飞翼布局飞机武器舱综合流动控制技术研究

 针对飞翼布局飞机武器舱高强度气动噪声、内埋武器分离安全性和全机开舱附加阻力问题,以高速风洞气动噪声及气动力测量为研究手段,开展了基于前缘扰流片激励的武器舱综合流动控制技术试验研究。试验结果表明:对于飞翼布局飞机,武器舱开启对飞机气动性能有较大影响,巡航状态下,武器舱打开后使全机阻力增加了60%~110%;武器舱气动噪声高达185 dB;内埋武器分离过程中存在较大的抬头力矩,不利于武器分离。通过在武器舱前缘布置扰流片对剪切层施加激励,可以有效改善武器舱流动特性。巡航状态下武器舱开舱附加阻力最多降低20%;武器舱噪声降低5~8 dB;同时可以有效改善内埋弹分离特性。     

Experience in the use of computational aerodynamics to predict store release characteristics

In the early days, store separation tests were conducted in a hit or miss fashion—the stores would be dropped from the aircraft at gradually increasing speeds until the store came close to or sometimes actually hit the aircraft. In some cases, this led to loss of the aircraft, and made some test pilots reluctant to participate in store separation flight test programs.During the 1960's, the Captive Trajectory System (CTS) method for store separation wind tunnel testing was developed. The CTS provided a considerable improvement over the hit or miss method, and became widely used in aircraft/store integration programs prior to flight-testing. However, since fairly small-scale models had to be used in the wind tunnel tests, in many cases the wind tunnel predictions did not match the flight test results. No mechanism was then in place to resolve the wind tunnel/flight test discrepancies.During this same time frame Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) had finally matured to the point of providing a trajectory solution for a store in an aircraft flowfield. However, since the computational tools were necessarily (due to computer resource limitations) limited to linear techniques, and since most store separation problems occur at transonic speeds, these tools had limited application.Recent advances in computer resources have greatly improved the capability of CFD to predict store release characteristics. Instead of using linear or approximate schemes, time dependent Euler and Navier Stokes trajectories could be computed in a reasonable time frame.Three international CFD Challenges, held during the last decade of the 20th century, have shown that CFD can not only match wind tunnel test data, but also predict flight test trajectories for complex stores at transonic speeds. It appears that CFD has matured to the point that it can be usefully integrated into aircraft/store compatibility programs.     

新一代战斗机全机地面强度试验技术

介绍了全机地面强度试验及验证要求，分析了试验的新问题和新挑战。通过试验顶层规划，采用全新设计模式、先进的加载技术，从试验的边界条件、综合平台、动力系统、测量与控制、损伤检测与监测等方面制定了总体技术方案。研究并应用了全硬式单侧双向加载技术、试验综合平台设计技术、试验边界条件模拟技术、动力系统设计技术等多项新技术，提高了设计效率、加快了试验实施速度、提升了试验安全性和可靠性。这些新技术在新一代战斗机多架次全机静力/疲劳试验中成功应用，结果表明各试验系统安全、可靠，达到了试验要求和预期试验目标，实现了全机地面强度试验技术的跨越式进步，技术成果为后续型号试验提供了较高参考价值。     

舰载机着舰时航迹稳定性研究

本文讨论了舰载飞机以小于有利速度着舰时的航迹稳定性问题。在分析飞机航迹稳定性的同时,还对油门杆控制、机动襟翼控制对改善航迹稳定性的作用进行了初步探讨;在此基础上还讨论了舰载飞机加装波束导引系统对着舰过程的影响原理。结果表明:采用油门杆控制、机动襟翼控制来改善着舰阶段的航迹稳定性是可行的:而且用以上两控制系统作为内环的自动驾驶仪在波束导引系统自动导引飞机着舰过程中,能控制飞机的飞行速度、高度,帮助驾驶员操纵。     

Stiffeners layout design of thin-walled structures with constraints on multi-fastener joint loads

