嫦娥二号再传佳音成功从172万千米外深空传回科学探测数据

9月中旬,我国第二颗月球探测卫星嫦娥二号成功从172万千米外深空,传回第一批科学探测数据。这些数据是嫦娥二号从月球飞往日地拉格朗日L2点过程中,太阳风离子探测器、太阳高能粒子探测器、Y射线谱仪等三种有效载荷开机,所获取的空间环境探测数据。根据工程总体安排,将于近日择机再次开启部分有效载荷,执行科学探测任务。     

环月探测器短弧定轨精度的仿真结果分析

以我国正在实施的探月计划嫦娥一号月球探测器飞行测控需求为背景,利用数值仿真的方法,考虑现有USB卫星测控网和中国科学院VLBI射电天文观测网分布,在观测弧段受到限制的前提下,探讨了环月探测器测轨手段和测控弧段的选择及其相应的定轨精度。     

嫦娥1号卫星平台及其分系统

在绕月探测工程的五大系统中,最引人注目的就是嫦娥1号绕月探测卫星。因为它是中国第一个月球探测器,它将走近月球直接获取大量有价值信息,其能     

“嫦娥”四号探测器亮相 新使命 大可期

正由中国空间技术研究院抓总研制的"嫦娥"四号探测器在第12届珠海航展上首次对外公开展出。"嫦娥"四号是探月工程计划中"嫦娥"系列的第4颗绕月探测卫星,主要任务是继续更深层次、更加全面地科学探测月球地质、资源等方面的信息,完善月球的档案资料。"嫦娥"四号由着陆器和巡视器(又称月球车)两部分组成,计划于2018年12月在西昌卫星发射中     

热烈庆祝＂嫦娥三号＂探测器发射成功

2013年12月2日1时30分,中国在西昌卫星发射中心用“长征三号乙”运载火箭,成功将“嫦娥三号”探测器发射升空。6日,北京航天飞行控制中心对“嫦娥三号”探测器成功实施近月制动,探测器顺利进入环月轨道．14日,“嫦娥三号”探测器在月球表面预选着陆区域成功着陆。15日,     

首次月背着陆探测的“背后”——上海航天技术研究院“嫦娥”四号探测器研制任务侧记

<正>2018年12月8日,"长征"三号B运载火箭成功将"嫦娥"四号探测器送入地月转移轨道,踏上了人类首次月球背面着陆探测的旅程。"嫦娥"四号探测器包括两器一星,即月球软着陆探测器(着陆器)、月面巡视探测器(巡视器)、"鹊桥"中继卫星。上海航天技术研究院承担了"嫦娥"四号着陆器、巡视器5个半分系统的研制任务,包括巡视器移动分系统、结构与机构分系统、测控数传分系统、电源分系统、综合电子分系统移动/机构控制与驱动组件、着陆器一次电源分系统。     

嫦娥奔月记——“嫦娥”四号任务执行纪实

<正>"嫦娥"四号任务概述"嫦娥"四号任务是人类首个在月球背面进行的着陆和巡视探测任务。2016年1月14日,"嫦娥"四号任务通过探月工程重大专项领导小组审议,正式开始实施。工程任务中的运载火箭系统、"嫦娥"探测器系统及"鹊桥"中继卫星均由中国航天科技集团有限公司抓总研制。通过实施"嫦娥"四号任务,我国将实现两个"第一次":第一次实现人类探测器月球背面软着陆;第     

嫦娥二号7米分辨率全月球影像图发布

2012年2月6日,探月工程嫦娥二号月球探测器获得的7米分辨率全月球影像图在北京发布,表明我国探月工程又取得了一项重大科研成果。嫦娥二号是我国发射的第二颗月球探测器,     

"嫦娥一号"月球探测卫星真空热试验的初步思路

文章介绍了月球环境条件、设计月球探测器需要考虑的环境因素、以及绕月飞行的"阿波罗"服务舱(service module)真空热试验的外热流模拟情况,对中国"嫦娥一号"月球探测卫星的真空热试验提出了初步设想.     

在嫦娥一号探月工程中求定月球重力场问题的探讨

月球重力场制约着近月外空间物体的运动，同时环月飞行器的运动也反映了月球重力场的作用。本文结合我国嫦娥一号探月工程，探讨了利用月球卫星地面跟踪资料，求定月球重力场的基本理论和方法，分析了环月卫星的轨道高度、地面跟踪采样时间间隔和跟踪精度等对月球重力场求定的影响。     

The Earth's Magnetosphere Response to Solar Wind Events according to the INTERBALL Project Data

