先建立了基于混合坐标法的TDRS动力学模型 ,然后应用本文提出的基于结构参数优化的动力分析方法得到整星的动力特性参数。     

浅析未来卫星军事应用系统的作战任务

21世纪的战争是核威慑下的信息化战争，争夺制信息权已成为战争的第一制高点。利用空间与控制空间，目的就是通过制天权获取制信息权。作为航天装备主体的卫星军事应用系统，在获得制天权方面起着关键的作用，是一个国家武器装备体系的重要部分。本文给出了卫星军事应用系统的概念，论述了卫星军事应用系统在未来信息化战争中的重要作用，并从利用空间和控制空间两个方面分析了未来卫星军事应用系统的作战任务，提出了几点对策建议。     

美战术小卫星指挥权下放至战区后对未来作战样式的影响

战术小卫星是为了战术应用而建立的,目的是探求一种能快速提供聚焦于战役战术任务的空间能力。将战术小卫星的指挥权下放至战区后,可使战场指挥官实时掌握战场信息,并将天基力量协同陆基、海基,空基力量,实现联合作战。简要介绍美军战术小卫星的在轨现状及发展构想,重点分析了战术小卫星指挥权下放至战区后对未来作战样式的影响。     

国际动态

洛马公司与轨道通信公司合作研发天基互联网据C~4ISR网站2016年3月14日报道,洛马公司与轨道通信公司签署谅解备忘录,将共同建立天基物联网,为各种目标提供网络覆盖。根据洛马公司公告,该公司计划利用轨道通信公司的"机对机"(M2M)资产组合与专业知识,为用户和整个公司探索新的发展机遇。天基解决方案可为物联网应用提供卫星连接与服务。两家公司将共同在政府部门、美国和国际市场上探索未来卫星以及混合卫星/蜂窝网络在M2M领域的发展。     

未来小卫星的军事应用

小卫星的军事应用是一个一直有争论的题目。支持者认为几乎所有的军事航天任务都能由小卫星来完成。而反对这种观点的是传统的美国军界，他们认为卫星应具备很高的能力和有冗余度。美国空军的科学咨询委员会提出了一种未来的可联络的智能型小卫星星座。作为航天领先的空军，开始转向“航天和空军”领域，理解混合的航天系统对于最有效地和以负担得起的方式完成航天任务是重要的。本文将探讨小卫星的技术现状并把它与军用航天有关的任     

复杂航天器结构火工冲击环境预示方法研究

针对复杂航天器结构在宽频、瞬态火工冲击载荷激励下其响应难以预示的问题,以某型复杂卫星结构为研究对象开展了火工冲击环境预示方法研究。首先,推导了基于加速度频响函数(FRF)的虚拟模态综合法(VMSS)的理论公式。对于复杂卫星结构各子系统动力学特性存在较大差异的特点,建立了有限元-统计能量分析（FE-SEA）混合模型,并进行响应计算,获得了加速度频响包络曲线及模态数曲线,为虚拟模态综合法的响应预示提供输入。然后,对复杂卫星结构推进舱底板和侧板的火工冲击响应进行了计算分析。最后,将计算结果与整星火工分离冲击试验结果对比发现两者基本保持一致。研究结果表明,联合FE-SEA混合建模技术和虚拟模态综合法能够对复杂卫星结构火工冲击环境进行较为精确地预示。     

俄罗斯GLONASS系统发展综述

卫星导航系统不仅改善着人们日常生活,也是现代军事行动的重要信息基础设施,世界主要军事大国都将卫星导航系统发展视为夺取战争优势的基石.俄罗斯为了在导航战中赢得优势,也开始不断发展GLONASS卫星导航系统.介绍了GLONASS的基本发展情况,分析了其系统组成情况以及军事应用情况,并总结了GLONASS未来发展重点.     

High performance satellite networks

The high performance satellite communications networks of the future will have to be interoperable with terrestrial fiber cables. These satellite networks will evolve from narrowband analogue formats to broadband digital transmission schemes, with protocols, algorithms and transmission architectures that will segment the data into uniform cells and frames, and then transmit these data via larger and more efficient synchronous optional (SONET) and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks that are being developed for the information “superhighway”. These high performance satellite communications and information networks are required for modern applications, such as electronic commerce, digital libraries, medical imaging, distance learning, and the distribution of science data.

