HTPB/TDI衬层与NEPE推进剂的界面反应机理

采用富立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和全反射红外光谱(FTIR/ATR),研究了半固化的HTPB/TDI衬层表面的活性基团以及不同的—NCO基团与不同羟基的反应速率。结果表明,半固化的HTPB/TDI衬层表面含有大量的—NCO基团;HTPB/TDI衬层和NEPE推进剂粘合剂相的—NCO基与—OH的交叉反应速度较NEPE推进剂的固化反应速度快得多。HTPB/TDI衬层与NEPE推进剂界面的化学反应机理是粘合剂相中—OH基和—NCO基的交叉反应,其中衬层中TDI分子的—NCO基与PEG分子的—OH基的反应速度稍快于NEPE推进剂中N100分子的—NCO基与HTPB分子的—OH基的反应;在界面区域,HTPB/TDI衬层与NEPE推进剂通过氨基甲酸酯键形成化学粘接。     

卫星组播多组共享密钥管理方案

现有的多组组密钥管理方案应用于大型动态卫星多组组播环境时,受卫星资源的限制,密钥管理效率成为瓶颈。设计了一种卫星多组组密钥管理方案SMGKM（Satellite Multiple Group Key Management）,根据对组播源的访问能力对用户进行分组,并在子组中设置子组管理者,通过构造组播密钥管理图和子组密钥管理结构进行多组组密钥管理,具有良好的前向和后向安全性,与现有典型方案相比,SMGKM有效降低了卫星的通信和存储开销,更适合大型动态卫星多组组密钥管理。     

一种基于层簇式的卫星网络组密钥管理方案

针对卫星网络中组密钥管理过程面临的诸多挑战,提出一种基于层簇式的卫星网络组密钥管理方案LCGKM。结合卫星网络的多层次结构特点,建立了层簇式组密钥协商网络模型,将高轨道卫星作为组密钥协商发起节点,组成员通过三叉密钥树自主计算出组密钥,有效地减少了组密钥协商过程中的通信开销,增强了方案的灵活性、可扩展性。另外,在组密钥协商过程中,利用双线性对和身份认证技术,确保组成员能够对接受的组密钥信息进行验证,进一步增强了方案的安全性。性能分析表明：方案在满足更高安全需求的基础上,具备通信效率高、计算量小等优点,适用于具有大规模组播需求的卫星网络。     

A 12 years brazilian space education activity experience

A multidisciplinary group of students from the university and latter also from the high school was formed in 1988 with the objective to make them put in practice their knowledge in physics, chemistry and mathematics and engineering fields in experimental rocketry. The group was called “Grupo de Foguetes Experimentais”, GFE.Since that time more than 150 students passed throw the group and now many of them are in the space arena.The benefits for students in a space hands-on project are many:

1. More interest in their school subjects is gotten as they see an application for them;

2. Interrelation attitudes are learned as space projects is a team activity;

3. Responsibility is gained as each is responsible for a part of a critical mission project;

4. Multidisciplinary and international experience is gotten as these are space project characteristics;

5. Learn how to work in a high stress environment as use to be a project launch.

This paper will cover the educational experiences gotten during these years and how some structured groups work. It is explained the objectives and how the group was formed. The group structure and the different phases that at each year the new team passes are described. It is shown the different activities that the group uses to do from scientific seminars, scientific club and international meetings to technical tours and assistance to rocket activities in regional schools.It is also explained the group outreach activities as some launches were covered by the media in more then 6 articles in newspaper and 7 television news.In 1999 as formed an official group called NATA, Núcleo de Atividades Aerospaciais within the Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL, by some GFE members and teachers from university. It is explained the first group project results.     

通信拓扑切换下的预定时间分组协同制导方法

针对通信网络拓扑结构切换下的协同制导问题，提出了一种预定时间协同制导方法(PTCGL),以保证拓扑切换下的预定时间分组收敛。首先，建立三维飞行器协同制导模型和拓扑切换下的分组协同架构：组间利用小组领队飞行器之间的协作实现分组配合，组内则通过有向通信实现组协同。随后，在通信网络拓扑结构切换的情况下，结合牵制控制和预定时间理论，基于M矩阵假设的牵制分组误差和预定时间尺度函数提出拓扑切换三维预定时间协同制导律。进一步，考虑拓扑切换驻留时间，利用Lyapunov理论证明在通信拓扑切换的情况下，该制导律可实现预定时间收敛。最后，数值仿真结果验证了所提出的协同制导方法可实现在拓扑切换下的预定时间收敛、保证分组协同打击。     