The purpose of this paper is to present an extended topology optimization method for the stiffeners layout design of aircraft assembled structures.Multi-fastener joint loads and manufacturing constraints are considered simultaneously.On one hand,the joint loads are calculated and constrained within a limited value to avoid the failure of fasteners.On the other hand,the manufacturing constraints of the material distribution in the machining directions of stiffeners are implemented by an improved piecewise interpolation based on a beveled cut-surface.It is proven that the objective function is strictly continuous and differentiable with respect to the piecewise interpolation.The effects of the extended method with two different constraints are highlighted by typical numerical examples.Compared with the standard topology optimization,the final designs have clearly shown the layout of stiffeners and the joint loads have been perfectly constrained to a satisfying level.     

V/I电路在航空发动机电子控制器上的应用

在航空发动机控制系统中,存在着大量直流驱动负载,如力矩马达、电液伺服阀等。高精度,高稳定性的直流驱动电路对发动机控制系统的性能有着至关重要的影响。针对以往采用分立元器件设计的电路,精度较低,电路设计复杂,采用集成元器件设计直流驱动电路,提高了系统精度,简化了电路设计,同时降低了设备的重量和体积。     

基于变精度遗传算法的翼型快速优化设计方法

低碳环保的电动飞机在要求较高升阻比的同时,需要尽量降低成本、缩短研制周期。但高精度的数值模拟时间代价很大,因此针对电动飞机翼型设计中初始翼型较难选取、优化速度较慢的问题,提出了一种基于变精度遗传算法的翼型多点快速优化方法。以常用的 Hicks-Henne 型函数为基础,改进了其对翼型后缘描述不精确的问题。在数值模拟阶段,介绍了一种快速气动参数计算软件XFOIL,并分析了该软件的适用性与局限。之后给出了使用XFOIL 与 Matlab 进行联合求解的方法,在无人干预的情况下完全实现了翼型设计与优化的自动化,提高了设计效率。在翼型优化阶段,为保持较高的精度和寻优效率,设计了翼型参数的实数编码方法。针对传统遗传优化算法了改进,设计了染色体变精度杂交方法以及动态惩罚方法。最后,给出了基于遗传算法的多点优化方案,以及翼型多目标快速优化一体化设计方案。仿真分成两部分进行,首先改进的 Hicks-Henne 型函数能够有效实现参数化翼型的后缘夹角改变。通过与 NSGA-II 方法的优化结果对比,本文的方法在一定迭代次数范围内获得的升阻比更高,失速特性更加缓和,特别是在综合提高翼型优化效率方面表现较好。仿真结果表明,该方法能够快速获得多种工况下具有较高升阻比的翼型,也可以作为进一步优化的初始翼型,能提高翼型优化效率。     

外挂物干扰流场特性数值仿真研究

飞行器研制中对于带外挂物的复杂外形气动特性分析研究一直是个难点,对外挂物与挂架不同缝隙的复杂机翼-挂架-外挂物组合外形采用结构重叠网格数值方法,快捷高质地完成了网格生成,通过求解带有k-e湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程组,得到多个计算工况下的绕流外流场,分析了外挂物在不同工况下的气动特性,结果表明,CFD数值方法可方便快捷地对复杂干扰流场进行数值计算,可为飞行器相关设计提供技术支持。     

考虑不确定性的飞机总体参数优化方法

由于在各种设计问题包括飞机概念设计中都存在一定的不确定性,因此在总体参数优化时有必要考虑这种不确定性。以大型客机总体参数优化设计为例,定义了考虑不确定性的飞机总体参数优化问题,该问题与传统飞机总体参数优化的区别是要进行不确定性分析。而不确定性分析的计算量过大,为此提出了一种渐进代理模型方法来解决这一难题。在建立代理模型时,通过连续成批地在设计空间的全局和局部均加入新样本点,不断提高代理模型的全局拟合精度,直至获得满意的代理模型为止。然后在优化过程中使用计算量小的代理模型。大型客机总体参数优化问题中含有5个设计变量,目标函数为起飞重量最轻,并需满足4个性能约束。考虑了不确定性后,不仅使目标值（起飞重量）对总体参数变化的敏感度有所减小,而且满足约束（设计要求）概率显著提高。     