In order for satellites to participate in these information superhighway networks, it is essential that they demonstrate their ability to: (1) operate seamlessly with heterogeneous architectures and applications, (2) carry data at SONET rates with the same quality of service as optical fibers, (3) qualify transmission delay as a parameter not a problem, and (4) show that satellites have several performance and economic advantages over fiber cable networks.     

Iteration-based identification of faulty links in LEO/MEO satellite communication networks

Satellite systems are going to be an important part of the future personal communication infrastructure. The first-generation candidates for satellite personal communication networks (S-PCN) will rely on low earth orbiting (LEO) and medium earth orbiting (MEO) constellations. For LEO satellite systems employing intersatellite links (ISLs), we present a iteration-based algorithm to identify faulty links, which applies to a satellite network assuming a connection-oriented network structure, e.g., ATM or ATM-type switches on-board satellites. In the algorithm a management satellite can autonomously and real-time identify a ranked list of the most probable failed network links through building discrete-time dynamic virtual topology graph (DT-DVTG), then testing can be used to quickly pinpoint the actual faulty links. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated through simulations.     

S@tMax—A space-based system enabling mobile IP applications in vehicles

As personal mobility increases, people spend more time in their vehicles. Furthermore, a large segment of today's workforce is part of a growing mobile service industry. This mobile society creates opportunities to increase productivity which do not yet exist. Today's commuting time could be better utilized and mobile business transactions could be more efficiently conducted, by integrating mobile IP wireless services in vehicles. By means of a direct to mobile user Internet access, and total IP services, integrated into automobiles, S@tMax services can empower the mobile business movement therefore improving productivity. This paper presents a commercial system architecture that will deliver an optimized solution for direct to mobile user Internet access, through an integration of a ground based network infrastructure, use of existing communications satellites and the development of a proprietary satellite system. As a result of a detailed systems engineering process, the architectures of the space, ground and infrastructures segments will be presented. Furthermore, the benefits of on-orbit servicing were examined in the S@tMax context. The approach proposed is considered as an important step towards enforcing main roadway IP coverage in the US, for near-continuous communications and services.     

全球导航星座星间链路技术发展建议

美国全球定位系统（GPS）的Block IIR和Block IIF系列导航卫星安装了UHF频段的星间链路收发设备,未来的GPS Ⅲ系列导航卫星将用Ka频段星间链路替代UHF频段星间链路,提高星间数据通信容量,增强抗干扰能力;俄罗斯全球导航卫星系统（GLONASS）的新一代GLONASS-K系列导航卫星开始安装S频段星间链路收发设备;欧洲的伽利略（Galileo）卫星导航系统也在规划全球导航星座的星间链路体系;我国北斗（Compass）卫星导航系统正处在由区域覆盖向全球覆盖的过渡阶段,全球星座的星间链路正处在多种系统体制的抉择中。文章在对国外各种星间链路研究的基础上,从导航星座星间链路需求和特点出发,提出建议：1）建设高频段星间链路;2）加强星间天线与卫星总体的联合设计;3）星间网络协议要具有灵活性;4）尽可能保持每颗卫星的星间链路设备状态一致。文章考虑了现有国内技术储备和国外未来技术发展方向,提出的观点可以作为我国全球卫星导航系统对星间链路选择的参考,对我国Compass系统建设技术先进的星间链路有一定的指导意义。     

基于移动式网络的LEO卫星星座通信网络研究

为飞机等交通工具内的用户提供基于卫星的不间断IP连接，并在卫星星座网络内实现IP路由选择功能，是未来LEO卫星星座通信网络需要解决的关键问题。提出了基于移动式网络技术的LEO卫星星座通信网络体系结构，实现了卫星星座通信网络中的IP路由选择功能，并降低了对地面网路的依赖，实现了对用户段网络随时随地的连接支持。在对卫星星座通信网络中的星地切换模式进行分析的基础上，提出了一种基于虚拟移动路由器的快速星地切换和认证方法。通过NS2仿真试验，给出了新型LEO卫星星座通信网络的传输延迟特性以及快速切换方法的仿真试验结果。仿真试验表明，提出的网络结构是满足未来卫星星座发展需求的，星地间的切换是低时延的。     

The development of a Russian communication satellite of small class, operating in the geostationary and high-elliptical orbits