一种用于空间群目标分辨的滑动窗轨迹跟踪算法

针对大多数现有的微多普勒分析理论难以解决空间群目标的监测与识别问题,本文提出一种基于提取目标运动特征的弹道中段群目标分辨方法。首先建立了多个具有滑动散射中心的旋转对称目标模型并得到其m-D曲线,在此基础上,利用形态学图像处理方法抑制一维距离像旁瓣,然后提出了一种滑动窗轨迹跟踪的方法分离出各散射点相互交叉的m-D曲线,再对分离结果进行经验模式分解(Empirical-Mode Decomposition, EMD),最后通过提取能够反映目标运动特征的固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function ,IMF),实现了群目标分辨。仿真实验校验了所提方法的可行性和鲁棒性。     

运动状态下多传感器群目标精细航迹起始算法

为解决多传感器群内目标精细航迹起始的难题,提出一种基于运动状态的集中式多传感器群目标精细航迹起始算法,算法首先基于循环阈值模型和群中心点完成群的预分割、预互联,然后将预互联成功的群按传感器不同分成多个子群,基于非抢占式修正逻辑法和同状态航迹子群获取模型剔除单传感器形成的虚假航迹,并基于多传感器同状态群关联模型消除各传感器虚假的同状态航迹子群,最后基于加权法实现同状态关联群内航迹的精细互联及合并。仿真数据表明,与分布式多传感器修正逻辑法、基于聚类和Hough变换的集中式多传感器多编队航迹起始算法相比,算法在起始真实航迹、抑制虚假航迹及杂波鲁棒性等方面综合性能更优。
     

基于组合方式的延时精确测量方法

研究了延时线的精确时间测量方法。首先介绍了传统群时延测量方法的误差，并分析了误差形成的机理，然后提出采用基于群时延和相位时延相结合的方式进行延时精确测量的方法。采用二次测量的方式，结合群时延的粗测量和相位时延的精测量，完成延时的精确测量，并通过仿真、试验验证了该方法在延时测量方面的精度更高。     

基于小波包能量谱的航天器在轨泄漏漏孔形状辨识方法

为了实现对航天器在轨泄漏漏孔形状的准确辨识,提出基于小波包能量谱和支持向量机的航天器在轨泄漏辨识方法。首先分析圆形、长方形、正三角形3种典型形状漏孔之泄漏信号的频域特点,之后运用小波包能量谱提取不同形状漏孔泄漏信号的特征值,最后运用提取的特征值配合支持向量机建立辨识模型,实现对漏孔具体形状的辨识。对该辨识方法进行试验验证,将3种形状的漏孔分为A、B两组,利用A组漏孔进行泄漏信号特征值提取与辨识模型的训练,再对B组漏孔进行辨识准确率测试;结果表明该方法可以实现对不同形状漏孔的辨识,在合适的小波包分解层数下,总体辨识准确率可达95.9%。     

On analysis of close encounters of two cosmic bodies in near almost-circular orbits

This paper is devoted to the study of relative motion and close encounters of two cosmic bodies located in near almost-circular orbits. This problem is topical due to the asteroid hazard proceeding from the NEA group asteroids located in the near-Earth orbits. The (99942) Apophis asteroid, a representative of this group discovered in July 2004 by the Kitt Peak observatory (Arizona), is considered as an example.     

基于群相位量子化处理的新型高分辨率相位差测量方法

在群周期相位比对和群相位量子化处理的基础上,提出了一种新型高分辨率相位差测量方法。利用频率信号间群相位重合点的分布规律,在群相位重合点处建立测量闸门,将相位差的测量转化为以群周期为基础的短时间间隔测量,大大提高了系统的测量分辨率。通过公共频率源信号的引入和群相位量子化处理技术,降低了实际计数闸门开启和关闭的随机性,消除了传统测量中±1个字的计数误差,提高了短时间间隔的测量分辨率,从而有效地提高了相位差的测量分辨率。实验结果表明该方法的科学性和先进性,鉴于短时间间隔的测量分辨率可达10 -13 /s量级,通过MCU控制时间--相位差的转换,实际相位差的测量分辨率可达0.0001度,明显优于传统的相位差测量方法,同时该方法电路简单,成本低廉,在卫星导航系统主、备份原子钟之间的无缝切换、1pps信号的相位异常检测及星地间高精度时间同步方面具有广泛的应用。     