Aerodynamic design of the high-lift-wing for a Megaliner aircraft

A ‘Megaliner’ aircraft configuration like the Airbus A380 will become a civil transport aircraft lager than all existing designs. Its wing had to be designed not only to give the required cruise performance but also to be compatible with the given airport infrastructure. The aerodynamic design of the high-lift system has to fulfil the resulting targets for the take-off and landing configuration but is also required to have the minimum possible mechanical and structural system complexity, i.e. resulting in a minimum possible weight and cost. After an introduction to constraints of a Megaliner configuration a summary of high-lift wing solutions and the constraints driving the high-lift wing design is given. The experiences in high-lift design on previous Airbus aircraft and the major tools (computational fluid dynamics and windtunnel testing) for the design work and its verification are presented. Also a side view is given to the importance of research programs for the development of new high-lift concepts for future aircraft. The described development work for the Megaliner high-lift wing was driven by the strong requirement for an optimised overall design. Various interactions with the cruise wing design and the design of the support and actuation system are highlighted, which were leading to the best possible balanced solution.     

部件级多组件结构系统的整体式拓扑布局优化

基于多组件结构系统整体式拓扑布局优化设计方法,研究了同时含有部件布局、组件布局、主结构框架构型和部件结构构型4类设计变量的复杂系统协同优化设计问题,是整体式拓扑布局优化设计面向复杂飞行器结构系统设计的拓展。采用多点约束(MPC)模拟组件、部件及支撑结构之间的刚性连接,采用有限包络圆方法(FCM)解决组件之间、组件与设计域边界之间的几何干涉问题。通过整体式拓扑布局的刚度优化设计,部件和组件均可以获得优化的布局位置,同时主结构框架构型和部件结构构型获得优化的结构样式,充分体现了整体式拓扑布局优化设计方法应用于复杂结构系统设计的能力。     

Optimization and analysis of winglet configuration for solar aircraft

Installing winglets can notably improve the aerodynamic performance of solar aircraft. This paper proposes a multi-constraints optimization method of winglets for solar aircraft, aiming to enhance the corresponding uninterrupted cruising capability. An optimization objective function is formed and is separately studied in aerodynamic and structural terms. Qualitative analysis shows that the winglet design parameters are restricted by four special constraints (geometry, aerodynamics, energy and stability) of solar aircraft. The optimization process is constructed on the basis of a multi-island genetic algorithm, and carried out for a 15 m wingspan solar aircraft. Although the designed winglet is not as good as the traditional winglet in terms of drag and structural weight, the designed winglet provides a better 24 h cruising capability. The sensitivity between the objective function and the design parameters is investigated, and the winglet effects vary with respect to the wing aspect ratio (AR = 10, 15, 19.6). The effect of the constraints is analysed quantitatively, and some basic laws are obtained. Moreover, the feasible design region and the possible optimal design parameters of winglets for different wing configurations are explored. The calculation results show that when the aspect ratio exceeds a certain value, the winglets will not benefit the aircraft.     

大型客机气动设计综述

中国大型客机研制过程中追求"三减，四性"：减阻、减重、减排，安全性、经济性、舒适性、环保性。中国大型客机采用翼下常规布局形式，放宽静稳定技术，发动机选用CFM公司Leapx-1C发动机，这对气动设计技术在工程适用性上提出了极高的要求。大型客机是中国第1架完全自主知识产权民用飞机，本文综述了其设计过程中采用的先进气动优化设计方法、CFD分析和充分的风洞试验验证，说明了超临界机翼设计、高效增升装置设计、飞机/发动机一体化设计、尾翼设计、翼梢小翼设计和部件精细化减阻设计技术，能实现大型客机的减阻应用设计。研究表明，中国大型客机在气动设计水平和设计方法上取得了一系列的进展和突破，实现了设计具有较强竞争力的先进民用飞机的目标。     

