Static strength analysis of dragonfly inspired wings for biomimetic micro aerial vehicles

This article examines the suitability of fabricating artificial, dragonfly-like, wing frames from materials that are commonly used in unmanned aircraft(balsa wood, black graphite carbon fiber and red prepreg fiberglass). Wing frames made with Type 321 stainless steel are also examined for comparison. The purpose of these wings is for future use in biomimetic micro aerial vehicles(BMAV). BMAV are a new class of unmanned micro-sized aerial vehicles that mimic flying biological organisms(like flying insects). Insects, such as dragonflies, possess corrugated and complex vein structures that are difficult to mimic. Simplified dragonfly-like wing frames were fabricated from these materials and then a nano-composite film was adhered to them, which mimics the membrane of an actual dragonfly. Finite element analysis simulations were also performed and compared to experimental results. The results showed good agreement(less than 10% difference for all cases).Analysis of these results shows that stainless steel is a poor choice for this wing configuration, primarily because of the aggressive oxidation observed. Steel, as well as balsa wood, also lacks flexibility. In comparison, black graphite carbon fiber and red prepreg fiberglass offer some structural advantages, making them more suitable for consideration in future BMAV applications.     

小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机可控性设计方法

 飞翼布局飞机取消了常规布局飞机采用的安定面和操纵面,由此引起其可控性设计的诸多新问题。以某小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机为例,利用风洞试验结果研究了几种典型新型操纵面的操纵新机理及不同飞行条件下的操纵效能等。基于可控性设计的要求,估算了该飞翼构型作战使用所需的三轴最大控制力矩系数。通过引进舵容量的概念提出了新型操纵面的参数化设计方法,最后对这一新布局方案进行了可控性评估,为飞翼布局飞机概念设计阶段的新型操纵面布置和设计提供了一种实用的方法。     

保证飞行器可靠性的一个方法

 研究了在飞机器设计和试验研究阶段保证结构可靠性的问题 ,提出了在地面及飞行试验阶段合理选择试验策略和确定试验规模的具体方法 ,并给出了算例。用本文方法所获得的分析结果可以作为飞行器的不同试验阶段可靠性、安全系数与试验规模的一种综合评定     

舵面破损对飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的影响

为研究舵面破损对电传控制飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的影响,选取了能够反映飞机多轴运动耦合特性的飞行品质评定任务,建立了舵面破损飞机的飞行动力学模型,选取了适用于表征飞机轴间运动耦合程度的特征参数,形成了基于任务的角速率指令式电传控制飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的评定方法。采用该方法对具有不同舵面破损程度的算例飞机开展了飞行品质评估试验,得到了能够量化舵面破损对角速率指令式电传控制飞机飞行品质影响的特征参数取值规律。研究结果对于舵面破损情形下飞机飞行安全与作战效能评估等均有一定的理论参考价值。     

飞行器多学科设计优化中的灵敏度分析方法研究

近年来,在飞行器设计领域,多学科设计优化(MDO)方法得到了高度重视。灵敏度分析技术作为MDO的关键技术之一,被认为是处理飞行器MDO研究中四个复杂性问题的有力工具。本文对适用于飞行器MDO的灵敏度分析方法进行了系统研究。首先介绍了多种学科灵敏度分析方法,阐述了各种方法的原理,比较了各种方法的优缺点。在此基础上,进一步探讨了几种常用的系统灵敏度分析方法。最后,总结了各种灵敏度分析方法在飞行器MDO中应用的原则,并对发展适用性更广的广义灵敏度分析方法提出了建议。     

飞机颠簸及其飞行处置

目的研究导致飞机颠簸的天气形势和环境条件;方法通过对颠簸区中的飞行气象条件、影响颠簸的几个主要因素、颠簸对飞行的影响以及在颠簸区中飞行时飞行员应采取的一些措施做了简要介绍,分析飞机颠簸预报指数和指标;结果揭示产生飞机颠簸的气象条件;结论增强飞机气象保障能力,以保障飞行安全。     

伸缩机翼变形技术研究

变体飞机可以根据需要改变气动外形,以便在不同的飞行状态都能获得最佳的气动性能,提高飞机的任务适应能力。伸缩机翼变形技术在国外已经过几十年的研究和探索,是变体飞机技术的主要发展方向之一。本文综述了伸缩机翼技术的发展历史及国内外研究情况,阐述了伸缩机翼变形原理及其优缺点,提炼了设计伸缩机翼所涉及的关键技术,展望了伸缩机翼技术在飞机、导弹、地效翼飞行器以及飞行汽车等方面的应用前景。     

飞翼飞机稳定性与操纵性研究

以某飞翼飞机为例,讨论了典型飞翼飞机的基本操稳特性和动态特性。并对飞翼布局飞机和常规布局飞机的主要气动导数作了对比研究,简要说明了二者在操稳特性上的不同之处及其产生的原因,为控制增稳系统的设计提供了依据。     

