直升机旋翼载荷中的非线性强迫振动方程迭代算法

介绍用迭代方法求解直升机桨叶气动载荷中的非线性强迫振动方程。计算时,先假定诱导下洗已确定,求出桨叶的初始载荷;再通过非线性强迫振动方程求出弯－弯－扭弹性变形。以某一直升机为例,求出了桨叶的各阶谐波载荷和弹性变形。计算结果与实验数据吻合。     

多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

直升机机体结构减振优化设计

直升机在飞行过程中,由于旋翼空气动力学环境及结构的特殊性,旋翼桨叶受到周期性的气动载荷使桨叶产生弹性振动,在桨叶内部引起结构振动载荷,其振动载荷沿桨毂传到机体上,引起机体的振动响应,从而形成直升机严重的振动问题。为了解决直升机机体的振动问题,基于 Patran/Nastran 有限元软件,对型号直升机机身进行动力学特性分析,研究旋翼载荷和机体结构等方面对机体振动的影响,并集成 Isight 优化软件对其进行结构优化分析,从而达到机体减振的效果。     

基于PC2B格式自由尾迹方法的旋翼响应特性分析

旋翼自由尾迹模型的建模和桨叶动态响应计算的问题是直升机空气动力学领域中富有关键意义的课题。本文结合桨叶气动模型、旋翼涡尾迹模型、桨叶挥舞动力学模型、"PC2B"尾迹求解算法和旋翼配平模型,建立了一个时间精确的旋翼自由尾迹和桨叶动态气动响应的分析方法,并针对旋翼总距突增时的旋翼载荷和桨叶动态响应进行了计算和分析,得出了一些有意义的结果。     

颗粒阻尼对直升机旋翼桨叶减振效果的试验

 为探索直升机减振技术的新方法,研究颗粒阻尼技术在直升机旋翼桨叶减振中的应用,设计了直升机旋翼桨叶模型及其相应的颗粒阻尼器形式,利用试验方法研究了颗粒阻尼对非旋转及旋转桨叶模型的阻尼减振效果。试验结果表明：颗粒阻尼可以有效提高非旋转桨叶模型的前3阶阻尼水平,尤其可使桨叶第3阶模态阻尼比提高一个数量级甚至更多;在较低的转速范围内,颗粒阻尼还可以克服离心力作用,使旋转桨叶模型的挥舞和摆振加速度响应水平均得到有效削减,充分表明了颗粒阻尼作为一种振动控制手段应用于直升机旋翼桨叶的可行性。     

某型直升机尾桨断裂故障分析

明确某型直升机尾桨断裂故障原因，对于该型机的使用、维护有现实意义，对于新机型的安全性提升有借鉴意义。首先通过故障树分析法对某型直升机尾桨叶断裂故障进行分析，得到底事件分析结果；然后开展宏、微观断口分析；最后对柔性梁断口损伤演化开展仿真分析。结果表明：桨叶断裂性质为低应力高周双向弯曲疲劳断裂，当柔性梁纤维压缩方向强度性能值小于700 MPa 时，断口的形式与故障尾桨柔性梁断口类型相似；大载荷状态尾桨会产生较大的振动，振动的增加加剧了尾桨的载荷，导致尾桨柔性梁根部载荷增加，超出柔性梁设计承载能力，桨叶柔性梁根部疲劳断裂。     

直升机桨叶静强度分析中的一个新方法

在直升机桨叶的静强度分析中,传统的分析方法可能会由于载荷计算的不准确,给强度结论带来不确定性。比如,直升机在飞行过程中,若桨叶的动载荷大于计算载荷,这时候就无法判断桨叶是否满足静强度要求。若采用本文中推荐的新方法进行分析,就容易对桨叶的静强度下结论。     

一种分析轮式起落架直升机“舰面共振”的方法

 针对轮式起落架直升机，提供了一种“舰面共振”动力稳定性分析方法。首先，针对直升机在舰面上随舰船一起摇晃时左右起落架受载不对称的状况，近似采用受对称载荷产生对称变形、受非对称载荷产生非对称变形的方法计算了直升机的平衡状态；其次，根据轮式起落架轮胎和缓冲支柱刚度和阻尼共同作用的特点，结合轮式起落架的几何关系，采用复刚度的方法得出起落架作用于机体的刚度与阻尼；最后，用桨叶振动模态法对轮式起落架的直升机进行了不同旋翼升力卸载以及鱼叉系留与否的“舰面共振”动力稳定性计算分析，并通过算例得到验证。     

Dynamic response analysis under atmospheric disturbances for helicopters based on elastic blades

A flight dynamics model based on elastic blades for helicopters is developed. Modal shape analysis is used to describe the rotating elastic blades for the purpose of reducing the elastic degrees of freedom for blades. The analytical result is employed to predict the rotor forces and moments. The equilibrium equation of the flight dynamics model is then constructed for the elastic motion for blades and the rigid motion for other parts. The nonlinear equation is further simplified, and the gradient descent algorithm is adopted to implement the trim simulation. The trim analysis shows that the effect of blade elasticity on the accuracy of rotor forces and moments is apparent at high speed, and the proposed method presents good accuracy for trim performance. The time-domain response is realized by a combination of the Newmark method and the adaptive Runge-Kutta method. The helicopter control responses of collective pitch show that the response accuracy of the model at a yaw-and-pitch attitude is improved. Finally, the influence of blade elasticity on the helicopter dynamic response in low-altitude wind shear is investigated. An increase in blade elastic-ity reduces the oscillation amplitude of the yaw angle and the vertical speed by more than 70%. Compared with a rigid blade, an elastic blade reduces the vibration frequency of the angular veloc-ity and results in a fast return of the helicopter to its stable flight.     