Drag derived altitude aided navigation method

The navigation problem of the lifting reentry vehicles has attracted much research interest in the past decade.This paper researches the navigation in the blackout zone during the reentry phase of the aircraft,when the communication signals are attenuated and even interrupted by the blackout zone.However,when calculating altitude,a pure classic inertial navigation algorithm appears imprecise and divergent.In order to obtain a more precise aircraft altitude,this paper applies an integrated navigation method based on inertial navigation algorithms,which uses drag derived altitude to aid the inertial navigation during the blackout zone.This method can overcome the shortcomings of the inertial navigation system and improve the navigation accuracy.To further improve the navigation accuracy,the applicable condition and the main error factors,such as the atmospheric coefficient error and drag coefficient error are analyzed in detail.Then the damping circuit design of the navigation control system and the damping coefficients determination is introduced.The feasibility of the method is verified by the typical reentry trajectory simulation,and the influence of the iterative times on the accuracy is analyzed.Simulation results show that iterative three times achieves the best effect.     

Modular Stores Management System

Advanced Military aircraft operational requirements demand an ever increasing variety and quantity of Stores, coupled with continuous improvement in mission success, safety of operation, aircrew and groundcrew workload, interoperability and ground support facilities. Until now these ever more demanding requirements have been met by costly customized stores management system designs. GEC Avionics has surveyed the potential SMS requirements of a comprehensive range of aircraft and weapon types, in order to define a universal SMS design concept based on system availability, integrity and reliability, operational functions, peripheral interfaces and maintenance/human factors. This advanced concept not only includes provision for all existing weapon types but also has growth potential for the evolving MIL-STD-1760 weapon interfaces. System interface requirements have been rationalized in order to achieve a Modular Stores Management System (MSMS) design based on major factors such as cost, mission requirements and customer specifications. The key work for a successful MSMS design is flexibility and GEC Avionics has evolved a set of standard modules which can be packaged to satisfy specific customer needs. Typically, the standard modules provide over 80% of the hardware in every Stores Management application. The MSM concept features much reduced development costs and timescales, commonality between aircraft types minimizing parts inventory, VLSI technology providing high reliability and a common product support and maintenance philosophy. The MSM design offers a highly cost effective low risk concept for meeting the needs of modernization and new aircraft programs.     

Aerodynamic multi-objective integrated optimization based on principal component analysis

Based on improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm with principal component analysis (PCA) methodology,an efficient high-dimension multiobjective optimization method is proposed,which,as the purpose of this paper,aims to improve the convergence of Pareto front in multi-objective optimization design.The mathematical efficiency,the physical reasonableness and the reliability in dealing with redundant objectives of PCA are verified by typical DTLZ5 test function and multi-objective correlation analysis of supercritical airfoil,and the proposed method is integrated into aircraft multi-disciplinary design (AMDEsign) platform,which contains aerodynamics,stealth and structure weight analysis and optimization module.Then the proposed method is used for the multi-point integrated aerodynamic optimization of a wide-body passenger aircraft,in which the redundant objectives identified by PCA are transformed to optimization constraints,and several design methods are compared.The design results illustrate that the strategy used in this paper is sufficient and multi-point design requirements of the passenger aircraft are reached.The visualization level of non-dominant Pareto set is improved by effectively reducing the dimension without losing the primary feature of the problem.     