In 1994-1995 Lavochkin Association (Russia) together with the other enterprises in accordance with technical requirements of the Russian Space agency, developed a new Russian communication satellite of a small class that will operate in both the geostationary (GSO) and high-elliptical (HEO) orbits. This satellite may be injected into operational orbits using a SOYUZ-2 launch vehicle (LV) and a FREGAT upper stage (US) from Plesetsk and Baykonur space launch sites (SLS).The main reason for creating such a satellite was to decrease the cost of the support and development of the Russian communication geostationary satellites group.Russian satellites Horizont, Express, Ekran and Gals, which operate in GSO, are the basis of the space segment for communications, radio and TV broadcasting. All of these satellites are injected into GSO by the PROTON LV. PROTON is a launch vehicle of a heavy class. The use of a middle class LV instead of a heavy class will allow to reduce considerably the launch cost. The change of a heavy class LV to a LV of middle class determined one economic reason for this project. Besides, the opportunity to launch S/C into GSO from Russian Plesetsk SLS increases the independence of Russia in the domain of space communications, despite the presence of the contract with Kazachstan about the rent of Baykonur SLS. Finally, use of small satellites with a rather small number of transponders is more effective than the use of big satellites. It will allow also to increase a satellite group (by the launch of additional satellites) precisely in accordance to the development of the ground segment.     

基于APP的卫星地面遥控系统安全性设计

目前,我国绝大部分卫星的遥控指令上行操作必须在专用测控网内进行,当卫星发生在轨异常时,相关支持人员必须赶赴测控中心现场进行集中处置,非工作时段时效性较低,不利于紧急情况下的异常快速处置.对基于APP的卫星地面遥控系统安全应用方案进行了研究和设计,旨在为我国未来卫星高效运行管理提供一种新的手段,通过原型系统的仿真测试,验...     

The european space agency's earth observation satellite programmes

After a short presentation of the Meteosat and Sirio-2 programmes, the paper describes the elements of the ESA Remote Sensing Programmes for polar, Sun-synchronous orbits: Earthnet, a network of ground stations receiving data for present and future American satellites, and future European programmes; Spacelab, whose first flight will include high resolution visible and IR cameras, and radar; ERS-1, for radar observation of oceans and polar caps. Future ESA programmes are outlined.     

Tracking and data relay satellite system: NASA's new spacecraft data acquisition system

The growth in NASA's ground network complexity and cost triggered a search for an alternative. Through a lease service contract, Western Union will provide to NASA 10 years of space communications services with a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). A constellation of four operating satellites in geostationary orbit and a single ground terminal will provide complete tracking, telemetry and command service for all of NASA's Earth orbital satellites below an altitude of 12,000 km. The system is shared: two satellites will be dedicated to NASA service; a third will provide backup as a shared spare; the fourth satellite will be dedicated to Western Union's Advanced Westar commercial service. Western Union will operate the ground terminal and provide operational satellite control. NASA's Network Control Center will provide the focal point for scheduling user services and controlling the interface between TDRSS and the rest of the NASA communications network, project control centers and data processing facilities. TDRSS single access user spacecraft data systems should be designed for efficient time shared data relay support. Reimbursement policy and rate structure for non-NASA users are currently being developed.     

Inflatable antenna for cubesats: Motivation for development and antenna design

CubeSats and small satellites have potential to provide means to explore space and to perform science in a more affordable way. As the goals for these spacecraft become more ambitious in space exploration, moving from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) or further, the communication systems currently implemented will not be able to support those missions. One of the bottlenecks in small spacecraft communication systems is represented by antennas' size, due to the close relation between antenna gain and dimensions. Current antennas for CubeSats are mostly dipole or patch antennas with limited gain. Deployable (not inflatable) antennas for CubeSats are currently being investigated, but these solutions are affected by the challenge of packaging the whole deployable structure in a small spacecraft.The work that we propose represents the first attempt to develop an inflatable antenna for CubeSats. Inflatable structures and antennas can be packaged efficiently occupying a small amount of space, and they can provide, once deployed, large dish dimension and correspondent gain. Inflatable antennas have been previously tested in space (Inflatable Antenna Experiment, STS-77). However they have never been developed for small spacecraft such as CubeSats, where the packaging efficiency, the deployment, and the inflation represent a challenge.Our study explores for the first time the possibility of developing such antenna in a way compatible with CubeSat dimensions and constraints. The research provides answers on the possible dimensions for an inflatable antenna for small satellites, on the gain and resolution that can be achieved, and on the deployment and inflation mechanism compatible with CubeSat. Future work in the development of the antenna will include the test of the antenna in flight during a specific technical demonstration mission.The article is structured as follows: context and motivation for Cubesat inflatable antenna are described; then a study to design the antenna which achieves the required performance metrics, while respecting the constraints imposed by CubeSat structure, is presented.