带气弹稳定性约束的复合材料浆叶减振优化设计

研究以降低直升机旋翼激振力为目标的复合材料桨叶结构动力学减振优化设计 ,分析了桨叶结构特性及桨尖后掠角等参数对N次 /转旋翼桨毂振动载荷的影响。在建立的桨叶二维结构特性有限元分析方程中 ,计入了桨叶剖面翘曲变形的影响 ,并利用哈密尔顿原理推导了旋翼桨叶的一维非线性运动微分方程。以桨毂交变载荷为目标函数 ,直接以复合材料桨叶典型剖面构造节点数据、铺层设计参数和桨尖后掠角等为设计变量 ,引入桨叶挥舞惯量、固有频率和气弹稳定性约束 ,进行旋翼的动力学优化设计 ,并结合 3片桨叶旋翼的设计进行了算例分析 ,优化结果使 3次/转的桨毂载荷降低了 2 4 .9%～ 33%。     

整体离心叶轮叶片的振动可靠性分析

述及了整体离心叶轮的结构及其故障模式特点,在强迫振动放大系数模型的基础上提出了离心叶轮叶片的振动可靠性分析方法,结合固有频率灵敏度分析的叶片共振相干分析,通过厚度控制来调整整体叶轮叶片的固有频率,控制强迫振动放大系数使之避开危险性共振或强迫振动,给出了一实际算例,算例及试车试验表明本文方法是有效的。      

无人直升机旋翼桨叶设计及动力学特性分析

复合材料在桨叶上广泛应用的同时使桨叶的受力、刚度特性比传统的桨叶更为复杂。为了降低桨叶工作时动应力和旋翼的振动水平,有必要对旋翼桨叶进行动力学特性分析。对旋翼总体参数及桨叶气动参数进行设计,采用CFD 方法对旋翼悬停状态进行气动特性分析,将桨叶三维非线性弹性模型分解为二维线性剖面模型和一维非线性梁模型进行动力学特性分析。结果表明：该旋翼能够成功拉起230 kg 级无人直升机,悬停效率大于0.65,工作转速下桨叶的固有频率与8 阶以下的气动激振力频率保持一定的范围,避开了转速共振区,满足桨叶动力学设计要求。     

主动扭转智能旋翼模型试验研究

在国内首次进行采用压电片驱动的碳纤维弯扭耦合梁作为驱动机构的智能旋翼风洞试验。试验结果表明:主动扭转智能旋翼在高转速前吹风状态下,受控状态下的可动桨尖沿扭转输出轴上下偏转可以明显改变桨叶气动力的相应谐波分量,进而影响桨叶的振动,试验为主动扭转智能旋翼用于直升机旋翼振动主动控制奠定硬件基础。     

直升机操纵杆振动特性测量与分析

基于直升机铰链力矩的研究成果,建立了倾斜器操纵杆载荷的计算模型.在参考常规飞机测试元件的基础上,研制了具有足够强度和灵敏度的测力元件,通过地面试验解决了测量精度与飞行安全之间的矛盾,成功地进行了飞行试验, 并获得操纵杆载荷这一重要参数.本文计算结果与试验数据基本一致,激振力的频率与主旋翼的1倍和2倍频率接近.可以满足工程计算要求,为直升机操纵系统的设计和检验提供依据.      

复合材料桨叶固有特性计算与试验研究

直升机旋翼的固有特性是直升机动力学问题研究的基础。文中运用有限元方法分析了模型旋翼复合材料桨叶的固有特性。运用ANSYS软件计算了桨叶的固有频率和振型,并通过试验测量了桨叶的固有频率。结果表明用有限元方法计算复合材料桨叶的固有特性与试验值吻合。     

直升机桨叶连续后缘襟翼设计与气动影响分析

在直升机旋翼减振应用中,连续后缘襟翼和常规分离式襟翼相比具有重量轻、结构紧凑、气流平稳等优点。选用压电纤维复合材料作为驱动材料,基于NACA23012翼型设计带有连续变形后缘襟翼的桨叶段,对襟翼及其驱动结构进行选材设计分析;采用流固耦合方法分析连续后缘襟翼对剖面翼型气动特性的影响。结果表明:连续后缘襟翼在直升机桨叶工作迎角、马赫数范围内可实现有效偏转,显著改变翼剖面气动升力和力矩,证明了连续后缘襟翼在旋翼减振控制中的潜在应用价值。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合方法的旋翼气动弹性载荷计算分析