Real-time studies on microalgae under microgravity

Using remote sensing technique, we investigated real-time Nostoc sphaeroides Kütz (Cyanobacterium) in Closed System under microgravity by SHENZHOU-2 spacecraft in January 2001. The experiments had 1 g centrifuges in space for control and ground control group experiments were also carried out in the same equipments and under the same controlled condition. The data about the population growth of Nostoc sp. of experiments and temperature changes of system were got from spacecraft every minute. From the data, we can find that population growth of Nostoc sp. in microgravity group was higher than that of other groups in space or on ground, even though both the control 1 g group in space and 1 g group on ground indicated same increasing characteristics in experiments. The growth rate of 1.4 g group (centrifuged group on ground) was also promoted during experiment. The temperature changes of systems are also affected by gravity and light. Some aspects about those differences were discussed. From the discussion of these results during experiment, it can be found that gravity is the major factor to lead to these changes.     

LEO/MEO双层空间信息网中基于身份的群组密钥管理方案

由于空间信息网中结点的移动性,在空间信息网中实现传统的群组密钥管理面临许多困难.根据空间信息网的特点,分析了空间信息网中群组密钥管理方案的需求,设计了一个适用于LEO/MEO双层空间信息网络的群组密钥管理方案,采用基于身份的思想,消除了对证书系统的依赖,能在空间信息网中灵活高效地实现.将空间信息网中的结点根据其逻辑位置划分为簇,其中簇头为MEO卫星,在密钥交换阶段中共享密钥仅由所有簇头结点决定,这种机制大大减少了通信量.方案能有效抵抗外部攻击者,并且具有前向保密性和后向保密性.仿真实验表明,方案具有很高的通信效率.     

Large-size space debris flyby in low earth orbits

the analysis of NORAD catalogue of space objects executed with respect to the overall sizes of upper-stages and last stages of carrier rockets allows the classification of 5 groups of large-size space debris (LSSD). These groups are defined according to the proximity of orbital inclinations of the involved objects. The orbits within a group have various values of deviations in the Right Ascension of the Ascending Node (RAAN). It is proposed to use the RAANs deviations' evolution portrait to clarify the orbital planes’ relative spatial distribution in a group so that the RAAN deviations should be calculated with respect to the concrete precessing orbital plane of the concrete object. In case of the first three groups (inclinations i = 71°, i = 74°, i = 81°) the straight lines of the RAAN relative deviations almost do not intersect each other. So the simple, successive flyby of group’s elements is effective, but the significant value of total ΔV is required to form drift orbits. In case of the fifth group (Sun-synchronous orbits) these straight lines chaotically intersect each other for many times due to the noticeable differences in values of semi-major axes and orbital inclinations. The intersections’ existence makes it possible to create such a flyby sequence for LSSD group when the orbit of one LSSD object simultaneously serves as the drift orbit to attain another LSSD object. This flyby scheme requiring less ΔV was called “diagonal.” The RAANs deviations’ evolution portrait built for the fourth group (to be studied in the paper) contains both types of lines, so the simultaneous combination of diagonal and successive flyby schemes is possible. The value of total ΔV and temporal costs were calculated to cover all the elements of the 4th group. The article is also enriched by the results obtained for the flyby problem solution in case of all the five mentioned LSSD groups. The general recommendations are given concerned with the required reserve of total ΔV and with amount of detachable de-orbiting units onboard the maneuvering platform and onboard the refueling vehicle.     

Transcultural group performance in extreme environment: Issues, concepts and emerging theory

A simulation for flight of international crew on space station took place in Moscow from July 1999 to April 2000 (SFINCS) at the State Biomedical Institute of Russia (IBMP) isolation chambers. Objectives of this study were to identify concepts of psychosocial adaptation and of social interactions to develop an explanation of the transcultural group performance. Method: constructivist epistemology with grounded theory research and fourth generation evaluation were used. Data on processes and interactions were gathered during 110 days of confinement as a subject and extended to 240 days as an outside scientist. Results indicate that coping is influenced by usual coping strategies and coping behaviors inside. Several stresses and human factor issues were identified altering well being and performance inside the chambers. Enabling and limiting forces are discussed. A theory on transcultural group performance is proposed. Issues are raised that appear critical to selection, training and group performance.     

