多GNSS掩星大气探测卫星星座设计

为减少无线电掩星(RO)大气探测星座的卫星数量并增加探测数据量,将北斗（BD）和GPS、Galileo、GLONASS共同作为探测信源,提出一种多全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）掩星大气探测星座概念和优化设计方法。融合先验大气模型和二维射线追踪算法,建立兼容多GNSS信源的掩星事件前向模拟算法,实现掩星事件快速精确仿真;给出多GNSS掩星大气探测星座参数对探测性能的影响特性,降低了星座模型的复杂度;并利用改进的蚁群算法实现星座参数寻优。设计结果与COSMICII星座相比,卫星数量减少2颗,探测数据量增加了40%,探测均匀性提高了67%。     

萤火一号火星探测器星星掩星接收机设计实现

对萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器星星掩星接收机设计实现进行了研究.给出星星掩星探测原理和设计的掩星接收机.性能和地面仿真测试结果表明:掩星接收机各项性能指标优良,灵敏度高,满足中俄联合火星电离层无线电掩星观测试验高精度的探测需求.     

基于无线电掩星观测的火星高层大气研究

近年来,火星高层大气受到越来越多的关注和研究。由于缺乏磁场的阻挡,火星高层大气与星际空间环境关联密切;同时,低层大气中的活动(例如尘暴)也会对其造成影响。而耦合在火星高层大气中的电离层则使这些过程变得更加复杂。火星高层大气和电离层结构的变化会对火星探测和通信活动造成很大的影响。然而,目前人们对火星高层大气100～130 km高度长期、稳定的观测数据仍然相对较少。文章将首先介绍火星高层大气研究的历史和现状,然后分别介绍本研究组利用无线电掩星实验获取火星130 km中性大气密度的方法、主要成果及未来的工作。     

美台制订气象卫星计划

美国国家海洋与大气局和台湾已制订了一项气象卫星合作计划的初步要求．年内将形成采购策略．希望从2014年开始卫星发射。该计划下的卫星将采用一种较新的方法来获取大气数据。自2006年发射一个验证性星座后．称为“GPS无线电掩星”的这项技术已被用于天气预报业务。2006年发射的系统称为“气象、电离层与气候星座观测系统”（COSMIC）,也是美台合作计划（台湾方面称之为“福尔摩沙卫星”3）。在新的合作计划下,双方将建设COSMIC-2后续星座。GPS无线电掩星技术用于从太空中获取大气密度、压强和温湿度数据。     

LEO-LEO微波掩星探测温度和水汽廓线研究进展

低地球轨道卫星间(LEO-LEO)微波掩星探测技术利用水汽吸收线附近信号,通过测量信号的折射和吸收作用,能够在没有辅助背景信息的情况下独立反演温度和水汽廓线,从而克服GNSS-LEO无线电掩星技术在大气中低对流层存在的"温度–水汽模糊"问题.目前,国内外还没有实现在轨的LEO-LEO掩星探测.为了促进我国LEO-LEO...     

基于GNSS掩星资料的风云卫星微波载荷产品质量验证与分析

聚焦新一代国产极轨气象卫星微波载荷和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)掩星临边观测的探测机理,及其各自仪器的性能指标和在轨运行的特点,利用2019年1月1日到12月31日的全球数据,开展基于GNSS掩星资料的风云气象卫星微波观测亮温对比和反演廓线产品质量检验研究。在匹配数据时间分辨率为30 min和经纬度分辨率为0.5°的情况下,亮温偏差小于5 K,大气温湿度探测精度分别为1.92 K和22.8%,同时分析了2019年青藏高原地区大气温湿度的时空分布规律。结果表明:风云气象卫星微波辐射计具有全球全天候探测大气温湿度的功能,在近地面具有丰富的反演数据,而对于GNSS掩星探测资料,3 km以上探测精度优于微波湿度计,近地面数据较少,两者联合,既可以互相补充和验证,又能以青藏高原为例,分析长时间序列气象和气候数据,为后续的气候研究提供基础数据集。     