为提高直升机前飞状态下旋翼非定常气动弹性载荷的预估精度,在旋翼气动弹性综合分析方法中引入旋翼CFD模块,建立了一套基于CFD/CSD松耦合分析的计算方法和程序。为高效解决流固耦合方法中由于桨叶挥舞、扭转等弹性变形带来的旋翼贴体网格变形问题,采用基于代数变换方法的网格变形技术,桨叶运动变形量和旋翼气动力信息通过流固交接面传递。旋翼流场分析方法中,主控方程采用耦合S-A湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程,围绕旋翼流场的网格采用结构嵌套网格方法生成,无黏通量计算采用Roe格式,时间推进采用双时间法。旋翼结构分析中,考虑旋翼配平,基于Hamilton变分原理和20自由度Timoshenko梁模型求解弹性旋翼非线性运动方程。分别对CSD和CFD方法进行验证,在此基础上,计算了SA349/2旋翼桨叶在前飞状态下的非定常气动力、挥舞弯矩、摆振弯矩和扭转力矩,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比。计算表明:CFD/CSD耦合方法可以显著提高旋翼非定常气动弹性载荷的分析精度,精确捕捉桨叶表面压强峰值、激波位置等,表明本文发展的旋翼CFD/CSD耦合方法可以有效地运用到旋翼气动弹性载荷的预测分析中。     

直升机桨叶加载方向的建模及试验方法

针对各类直升机桨叶加载试验时,使用理论预扭角确定桨叶加载方向存在的缺陷与不足,提出一种基于应变电桥输出响应确定直升机桨叶加载方向的试验方法。该方法通过建立挥舞应变电桥输出电压与加载角度的数学模型,设计了切实可行的试验方案和数据处理方法,并在某型号旋翼桨叶上进行了模型和试验方法的验证。试验结果表明,该方法能够快速、高效、安全、准确的完成所有桨叶剖面的加载方向确定,建立的数学模型和试验方法正确有效。该方法对各类桨叶加载试验在提高试验效率、节省经费、保证试验精度和安全上都是具有十分重要的意义。     

Adaptive Blade Twist – calculations and experimental results

Applying adaptronics to helicopters has a high potential to significantly suppress noise, reduce vibration, and increase the overall aerodynamic efficiency. This paper presents recent investigations on a very promising specific concept described as Adaptive Blade Twist (ABT). This concept allows us to directly control the twist of the helicopter blades by smart adaptive elements. This influences positively the main rotor area which is the primary source for helicopter noise and vibration. Since the interaction of non-stationary helicopter aerodynamics and elastomechanical structural characteristics of the helicopter blades causes flight envelope limitations, vibration and noise, a good comprehension of the aerodynamics is essential for the development of structural solutions to effectively influence the local airflow conditions and finally develop the structural concept. With respect to these considerations, the ABT concept will be presented.This concept is based on the actively controlled tension-torsion-coupling of the structure. For this, an actuator is integrated within a helicopter blade that is made of an anisotropic material based on fiber composites. Driving the actuator results in a local twist of the blade tip in such a way that the blade can be considered as a torsional actuator. Influencing the blade twist distribution finally results in a higher aerodynamic efficiency.The paper starts at giving a review on conventional concepts and potential adaptive solutions for shape control. After, some calculations of the adaptive twist control concept are presented. These are based on a representative model in which the active part of the rotor blade is simplified with a thin-walled rectangular beam, that is structurally equivalent to a model rotor blade of the Bo105 with a scaling factor 2.54. The calculations are performed using an expanded Wlassow theory. The results are valid for static and dynamic conditions. For the dynamic condition excessive deformations near the blade resonance frequency shall be utilised. Therefore, the actuated blade section has to be properly designed for this precondition. This has been demonstrated and verified in experiments, which will not be discussed in this paper.For experimental investigations on the ABT concept the skin of the outer part of the model rotor blade was manufactured of fibre composite material using the above mentioned tension-torsion-coupling effect with an additional uncoupling layer between skin and spar. The experimental results have shown that near to the resonance frequency dynamic forces of 550±550 N are required for a deformation of ± 3 degrees at the blade tip.     

Development of swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the limited angle direct-drive motor (LADDM)

It can be greatly beneficial to remove the swashplate of conventional helicopter, because the swashplate is usually complicated, aerodynamically resistive, and obstacle of more complex pitch control for improving performance. The present technologies for helicopter vibration reduction are usually narrow in effective range or requiring additional actuators and signal transfer links,and more effective technology is desired. Helicopter blade pitch control system, which is removed of swashplate and integrated high-frequency pitch control function for active vibration reduction, is likely the suitable solution at current technical level. Several potential implementation schemes are discussed, such as blades being directly or indirectly driven by actuators mounted in rotating frame and application of different types of actuators, especially implementation schemes of electro-mechanical actuator with or without gear reducer. It is found that swashplateless blade pitch control system based on specially designed limited angle direct-drive motor(LADDM) is a more practical implementation scheme. An experimental prototype of the finally selected implementation scheme has been designed, fabricated and tested on rotor tower. The test results show considerable feasibility of the swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the LADDM.