Prevention of muscle fibers atrophy during gravitational unloading: The effect of l-arginine administration

Gravitational unloading results in pronounced atrophy of m.soleus. Probably, the output of NO is controlled by the muscle activity. We hypothesized that NO may be involved in the protein metabolism and increase of its concentration in muscle can prevent atrophic changes induced by gravitational unloading. In order to test the hypothesis we applied NO donor l-arginine during gravitational unloading. 2.5-month-old male Wistar rats weighing 220–230g were divided into sedentary control group (CTR, n=7), 14-day hindlimb suspension (HS, n=7), 14 days of hindlimb suspension+l-arginine (HSL, n=7) (with a daily supplementation of 500 mg/kg wt l-arginine) and 14 days of hindlimb suspension+l-NAME (HSN, n=7) (90 mg/kg wt during 14 days). Cross sectional area (CSA) of slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FT) soleus muscle fibers decreased by 45% and 28% in the HS group (p<0.05) and 40% and 25% in the HSN group, as compared to the CTR group (p<0.05), respectively. CSA of ST and FT muscle fibers were 25% and 16% larger in the HSL group in comparison with the HS group (p<0.05), respectively. The atrophy of FT muscle fibers in the HSL group was completely prevented since FT fiber CSA had no significant differences from the CTR group. In HS group, the percentage of fibers revealing either gaps/disruption of the dystrophin layer of the myofiber surface membrane increased by 27% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the controls (CTR group, p<0.05). The destructions in dystrophin layer integrity and reductions of desmin content were significantly prevented in HSL group. NO concentration decreased by 60% in the HS group (as well as HSN group) and at the same time no changes were detectable in the HSL group. This fact indicates the compensation of NO content in the unloaded muscle under l-arginine administration. The levels of atrogin-1 mRNA were considerably altered in suspended animals (HS group: plus 27%, HSL group: minus 13%) as compared to the control level. Conclusion: l-arginine administration allows maintaining NO concentration in m.soleus at the level of cage control group, prevents from dystrophin layer destruction, decreases the atrogin mRNA concentration in the muscle and atrophy level under gravitational unloading.     

基于损伤力学的概率疲劳曲线获取方法

文章基于损伤力学方法获得满足疲劳试验的损伤演化方程,推导出一般条件下的理论疲劳曲线以及相对应的理论中值疲劳曲线与理论理想疲劳曲线；然后根据试验数据即可确定理论疲劳曲线中的参量,从而获取疲劳曲线计算公式。通过此计算公式,可以方便地得到一组以初始损伤为参数的疲劳曲线族,继而得到以失效概率为参数的疲劳曲线族,大大降低了所需试验的数量,并为结构抗疲劳设计和寿命估算提供了依据。     

硝基化合的热力学性质的估算（1）

硝基化合物是常用的含能材料，其生成热的估算具有重要的意义。本文根据次级基团加积法和原理，提出了硝仿基的基团生成热值各种情况下邻位和间位硝基之间相互作用的能量修正值，应用这些值牟脂肪族硝基化合物的生成热进行了估算，取得了满意的结果，其拟合方程的回归系数达到０．９９７０。     

卫星群时延特性测量新方案的设计和实现

设计并实现了适用于卫星整星综合测试的群时延测量新方案。与传统模拟解调方案相比,此方案对信号采样后直接进行数字信号处理,采用数字解调、估计相位的方式测量群时延,减小了引入的噪声和对信号的畸变,适用于不同卫星的群时延特性测试,省去了时间差测试设备,降低了测试成本。实际测试结果表明,此方案在C频段的测量精度小于1ns,UHF频段的测量精度小于16ns,满足卫星群时延测试要求,为卫星测试的自动化、通用化奠定了基础。     

MSV-ATC卫星移动通信技术研究

介绍了卫星移动通信的最新技术——辅助地面组件(ATC)。ATC技术主要由美国移动卫星风险公司(MSV)研发,它是用于卫星移动通信系统的一系列新技术的集合,代表了卫星移动通信的最新发展方向。采用了ATC技术的卫星移动通信系统可以为密集城市和室内用户提供通信服务,从而实现卫星移动通信真正意义上的无缝覆盖。文章主要从发展历史、系统原理和关键技术三方面对ATC技术进行了研究。