美国下一代静止气象卫星

"地球静止环境业务卫星"(GOES)是美国国家海洋和大气局与美国航空航天局(NASA)共同发展的民用静止轨道气象卫星系列,和"诺阿"(NOAA)、"国防气象卫星计划"(DMSP)极轨卫星共同组成美国的气象卫星系统。美国航空航天局负责卫星的采办、设计、研制和发射,美国国家海洋和大气管理局负责卫星的运行管理,为军民用户提供卫星气象服务。美国已发展三代"地球静止环境业务卫星",其中第一代和第二代"地球静止环境业务卫星"全部发射完毕,目前共有4颗在轨运行,分别是地球静止环境业务卫星-12~15。第三代"地球静止环     

洛马公司提交设计与建造地球静止环境业务-R卫星的建议案

2008年3月10日,洛马公司向美国航空航天局提交了设计并建造地球静止环境业务-R(GOES-R)卫星的建议案。GOES-R卫星是美国国家海洋和大气局新一代地球静止轨道环境卫星。洛马公司的解决方案以A-2100卫星平台及精确的成像能力为基础,这些技术已经过“艾科诺斯”卫星和“火星勘测轨     

美国军用气象卫星系统掠影

美国军用气象卫星包括美国国防部(Do D)的卫星和美国海洋大气局 (NOAA)的卫星 ,共有 4个业务卫星系列 :“地球静止轨道环境业务卫星” (GOES)、“诺阿”(NOAA)、“国防气象卫星” (DMSP)和“国家极轨业务环境卫星系统”(NPOESS) ,其中 DMSP由 Do D控管 ,其余由 NOAA控管。1　 GOES1.1　概况GOES(Geostationary Operational En-vironmental Satellites)是美国 NOAA的静止轨道业务卫星系列 ,采用双星运行体制 ,GOES- East卫星和 GOES- West卫星分别定点在 75°W和 135°W的赤道上空 ,覆盖范围为 2 0°W～ 16 5°E,…     

美国GOES领导静止气象卫星新潮流

□□2002年5月10日，美国国家海洋大气局称，将把地球静止环境业务卫星－9（GOES－9）静止气象卫星借给日本使用，当日本的静地气象卫星向日葵－5在轨出现故障时，作为该星的备份星，以保证连续获取覆盖全球的天气信息。 地球静止气象卫星可持续不断地对同一地区观测，每隔30mi     

国外近期航天发射

2009年6月18日,美国宇宙神-5火箭发射了“月球勘测轨道器”和“月球坑观测与感知卫星” 2009年6月27日,美国德尔他-4火箭发射了地球静止环境业务卫星-O     

竞争激烈的静止卫星移动电话系统

随着低轨道和中高轨道移动电话卫星星座的迅速发展，尤其是“铱”系统将在１９９８年９月正式提供商业移动电话业务，地球静止轨道大型通信卫星的经营者正面临着日益剧烈的市场竞争。工业界人士说，要与非静止轨道移动电话星座相抗衡，地球静止轨道卫星的制造商需要在计算...     

“美国移动卫星”升空欲在航空通信中占一席之地

美国移动卫星公司（ＡＭＳＣ）的美国移动卫星一１［ＡＭＳＣ－１，原名“移动星”（Ｍｓａｔ）」，于１９９５年４月７日用“宇宙神”火箭发射成功。该卫星的两个大面积太阳电池翼已经成功地展开。它现正向着地球静止轨道上的定点位置漂移。定点以后将进行为期数月的在轨测试，然后为用户提供移动电话服务。美国移动卫星公司计划从明年一季度开始为用户提供航空通信业务。ＡＭＳＣ－１卫星是迄今为止世界上第一颗专用于陆上移动通信的商业卫星。ＡＭＳＣ系统由两颗地球静止轨道卫星组成，互为备份。卫星通信天线覆盖地面区域的直径约为５５…     

空间扫描

以色列5月28日发射新型间谍卫星地平线－5 该卫星用“彗星”运载火箭发射。地平线－5卫星将在以色列情报收集方面发挥重要作用。 印度政府批准研制GSLV－3运载火箭 它耗资5.208亿美元，用于向地球静止转移轨道发射卫星。 英国防部“战术光学卫星”研制进入关键阶段 英国奎奈     