The results of studying the interaction of two types of the solar wind (magnetic clouds and solar wind of extremely low density) with the Earth's magnetosphere are discussed. This study is based of the INTERBALL space project measurements and on the other ground-based and space observations. For moderate variations of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) parameters, the response of the magnetosphere is similar to its response to similar changes in the absence of magnetic clouds and depends on a previous history of IMF variations. Extremely large density variations on the interplanetary shocks, and on leading and trailing edges of the clouds result in a strong deformation of the magnetosphere, in large-scale motion of the geomagnetic tail, and in the development of magnetic substorms and storms. The important consequences of these processes are: (1) the observation of regions of the magnetosphere and its boundaries at great distances from the average location; (2) density and temperature variations in the outer regions of the magnetosphere; (3) multiple crossings of geomagnetic tail boundaries by a satellite; and (4) bursty fluxes of electrons and ions in the magnetotail, auroral region, and the polar cap. Several polar activations and substorms can develop during a single magnetic cloud arrival; a greater number of these events are accompanied, as a rule, by the development of a stronger magnetic storm. A gradual, but very strong, decrease of the solar wind density on May 10–12, 1999, did not cause noticeable change of geomagnetic indices, though it resulted in considerable expansion of the magnetosphere.     

嫦娥一号月球探测卫星技术特点分析

嫦娥一号卫星是我国的第一个月球探测卫星,将飞行至距地球380000km的月球,实现环绕月球对其遥感探测。由于任务目标不同,嫦娥一号卫星将遇到比近地轨道卫星更复杂的空间环境和飞行控制过程,所以必须解决面临的所有新技术问题。文章介绍了嫦娥一号卫星在轨道设计、月食、热设计、制导导航、测控、数传等方面的技术特点及研制验证方法。     

基于深度学习的多步预测方法在太阳风速度预测上的应用

为对近地环境太阳风状况进行可靠预测,引入基于深度学习的多步预测方法来预测在太阳与地球之间的拉格朗日点1(L1)处距离输入观测数据序列未来24、48、72、96 h的太阳风速度.采用SDO的图像数据提取冕洞面积等特征信息,并从NASA OMNIWEB数据集提取其他输入特征,形成多变量的时序数据作为太阳风速度预测的输入信息...     

嫦娥一号卫星的初步科学成果与嫦娥二号卫星的使命

嫦娥一号卫星于2007年10月24日在西昌卫星发射中心成功发射,2009年3月1日受控落月,在轨运行495d,一共取得了1.37Tbyte的原始科学探测数据,在此基础上生产出4Tbyte科学应用数据产品。通过对这些科学探测数据的初步分析和应用研究,已经获得了包括＂我国首次月球探测工程全月球影像图＂等在内的一系列科学成果,圆满实现了预期的各项科学目标,为推动我国月球与行星科学的研究和后续月球探测工程的开展奠定了重要基础。嫦娥二号卫星在嫦娥一号卫星取得圆满成功之后,进行了一系列技术改进,作为探月二期工程的先导星,将于今年年底前发射升空。嫦娥二号卫星从发射到第一次近月制动所经历的时间由13d缩短为5d,环月轨道高度由200km降低为100km,CCD相机的像元分辨率由120m提高到10m,激光高度计测量月面高程由1次/s提高到5次/s。嫦娥二号卫星将重点开展对月面着陆区地形地貌的精细探测,试验验证相关关键技术,为探月二期月面软着陆奠定科学和技术基础。     

Exploring the solar system galactic frontier in extreme ultraviolet

The solar system galactic frontier—the region where the expanding solar wind meets the surrounding galactic medium—remains poorly explored. The sheer size of the essentially asymmetric heliosphere calls for remote techniques to probe the properties of its global time-varying three-dimensional boundary. The Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission (launch in 2008) will image the region between the termination shock and the heliopause, the heliospheric sheath, in fluxes of energetic neutral atoms. Global imaging in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) will likely be the next logical step in remote exploration of the galactic frontier from 1 AU. Imaging in EUV will establish directional and spectral properties of (1) the glow of singly charged helium (He⁺) ions in the interstellar and solar wind plasmas; (2) emissions of hot plasma in the Local Bubble; and (3) characteristic emissions of the solar wind. Global imaging with ultrahigh sensitivity and ultrahigh spectral resolution will map the heliopause and reveal the three-dimensional flow pattern of the solar wind, including the flow over the Sun's poles. This article presents the emerging concept of the experiment and space mission for heliosphere global imaging in EUV.     

MHD Simulations of the Dynamics of Sharp Disturbances of the Interplanetary Medium and Comparison with Spacecraft Observations

One-dimensional MHD simulations of solitary sharp and strong disturbances (impulses) of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma of the homogeneous solar wind were performed. The characteristics of a disturbance of this type, recorded onboard the WIND spacecraft (SC) rather far from the Earth, were taken as initial conditions. The results of numerical experiments simulating the evolution of this disturbance in the moving interplanetary plasma, whose parameters correspond to observations of the WIND and INTERBALL-1 SC, show the efficiency of the computer code developed with the special purpose of investigating low-frequency wave events in the space environment. The calculated characteristics of the impulse resulting from the evolution are in good agreement with parameters of the disturbance recorded by the INTERBALL-1 SC closer to the Earth. In particular, the impulse expands due to imbalance of thermal and magnetic pressures, but keeps its abrupt boundaries. It was demonstrated that stable plasma objects, corresponding to stationary MHD solutions, could really exist in the solar wind plasma for a long time.     