“风云三号”电离层掩星气候学数据处理方法

电离层掩星观测数据具有长期稳定性以及无须定标等优势，在电离层气候学研究中占有重要地位，而有效的数据处理方法是掩星数据科学性、可用性的保障。文章提出的数据处理方法能够根据所选电离层参数的物理特性和太阳活动情况动态调整质量控制阈值，根据数据时间跨度以及空间范围划分不同的时间窗和地理空间步长，并将离散的参数数据映射到全球数据网格中，以提升对不同时期电离层异常廓线的针对性，同时保证数据的可靠，且具有灵活性强、易于模块化的特点。使用FY3-C GNOS电离层掩星数据对该方法的有效性进行了验证，以期为基于电离层掩星数据开展电离层长期气候学研究提供高效的数据处理方式。     

基于混合蚁群算法的掩星星座优化设计

针对低地球轨道（LEO）卫星对全球卫星定位系统（GPS）卫星的掩星观测任务,在考虑LEO和GPS卫星几何关系及掩星观测天线视场的条件下,建立轨道模拟系统,对全球和区域内的掩星事件进行了模拟。对单颗卫星,用分离变量法讨论了卫星轨道参数对掩星事件数量和时空分辨率的影响,比较了大气层与电离层掩星事件的差别,并根据分析结果用混...     

机载GNSS掩星观测反演大气折射率廓线研究

作为星载掩星技术的推广,基于飞机平台的无线电掩星技术备受关注。为了将机栽掩星技术更好地应用到工程实践中,文章通过介绍机载掩星探测的基本原理和主要特点、模拟仿真,对机载掩星的反演算法进行了探讨,并给出模拟结果：包括利用STK仿真软件生成仿真场景;采用3维射线追踪技术模拟机载无线电掩星,预报掩星事件出现的时间、仰角,模拟信号传播特征;详细研究大气层内折射率反演技术并给出反演结果。研究结果表明,模拟仿真对机载掩星工程化实现是有益的。最后展望了机载掩星探测的发展趋势,提出了弱掩星信号的捕获跟踪、飞机平台的精度定位测速以及反射信号的抗干扰三项技术及工程化中需解决的技术难点。     

火星空间环境探测设计与实施

介绍了萤火一号(YH-1)火星探测器的轨道设计,以及火星空间磁场、电离层和粒子分布及其变化规律,火星大气离子逃逸率,火星地形、地貌和沙尘暴,火星重力场等科学目标.给出了探测器等离子体探测包、掩星接收机、磁通门磁强计、光学成像仪等有效载荷的组成、作用和性能指标.YH-1火星探测器的研制成功为我国后续深空探测活动打下了坚实的基础.     

基于虚拟落点策略的月球返回飞船再入制导方法

针对长航程大偏差状况下阿波罗再入制导算法的精度退化问题提出改进,采用数值预测-校正方法规划和调制线性参数化的倾侧角剖面,给出了一种在全航程包络内适用的月球返回飞船再入制导方法。引入虚拟落点策略,在一次再入段利用算法预测能力预测二次再入段初始侧向偏差并进行前馈补偿,给出了简便有效的虚拟落点瞄准程序。大偏差任务想定下的蒙特卡洛仿真分析表明,该算法在3000km到10000km的再入航程范围内,能够确保偏差小于3km的落点精度。     

Sporadic structures and small-scale irregularity in the nighttime polar ionosphere in the period of high solar activity according to the data of radio occultation measurements on satellite-to-satellite paths

Results of the analysis of 327 sessions of radio occultation on satellite-to-satellite paths are presented. The data are taken in the nighttime polar ionosphere in the regions with latitudes of 67°–88°, and in the period of high solar activity from October 26, 2003 to November 9, 2003. Typical ionospheric changes in the amplitude and phase of decimeter radio waves on paths GPS satellites-CHAMP satellite are presented. It is demonstrated that these data make it possible to determine characteristics of the sporadic E _s structures in the lower ionosphere at heights of 75–120 km. Histograms of distribution of the lower and upper boundaries, thickness, and intensity of the E _s structures are presented. Dispersion and spectra of amplitude fluctuations of decimeter radio waves caused by small-scale irregularity of the ionospheric plasma are analyzed. The relation of the polar E _s structures and intensity of small-scale plasma irregularity to various manifestations of solar activity is discussed. The efficiency of monitoring the ionospheric disturbances caused by shock waves of the solar wind by the radio occultation method on satellite-to-satellite paths is demonstrated.     