静止卫星轨道的有效利用

一、静止卫星轨道静止卫星轨道处于地球赤道面上,距地面三万六千公里。这个轨道上的卫星,与地球的自转方向相同,并且是以同于地球自转的速度在轨道上运行的。所以看上去卫星好象是停止在一点上。这样的卫星即所谓静止卫星。静止卫星的最大优点是可以在地球表面的广大区域内不间断地提供各地点之间的通信业务。由于存在着这种巨大的利益,而造成许多     

静止轨道地球观测卫星

目前提出的地球观测系统(EOS)由太阳同步轨道卫星(极地轨道平台)和低倾角轨道卫星(地球探测器)组成。地球观测系统将大大丰富我们关于地球系统的科学知识。静止轨道观测台(GEO)则是另一类重要的地球观测系统,有着近地轨道观测卫星所没有的特点,它也将成为“行星地球使命”计划的组成部分。静止轨道观测卫星定点于地球静止轨道上的某一点。利用多颗静止轨道卫星组成观测网可实现近全球、24小时连续覆盖,与“行星地球使命”的其他观测卫星互为补充。     

2005年全球反恐特警队赛记

2005年3月30日到4月2日为期4天，在美国拉斯维加斯举行的全球特警挑战赛（Original World SWAT Challenge,OWSC）中，总计有18支队伍参赛。[编者按]     

Indirect search for Dark Matter with H.E.S.S.

Observations of the Galactic center region with the H.E.S.S. telescopes have established the existence of a steady, extended source of gamma-ray emission coinciding with the position of the super massive black hole Sgr A^*. This is a remarkable finding given the expected presence of dense self-annihilating Dark Matter in the Galactic center region. The self-annihilation process is giving rise to gamma-ray production through hadronization including the production of neutral pions which decay into gamma-rays but also through (loop-suppressed) annihilation into final states of almost mono-energetic photons. We study the observed gamma-ray signal (spectrum and shape) from the Galactic center in the context of Dark Matter annihilation and indicate the prospects for further indirect Dark Matter searches with H.E.S.S.     

The Comet Halley flyby I.R. sounder “I.K.S.”

An infrared sounder is being developed in France to observe in 1986 Comet Halley from the Soviet “VEGA” flyby probes. The instrument, called “I.K.S.”, has three measuring channels. Two of these channels will provide the spectrum of the comet emission in the spectral intervals 2.5–5.0 μ and 6–12 μ, at a constant resolution λ/Δλ = 50.The third channel analyzes the comet I.R. image at a spatial frequency of about 1 arc minute^?1; two I.R. colours are used in this channel: 7–10 μ and 10–14 μ. From the results expected, it is hoped that (1) most primary simple molecules emitted by the nucleus will be identified; (2) the chemical composition and perhaps crystalline structure of the dust grains and ices released by the comet will be derived; and (3) the diameter of the nucleus and its brightness temperatures will be measured.     

Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E.: introductory remarks.

A general outline of the symposium titled "Mechanisms underlying cellular radiosensitivity and R.B.E." will be given in the introduction. The essential topics of molecular radiation biology are described with respect to the damage, repair and mutagenesis caused by high-LET irradiation to cellular DNA. The importance of clustered DNA lesions (locally multiply damaged sites) formed in vivo is discussed. This symposium is devoted to the mechanisms of the biological effects of radiation with high LET, especially with regard to the effects of heavy ions and neutrons which may cause possible risks in space flight, (e.g. carcinogenesis and mutagenesis). Detailed understanding of these risks, however, demands knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the biological effects of high-LET radiations. Thus, it was the organizers' idea to hold a symposium dealing with primary physical and chemical events caused in cellular deoxyribonucleoproteins by densely-ionizing radiations and to relate them to track structures and energy transfer processes. The mechanisms of DNA damage were regarded from different points of view including those considering DNA repair and mutagenesis. Problems associated with cell survival and radiation protection were discussed as well. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of high-LET radiation actions, however, is limited compared to what we know about low-LET radiation effects (e.g. from gamma-rays or X-rays). To emphasize this statement, I would like to summarize briefly the open questions in molecular radiation biology, what we know already about low-LET effects and what is lacking describing the effect of high-LET radiation.     