俯仰跟踪任务中的驾驶员神经网络模型辨识

 在飞机设计中,应用驾驶员数学模型预测飞机飞行品质是避免人机系统出现不良耦合的重要途径之一。为了提高飞行品质的预测精度,采用人工神经网络(NN)方法进行驾驶员模型辨识,着重研究该模型对不同飞机被控对象的适应能力。首先,详细分析了驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪任务的操纵行为特点,提出适用于该驾驶员行为描述的神经网络模型结构形式。然后,根据对不同被控对象进行俯仰跟踪实时仿真实验的结果,对神经网络模型参数进行识别。最后,对模型辨识结果进行了精度评价。研究结果表明,该辨识方法适用于研究具有不同增益、不同短周期振荡频率飞机被控对象的驾驶员操纵行为特性。     

Influence of propulsion efficiency on contrail formation

Aircraft cause contrails when flying in an atmosphere colder than a threshold temperature which depends on the overall efficiency η of propulsion of the aircraft/engine combination. Higher η causes contrails at higher ambient temperatures and over a larger range of flight altitudes. The ratio of temperature increase relative to moisture increase in engine plumes is lower for engines with higher η . Thermodynamic arguments are given for this fact and measurements and observations are reported which support the validity of the given criterion. The measurements include contrail observations for identified aircraft flying at ambient temperature and humidity conditions measured with high precision in-situ instruments, measurements of the temperature and humidity increases in an aircraft exhaust plume, and an observation of contrail formation behind two different four-engine jet aircraft with different engines flying wing by wing. The observations show that an altitude range exists in which the aircraft with high efficiency causes contrails while the other aircraft with lower efficiency causes none. Aircraft with more efficient propulsion cause contrails more frequently. The climatic impact depends on the relative importance of increased contrail frequency and reduced carbon dioxide emissions for increased efficiency, and on other parameters, and has not yet been quantified.     

飞行器阵风响应的CFD-6DOF仿真分析

飞行器在大气中飞行,不可避免地受到阵风的影响。阵风所附加的气动载荷引发飞行器飞行状态的改变,过大幅值的阵风影响飞行的性能与安全。针对这种状况,首先采用改进的Lamb-Ossen涡模型,建立尾涡形式的阵风场;然后采用基于CFD技术的非定常N-S方程求解,并在计算网格中引入"网格速度"来模拟阵风,对SWIM(Subsonic Wall Interference Model)尾涡中的定常气动特性进行验证;最后通过CFD-6DOF的耦合,对SWIM俯冲穿越尾涡场的飞行轨迹进行研究。结果表明:计算结果与实验值符合较好;SWIM在尾涡中飞行时出现抖动、下沉、改变飞行状态、剧烈翻转的现象,与实际飞行器进入尾涡中的轨迹特性类似。     

小展弦比飞翼布局飞机横向涡流控制气动机理

为增加小展弦比飞翼布局飞机横向控制效能,设计了可提供飞机滚转力矩的涡流控制方案,在此基础上研究了三角翼前缘非对称垂直喷流对前缘涡破裂位置和结构的影响。应用三维任意坐标系下的雷诺平均N-S方程数值模拟方法和Spalart-Allmaras方程湍流模型,对小展弦比飞翼布局飞机前缘非对称喷流及无喷流情况下的绕流进行了研究分析。结果表明：与无喷流情况相比,喷流速度、喷口压力、飞行迎角的不同造成了涡破裂点的改变以及涡的强度和涡轴位置的变化,这些因素最终引起流场变化,并产生不对称力和力矩;喷流产生的直接力和力矩与飞行状态无太大关系;垂直喷流在进行横向控制同时产生较小的偏航力矩,对阻力的影响也较小。     

A data driven approach for detection and isolation of anomalies in a group of UAVs

The use of groups of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) has greatly expanded UAV’s capabilities in a variety of applications, such as surveillance, searching and mapping. As the UAVs are operated as a team, it is important to detect and isolate the occurrence of anomalous aircraft in order to avoid collisions and other risks that would affect the safety of the team. In this paper, we present a data-driven approach to detect and isolate abnormal aircraft within a team of formatted flying aerial vehicles, which removes the requirements for the prior knowledge of the underlying dynamic model in conventional model-based fault detection algorithms. Based on the assumption that normal behaviored UAVs should share similar(dynamic) model parameters, we propose to firstly identify the model parameters for each aircraft of the team based on a sequence of input and output data pairs, and this is achieved by a novel sparse optimization technique. The fault states of the UAVs would be detected and isolated in the second step by identifying the change of model parameters.Simulation results have demonstrated the efficiency and flexibility of the proposed approach.     

