Influence of different flap settings on the wake-vortex structure of a rectangular wing with flaps and means of alleviation with wing fins

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the wake-vortex structure behind a flapped rectangular wing. The wind-tunnel test is part of a project funded by the German Research Association (DFG) to investigate the flow structure in the wake of wings with different flap extensions. The purpose of this investigation is to study the main features of lift generated vortices in order to find ways to alleviate hazardous wake vortex encounters for following airplanes during start and approach such that an increase in airport capacity can be achieved. First, the wake structure at different flap settings is investigated by measuring the velocity field at different positions in the near field behind the wing. The measured data are evaluated in terms of vortex parameters such as core radius, maximum tangential velocities, circulation distributions, turbulence levels and maximum induced rolling moments on a following aircraft. Then additionally, for one flap setting, means of alleviation are examined with a wing fin mounted at different positions on the wing. Alleviation is judged by the decrease of the maximum induced rolling moment. A significant reduction is achieved for a wing fin placed near the outboard edge of the flap.     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

Excitation of instabilities in the wake of an airfoil by means of active winglets

Strong wake vortices that develop behind every aircraft as a byproduct of lift production pose a threat where aircraft fly in close staggering such as in the vicinity of airports. One approach to alleviate these vortex wakes is the use of high lift systems or control surfaces of the wing to create an unstable vortex system. The inherent instability of this vortex system shall then lead to an accelerated decay of the vortex wake, triggered for example by a periodic motion of the control surfaces. In the work presented here a simple wing model with winglets able to produce a vortex system of up to six distinct vortices is investigated in towing tank experiments. Theoretical studies show that these vortex systems potentially have a high degree of instability. By means of active oscillation of rudders integrated into the winglets, these vortex systems are to be excited to initiate an accelerated decay of the vortices. It is shown that configurations exist which exhibit strong instabilities, that lead to a significantly lower hazard level behind the vortex generating wing, even when not actively excited. However, an additional oscillation does not seem to accelerate decay of these vortex systems in relation to the statical reference case.     

计入畸变修正的旋翼尾迹前飞状态稳定性分析

现有的旋翼尾迹稳定性分析方法在涡线过近处会得出不现实的过大发散率结果,因而存在一定的局限性。为了消除这种前飞状态下尾迹高度畸变对其稳定性分析所造成的不合理干扰,提出了一个旋翼尾迹在正弦扰动下,结合涡线畸变修正的线性化稳定性分析方法。在该方法中,将尾迹涡线离散为一系列涡元,并对其端点施加沿尾迹涡线分布的正弦扰动;考虑了桨尖涡的自诱导、互诱导以及与桨叶的干扰作用,并创新地引入在伪涡核对稳定性分析中,因尾迹高度畸变产生的不合理干扰而进行的修正。以H-34型直升机旋翼模型为例,在前飞状态下,重点计算分析了尾迹向后飘移、涡核大小和前飞速度等对旋翼尾迹稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:引入伪涡核模型可以有效地修正在涡线过近处所产生的不现实稳定性分析结果;前飞速度、涡核大小等因素会在一定条件下有限地影响尾迹的不稳定性,但都不改变前飞状态旋翼尾迹的本质不稳定性。     

尾流间隔缩减技术综述

当今世界各主要机场的航班延误已经成为影响航空运输发展的瓶颈,在通过空中交通流量管理提高效率的同时,也有许多科研工作者对尾流间隔的缩减进行了大量的研究。一类技术是通过改进进近程序缩减近距平行跑道的尾流间隔;另一类技术是建立尾流的预测模型,对尾涡的消散和输运进行预测,从而产生动态的尾流间隔咨询,获得更多的着陆或起飞时隙。采用上述技术的尾流间隔缩减系统可以减少延误,增大终端区容量。根据运行原理的不同将上述技术概括为:基于偏置进近程序的尾流间隔缩减技术和基于动态预测的尾流间隔缩减技术。对采用上述两类技术的系统作了详细分析,并比较和论述了优劣。     

The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments

The decay of trailing vortex pairs in thermally stably stratified environments is investigated by means of large eddy simulations. Results of in-situ measurements in the wakes of different aircraft are used to find appropriate intitializations for the simulation of wake turbulence in the quiescent atmosphere. Furthermore, cases with weak atmospheric turbulence are investigated. It is shown that the early development of the vortices is not affected by turbulence and develops almost identically as in 2D simulations of wake vortices in stably stratified environments. In a quiescent atmosphere the subsequent vortex decay is controlled by the interaction of short-wave disturbances, owing to the aircraft induced turbulence, and baroclinic vorticity, owing to stable stratification. As a consequence, vertical vorticity streaks between the vortices are induced which are substantially intensified by vortex stretching and finally lead to rapid turbulent wake-vortex decay. When in addition atmospheric turbulence is also present, the long-wave instability is dominantly promoted. For very strong stratification (Fr<1) it is observed that wake vortices may rebound but lose most of their strength before reaching the flight level. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the predictive capabilities of Greene's approximate model.     

Flight safety,aircraft vortex wake and airport operation capacity

One of the major problems that challenge today's aeronautics is the problem of improving flight safety. A zone of increased hazard is the aerospace in the vicinity of an airport. Here, one of aircraft accidents' causes is wake turbulence generated by aircraft. The encountering of an aircraft on take-off or landing with the vortex wake of a preceding aircraft can lead to an accident especially dangerous near the ground.     

High-resolution simulation for rotorcraft aerodynamics in hovering and vertical descending flight using a hybrid method

A high-resolution simulation tool for rotorcraft aerodynamics is developed by coupling CFD with a Vorticity Transport Model (VTM). An Eulerian-based CFD module is used to model the blade near body flowfield, and a Lagrangian-based VTM module is employed for vortex tracking in the far wake. The coupling procedure is implemented by transmitting vortex sources to the VTM module and feeding boundary conditions back to the CFD module. The presented CFD/VTM hybrid solver is firstly validated by hover cases of three different rotor configurations. Simulation results, including the blade surface pressure distribution, rotor downwash, and hover figure of merit, exhibit favorable correlations with available experimental data. Then, a rotor operated in vertical descending flight with a fixed collective pitch is investigated. It is shown that the CFD/VTM coupling method is suitable for rotor wake simulation. Wake instabilities (far wake breakdown in hover and toroidal wake pattern in the vortex ring state) are successfully demonstrated with a moderate computational cost.     

旋翼近地飞行时尾迹及地面涡的N─S方程模拟

用有限体积法、三维Ｎ－Ｓ方程对旋翼近地飞行时的尾迹及地面涡进行了数值模拟。由分布在特定区域内的动量源项模拟旋翼对流场的作用,动量源项的强度由旋翼的几何尺寸、叶片剖面的空气动力特性及当地流场的性质迭代定出。进而,研究了旋翼近地飞行时,在不同前进比及不同离地高度情况下,尾迹与地面的干扰问题及地面涡的现象     

尾缘锯齿结构的降噪物理机制实验

对比分析了常规尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型尾缘湍流流场的基本特征,并通过线阵列的方法测量了两种尾缘结构的噪声.结果表明:锯齿尾缘翼型尾缘湍流流场的湍流强度以及3个方向上的湍流强度都相比于常规尾缘翼型有显著减少,声场结果显示锯齿尾缘翼型对尾缘噪声有显著减小,对前缘噪声影响很小.锯齿结构加宽了尾迹区域并加快了大涡的破碎,产生了额外的马蹄涡,湍流脉动衰减率沿着流动方向变大.