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule: behaviour of an artificial aquatic ecological system during spaceflight.

The C.E.B.A.S.-Minimodule, a closed aquatic ecosystem integrated into a middeck locker and consisting of a Zoological (animal tanks), a Botanical (plant bioreactor), a Microbial (bacteria filter) and an Electronic Component (data acquisition/control system) was flown on the STS-89 spaceshuttle mission in January 1998 for 9 days. Preflight the plant bioreactor was loaded with 53 g of Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) and the animal tanks with 4 adult pregnant females of the fish, Xiphophorus helleri (sword-tails), 200 juveniles of the same species less than 1 week of age, 38 large and 30 juvenile Biomphalaria glabrata water snails. The filter compartment was filled with 200 g of lava grain inoculated with laboratory strains of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. A ground reference was undertaken with the same biological setup with a delay of 4 d. After an adaptation period of 5 d the system was closed and integrated into the spaceshuttle one day before launch. Video recordings of the animals were automatically taken for 10 minutes in 2-hour periods; the tapes were changed daily by the astronauts. The chemical and physical data for the aquatic system were within the expected range and were closely comparable in comparison to the ground reference. After 9 d under space conditions, the plant biomass increased to 117 g. The plants were all found in very good condition. All 4 adult female fish were retrieved in a good physiological condition. The juvenile fishes had a survival rate of about 33%. Almost 97% of the snails had survived and produced more than 250 neonates and 40 spawning packs. All samples were distributed according to a defined schedule and satisfied all scientific needs of the involved 12 principal investigators. This was the first successful spaceflight of an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing vertebrates, invertebrates, higher plants and microorganisms self-sustained by its inhabitants only. C.E.B.A.S. in a modified form and biological setup is a promising candidate for the early space station utilization as a first midterm experiment.     

The "C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE": a self-sustaining closed aquatic ecosystem for spaceflight experimentation.

The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is the miniaturized space flight version of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.). It fits into a large middeck locker tray and is scheduled to be flown in the STS 85 and in the NEUROLAB missions. Its volume is about 9 liters and it consists of two animal tanks, a plant cultivator, and a bacteria filter in a monolithic design. An external sensor unit is connected to a data acquisition/control unit. The system integrates its own biological life support. The CO2 exhaled by the consumers (fishes, snails, microorganisms) is assimilated by water plants (Ceratophyllum demersum) which provide them with oxygen. The products of biomass degradation and excretion (mainly ammonia ions) are converted by bacteria into nitrite and nitrate. The latter is taken up by the plants as a nitrogen source together with other ions like phosphate. The plants convert light energy into chemical energy and their illumination is regulated via the oxygen concentration in the water by the control unit. In ground laboratory tests the system exhibited biological stability up to three month. The buffer capacity of the biological filter system is high enough to eliminate the degradation products of about one half of the dead animal biomass as shown in a "crash test". A test series using the laboratory model of the flight hardware demonstrated the biological stability and technical reliability with mission-identical loading and test duration. A comprehensive biological research program is established for the C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE in which five German and three U.S.-American universities as well as the Russian Academy of Sciences are involved.     

C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE: test results of an artificial (man-made) aquatic ecosystem.

The original Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is a long-term multi-generation research facility for experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station the development of which is surrounded by a large international scientific program. In addition, a miniaturized laboratory prototype, the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE, with a total volume of about 10-12 liters for a Spacelab middeck locker was developed and a first version was tested successfully for two weeks with a population of fishes (Xiphophorus helleri) in the animal tank and a Ceratophyllum spec. in the illuminated higher plant growth chamber. The water recycling system consisted of a bacteria filter and a mechanical filter and the silastic tubing gas exchanger was separated by valves for the utilization in emergency cases only. Data were collected with the acquisition module of the original C.E.B.A.S. process control system. In addition, an optimized version was tested for 7 weeks with fishes and plants and thereafter with fish and with plants only for 2 and 1 weeks, resp.. The paper presents the relevant water parameters (e.g., pH, pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation, flow rate, ion concentrations) during the test period as well as morphological and physiological data of the enclosed animals and plants. On the basis of the given results the possible role of the C.E.B.A.S. system as a scientific tool in artificial ecosystem research and for the development of a combined animal-plant intensive aquaculture system and its utilization in bioregenerative life support is discussed.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems: developmental aspects based on the space flight results of the C.E.B.A.S. MIN-MODULE.

The Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) is an artificial aquatic ecosystem which contains teleost fishes, water snails, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and edible non-gravitropic water plants. It serves as a model for aquatic food production modules which are not seriously affected by microgravity and other space conditions. Its space flight version, the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE was already successfully tested in the STS-89 and STS-90 (NEUROLAB) missions. It will be flown a third time in space with the STS-107 mission in January 2003. All results obtained so far in space indicate that the basic concept of the system is more than suitable to drive forward its development. The C.E.B.A.S. MINI-MODULE is located within a middeck locker with limited space for additional components. These technical limitations allow only some modifications which lead to a maximum experiment time span of 120 days which is not long enough for scientifically essential multi-generation-experiments. The first necessary step is the development of "harvesting devices" for the different organisms. In the limited space of the plant bioreactor a high biomass production leads to self-shadowing effects which results in an uncontrolled degradation and increased oxygen consumption by microorganisms which will endanger the fishes and snails. It was shown already that the latter reproduce excellently in space and that the reproductive functions of the fish species are not affected. Although the parent-offspring-cannibalism of the ovoviviparous fish species (Xiphophorus helleri) serves as a regulating factor in population dynamics an uncontrolled snail reproduction will also induce an increased oxygen consumption per se and a high ammonia concentration in the water. If harvesting locks can be handled by astronauts in, e. g., 4-week intervals their construction is not very difficult and basic technical solutions are already developed. The second problem is the feeding of the animals. Although C.E.B.A.S.-based aquaculture modules are designed to be closed food loop systems (edible herbivorous fish species and edible water plants) which are already verified on Earth this will not be possible in space without devices in which the animals are fed from a food storage. This has to be done at least once daily which would waste too much crew time when done by astronauts. So, the development of a reliable automated food dispenser has highest priority. Also in this case basic technical solutions are already elaborated. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the proposed further C.E.B.A.S.-based development of longer-term duration aquatic food production modules.     

V.L.A. observations of flare build-up in coronal loops

Very Large Array (V.L.A.) measurements at 20 cm wavelength map emission from coronal loops with second-of-arc angular resolution at time intervals as short as 3.3 seconds. The total intensity of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution and structure of the hot plasma that is detected by satellite X-ray observations of coronal loops. The circular polarization of the 20 cm emission describes the evolution, strength and structure of the coronal magnetic field. Preburst heating and magnetic changes that precede burst emission on time scales of between 1 and 30 minutes are discussed. Simultaneous 20 cm and soft X-ray observations indicate an electron temperature $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{2.5 × 10}{}^7\text{K}$ and electron density $\text{N}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\textcolor{red}{}\text{10}{}^{10}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?3}}$ during preburst heating in a coronal loop that was also associated with twisting of the entire loop in space. We also discuss the successive triggering of bursts from adjacent coronal loops; highly polarized emission from the legs of loops with large intensity changes over a 32 MHz change in observing frequency; and apparent motions of hot plasma within coronal loops at velocities V > 2,000 kilometerspersecond.     

美国的战斧巡航导弹

3月19日,美英法三国开始对利比亚实行军事打击。在当天进行的空袭行动中,部署在地中海的美军和英军军舰与潜艇就向利比亚首都的黎波里郊区和东部城市米苏拉塔等地发射了110多枚战斧巡航导弹,袭击了20多处防空设施和民事目标。在随后的几天里,每天又都发射了一批这种导弹。截止到4月1日,美军共发射了221枚、英军共发射了7枚战斧巡航导弹。那么,战斧巡航导弹究竞