GNSS服务空域空间信号可用性比较与分析

通过基本参数对全球卫星导航系统（GPS、GLONASS、Galileo和北斗）空间信号可用性影响实验,得出四系统的A knee 值分别为3800km、1100km、3800km和1000km,对应的平均可见卫星数为25、16、22和14/22（亚太地区、MEO星座/混合星座）。分析了三种典型轨道用户的卫星可见性,北斗和GLONASS对MEO和HEO用户的空间信号可用性能较GPS和Galileo稍差,而在LEO用户的应用中,北斗空间信号可用性能却表现最优,平均可见卫星数约为20颗,可用性时间分布比较均匀。最后对GNSS空间有效持续时间段进行统计,随着用户高度的增加,有效持续时间段数增多、总有效持续时间减少;四系统提供全弧段有效服务空间分别为地面至6100km、1600km、6100km和1700km。     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of dynamics of small-scale irregularities in the near-Earth plasma

The behavior of small-scale irregularities of the electron density, which can exist in the near-Earth plasma at the ionospheric and magnetospheric heights is studied. They can be of both natural and artificial origin. The kinetic approach is used, and the Vlasov-Poisson system of equations is numerically solved using the method of large particles. In the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, the evolution of a single irregularity having a circular cross-section at the initial moment is calculated. The influence of the transverse dimension of the irregularity and the value of deviation from electro-neutrality at the initial moment on the parameters characterizing the process of irregularity evolution is studied.     

Development of standards for aeronautical satellite navigation system

One of the work objectives of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) is the development of the standards and procedures necessary to support transition to the CNS/ATM systems, which include Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The Global Navigation Satellite System Panel (GNSSP) was established by the ICAO Air Navigation Commission in 1993 with the basic objective to develop ICAO standards and recommended practices (SARPs) and guidance material as required to support aeronautical GNSS applications world-wide. The first package of GNSS SARPs was adopted and published by ICAO in 2001, and further work is under way to introduce new satellite constellations and system elements in an evolutionary fashion.     

Modified Rake architecture for GNSS receiver in a multipath environment

Multipath is one of the major error sources in satellite-based navigation systems. This paper proposes a new anti-multipath architecture, named Modified Rake (MRake), for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. The architecture derives from RAKE receiver in communication system. It can track direct-path and multipath components separately from the received signal without consumption of much hardware resources or complex calculation. The MRake architecture uses an Amplitude Estimation Unit (AEU) to estimate the amplitude of each component, and a noncoherent DLL to adaptively control its time-delay. Since the receiver only uses the direct-path signal to calculate the user's position, the tracked multipath components are subtracted from the composite signal to reduce the multipath effect, and thus to reduce tracking error. MRake receiver shows better performance or consumes much fewer resources than traditional anti-multipath techniques.     

Planetary waves according to simultaneous observations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">GPS</Emphasis> satellites and ground-based magnetic stations

On the basis of measurements made at Japanese magnetic stations and using GPS satellites for the 12 months of 2003, a comparison of simultaneous variations of three components of the magnetic field and total electron content (TEC) was carried out in the range of the planetary waves period. The correlation analysis has shown that almost synchronous variations exist within this range of periods at the ground-based magnetometer stations and in the TEC measurements both during strong magnetic disturbances and in quiet periods. The strong magnetic disturbances could be considered as a possible independent source of ionospheric variations within the planetary waves range, while the accompanying ionospheric storms could be a possible factor changing the conductivity of the lower ionosphere plasma. In quiet periods, the correlation of magnetic variations and disturbances in TEC is caused by the direct impact of atmospheric planetary waves on the lower ionosphere and can be related to variations of ionospheric currents due to the dynamo mechanism.     

GNSS接收机中采样率对时间鉴别力的影响

探讨了GNSS系统中,伪码跟踪环的时间鉴别力与采样率之间的定量关系,提出了时间鉴别力的性能评估准则及其计算方法。然后以GPS L5信号为例,重点考察多普勒效应对采样系统时间鉴别力的影响。实验表明,一般来说,随着采样率的增加,采样系统的时间鉴别力也会随之提高。但是当采样率接近或者恰好等于码片速率的整数倍时,采样系统的时间鉴别力会陡然下降。虽然多普勒效应能够显著改善等量采样系统的时间鉴别力,但是与设计良好的非等量采样率相比,其改善程度十分有限。本文提出的算法可以应用于GNSS数字接收机设计工作,以选择“较优”的采样率,即以较低的硬件成本实现较高的时间鉴别力。