翼身融合布局民机非圆截面机身结构设计研究综述

翼身融合布局飞机具有大升阻比、低阻力、低噪声等优点,是未来民机最具潜力的发展方向之一;但由于特殊布局所采用的非圆截面增压机身,给翼身融合布局民机结构设计带来了巨大挑战。为了降低非圆截面机身承受增压载荷时产生的高弯曲应力、提高机身结构稳定性及承载效率,翼身融合民机机身结构设计先后经历了圆柱组合式多舱室机身、双蒙皮多舱室机身、带加强支撑的盒式机身、基于拉挤杆缝合高效一体化结构（Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure,PRSEUS）的盒式中央机体等发展阶段,其中最具承载优势和可实现性的是由美国国家航空航天局NASA和波音公司共同提出的基于PRSEUS盒式中央机体结构设计方案。PRSEUS结构不仅充分利用了复合材料一体化缝合、整体共固化、低成本等制造优势,而且具有抗拉伸/压缩、多路径止损/止裂、刚度和稳定性裕度大、承载效率高、易金属修补等优异的力学特性,已被拓展应用到了翼身融合民机机翼等结构设计中。本文以非圆截面机身结构设计为重点,回顾了翼身融合民机结构设计发展历程;从整机身结构、关键部件结构、整机优化设计等方面详细阐述了翼身融合民机结构设计的研究进展与发展现状,基于国外相关技术研究发展趋势,提出了中国翼身融合民机机身结构设计研究未来需要重点关注的方向。     

基于天地一体化信息网络的智能航空客运系统

计算机小型化、物联网、无线宽带通信、人工智能技术近年来发展迅速,对社会产生了巨大影响,作为使能技术,其在航空上的应用将对飞机设计、飞机飞行和维修保障等领域产生革命性的变革。未来的飞机将具有强大的信息智能感知和处理能力,依托天地一体化信息网络实现多维度物联,并结合智能地面系统,共同完成智能飞行、智能维护和智能运营等业务流程。本文总结了上述新技术的发展现状及其航空应用前景,提出了基于天地一体化信息网络的智能航空客运系统的概念,设计了系统架构,描绘了典型应用场景,识别了关键技术并指出了面临的挑战。研究成果有助于飞机制造商更好地设计面向未来的智能飞机,也有助于航空公司对智能飞机进行高效的运营和管理。     

A survey on numerical simulations of drag and heat reduction mechanism in supersonic/hypersonic flows

Along with the survey on experimental investigations drawing attention to the drag and heat reduction mechanism, the authors simultaneously focus on the recent advances of numerical simulations on the schemes applied to supersonic/hypersonic vehicles. The CFD study has evolved as an irreplaceable method in scheme evaluation and aircraft optimization. Similar to our previous experimental survey, the advances in drag and heat reduction schemes are reviewed by similar kinds of mechanism in this article, namely the forward-facing cavity, the opposing jet, the aerospike, the energy deposition and their combinational configurations. This review article puts an emphatic eye on the flow conditions, numerical methods, novel schemes and analytical conclusions given in the simulations. Further, the multi-objective design optimization concept has also been illustrated due to the observable advantages of using CFD over experimental method, especially those performances conducted in drag reduction and thermal protection practice, and this would possess reference value in the design of aircraft system.     

单通道窄体客机气动力设计技术分析

气动力设计是单通道窄体客机的重大关键技术,对飞机性能影响重大。初步梳理和简要分析窄体客机的气动力设计技术,主要方法是典型机型的实例研究和相关数据统计分析和对比,内容包括机翼气动力设计、增升装置、翼梢小翼、CFD技术应用等。机翼气动力设计分析部分首先概述设计重要性和要求;之后给出典型飞机机翼气动力设计实例及主要参数统计数据,包括翼型、平面形状、飞机性能参数等;列出机翼内段-翼根区域气动设计、短舱-吊挂-机翼一体化设计等设计研究课题并简析。增升装置部分首先分析设计难点和问题,之后统计分析波音737和A320各代机型的增升装置设计,包括前缘后缘增升装置类型和主要参数等。翼梢小翼部分给出融合式小翼、双羽小翼减阻数据和展向升力分布改善图。最后简要介绍了波音公司、空中客车公司和我国CFD技术发展应用情况。