扇翼飞行器的研究进展与应用前景

随着科学技术的迅猛发展,飞机无论在构型还是性能方面都获得了飞速发展,但是新原理飞机的研制却进展不大。扇翼飞行器是近期发展起来的低速大载荷新型飞行器,它是不同于现有固定翼、旋翼飞行器的新构型、新原理飞行器。而国内对于该飞行器的研究才刚刚起步,可参考的文献资料很少。因此,本文通过国内外扇翼飞行器发展状况的研究,对扇翼飞行器研究进展进行总结分析。首先介绍了扇翼飞行器的飞行原理;其次系统地回顾了扇翼飞行器的提出,并总结了其在国内外研究的进展情况;接着根据扇翼飞行器近期的发展动态,对该飞行器的应用前景作出分析;最后总结了扇翼飞行器发展中亟待解决的关键技术,以及其未来发展的难点和趋势。     

大型Ti-1023框类零件的机械加工及焊接变形控制

由于钛合金具有比重小、比强度高、热强性高、热稳定性好、抗腐蚀性好等特点,因此,在飞机上的应用日趋广泛。用钛合金替代合金刚制造飞机结构零件,可以显著地减轻飞机质量,提高飞机的推重比,同时还可以提高飞机结构的抗热能力,使飞机进入更高的飞行范围,从而提高结构的可靠性和使用寿命。应用钛合金是提高飞机飞行性能的有效途径。本文针对某机后机身承力框61框下框段采用钛合金材料,（其牌号为Ti－1023,自由锻件厚度为70mm,结构形式由原来的“[”型变为“工”型,零件由组合焊接变为机械加工,装配形式由铆接变为焊接）,不仅解决了机械加工和焊接中的变形问题,而且同比可减轻质量1.271kg。     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

风雨对飞机飞行安全性的影响

风雨严重影响飞机的飞行安全。基于动量定理建立了一种根据降雨条件、风场特性、飞机特征和飞行状态计算雨滴对飞机产生的撞击力和力矩的方法,研究了风雨对飞机气动特性的影响,进而建立了飞机在风雨中飞行的运动方程。通过引入驾驶员的操纵模型,对飞机在风雨中飞行的运动特性进行了数值仿真研究。仿真结果表明:降雨会使飞机的升力减小,阻力增大,平衡迎角增加,不利于飞机的飞行安全;当降雨过程中伴随有风时,风会改变飞机的飞行迎角,使得飞机更容易出现因失速而造成的飞行事故;降雨时飞机的抗风能力降低。     

舵面特性对飞翼构型作战飞机短周期品质的影响

 飞翼构型作战飞机采用无尾翼身融合布局,由于取消了平尾,使其稳定性及阻尼特性下降,需要操纵面具有良好的舵面特性才能保证其获得满意的飞行品质。采用3种不同的短周期飞行品质评定方法,评定小展弦比飞翼构型飞机在不同舵面特性组合情况下的飞行品质,并总结了舵面特性与短周期飞行品质等级间的关系,给出了依据操纵导数和舵面偏转速率大小所划分的品质优劣边界。结果表明,舵面特性变差将导致飞翼构型飞机的短周期飞行品质恶化。研究方法及结果可用于指导此类新布局飞机的初步设计和飞行品质的评定。     

密集编队中飞机发动机的疲劳损伤差异

选取典型密集编队飞行任务,利用实测飞行数据,研究了在飞行动作几乎完全相同的条件下飞机发动机疲劳损伤的差异.经过二次雨流法统计循环次数和线性累积损伤理论折合到标准循环,得出了密集编队中长、僚机因位置不同而造成的发动机疲劳损伤的差异及其统计规律,发现疲劳损伤差异分布为威布尔分布,单机差异一般为2～4倍,最大可以达到9～10倍.进一步揭示了发动机疲劳载荷/损伤的分散性和单机疲劳寿命监控的必要性.      

Flight safety measurements of UAVs in congested airspace

Describing spatial safety status is crucial for high-density air traffic involving multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a complex environment. A probabilistic approach is proposed to measure safety situation in congested airspace. The occupancy distribution of the airspace is represented with conflict probability between spatial positions and UAV. The concept of a safety envelope related to flight performance and response time is presented first instead of the conventional fixed-size protected zones around aircraft. Consequently, the conflict probability is performance-dependent, and effects of various UAVs on safety can be distinguished. The uncer-tainty of a UAV future position is explicitly accounted for as Brownian motion. An analytic approximate algorithm for the conflict probability is developed to decrease the computational consumption. The relationship between safety and flight performance are discussed for different response times and prediction intervals. To illustrate the applications of the approach, an experi-ment of three UAVs in formation flight is performed. In addition, an example of trajectory planning is simulated for one UAV flying over airspace where five UAVs exist. The validation of the approach shows its potential in guaranteeing flight safety in highly dynamic environment.