利用等离子体通道实现空间太阳能无线能量传输

空间太阳能电站是高效利用太阳能的有效途径,受到了国际的广泛关注。空间无线能量传输技术是空间太阳能电站的关键技术之一。文章首先分析了微波与激光无线能量传输技术的问题,根据空间太阳能传输的具体需求进一步提出基于等离子体通道的无线能量传输技术,并对基于此项技术的空间太阳能传输系统进行了论证,完善并发展了空间太阳能传输模型。基于等离子体通道的无线能量传输技术为多个领域的能量补给提供了新颖的技术途径,是具有广阔应用前景的战略选择。     

Role of the ionosphere for the atmospheric evolution of planets

We have synthesized current understanding, mainly observations, with regard to ion escape mechanisms to space from the ionosphere and exosphere of Titan and Earth-type planets, with the intent to provide an improved input for models of atmospheric evolution on early Earth and Earth-type planets and exoplanets. We focus on the role of the ionosphere and its non-linear response to solar parameters, all of which have been underestimated in current models of ancient atmospheric escape (4 billion years ago). Factors that have been overlooked include the following: (1) Much larger variation of O(+) outflow than H(+) outflow from the terrestrial ionosphere, depending on solar and geomagnetic activities (an important consideration when attempting to determine the oxidized state of the atmosphere of early Earth); (2) magnetization of the ionopause, which keeps ionospheric ions from escaping and controls many other escape processes; (3) extra ionization by, for example, the critical ionization velocity mechanism, which expands the ionosphere to greater altitudes than current models predict; and (4) the large escape of cold ions from the dense, expanded ionosphere of Titan. Here we offer, as a guideline for quantitative simulations, a qualitative diagnosis of increases or decreases of non-thermal escape related to the ionosphere for magnetized and unmagnetized planets in response to changes in solar parameters (i.e., solar EUV/FUV flux, solar wind dynamic pressure, and interplanetary magnetic field).     

Martian CH(4): sources, flux, and detection

Recent observations have detected trace amounts of CH(4) heterogeneously distributed in the martian atmosphere, which indicated a subsurface CH(4) flux of ~2 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(9) cm(2) s(1). Four different origins for this CH(4) were considered: (1) volcanogenic; (2) sublimation of hydrate- rich ice; (3) diffusive transport through hydrate-saturated cryosphere; and (4) microbial CH(4) generation above the cryosphere. A diffusive flux model of the martian crust for He, H(2), and CH(4) was developed based upon measurements of deep fracture water samples from South Africa. This model distinguishes between abiogenic and microbial CH(4) sources based upon their isotopic composition, and couples microbial CH(4) production to H(2) generation by H(2)O radiolysis. For a He flux of approximately 10(5) cm(2) s(1) this model yields an abiogenic CH(4) flux and a microbial CH(4) flux of approximately 10(6) and approximately 10(9) cm(2) s(1), respectively. This flux will only reach the martian surface if CH(4) hydrate is saturated in the cryosphere; otherwise it will be captured within the cryosphere. The sublimation of a hydrate-rich cryosphere could generate the observed CH(4) flux, whereas microbial CH(4) production in a hypersaline environment above the hydrate stability zone only seems capable of supplying approximately 10(5) cm(2) s(1) of CH(4). The model predicts that He/H(2)/CH(4)/C(2)H(6) abundances and the C and H isotopic values of CH(4) and the C isotopic composition of C(2)H(6) could reveal the different sources. Cavity ring-down spectrometers represent the instrument type that would be most capable of performing the C and H measurements of CH(4) on near future rover missions and pinpointing the cause and source of the CH(4) emissions.     

粗糙物面引起的超声速边界层转捩现象研究

采用风洞实验和数值模拟方法研究平板表面圆柱形粗糙单元引起的M=3超声速边界层转捩问题。实验采用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射技术（NPLS）对流动结构进行测量。共考察了1mm、2mm和4mm三个不同的粗糙度条件。采用五阶精度加权紧致非线性格式（WCNS-E-5）对风洞实验进行数值模拟和对比。实验及计算表明：粗糙元对边界层干扰后诱导了尾迹流向涡的形成,流向涡通过抬升机制产生剪切层和流向速度条带等不稳定结构;实验流动图像显示,剪切层不稳定在边界层转捩过程中起重要作用;随着粗糙元高度增加,流动分离范围和转捩区域明显扩大,转捩位置有提前的趋势。