我国将研制天文卫星

本刊讯“将太阳望远镜送到大气层外的太空”这一创举将由中国空间技术研究院与中国科学院及下属的北京天文观测中心联手实现。这是从中国空间技术研究院最近召开的空间太阳望远镜先期启动动员会上传来的消息。 空间太阳望远镜属空间天文卫星。卫星的主要任务是将太阳望远镜送到大气层外的太空，在广泛的光谱范围和连续的时间演化上，通过高空间分辨率、高时间分辨率太阳探测，实现太阳物理研究的重大突破，并为空间天气预报提供重要依据和新方法。卫星投入使用后，由于它所利用的我国首创的光谱仪和超高空间分辨率技术，其提供的探测成果，…     

基于PDM-MZM的线性模拟光链路设计

模拟光链路因其大带宽、低损耗等优势,在宽带无线通信、多基地雷达、卫星载荷信号馈送、电子战存储转发中极具应用前景，成为了当前微波光子领域研究的热点。然而由于电光调制和光电探测的非线性, 模拟光链路的动态范围受限。基于偏振复用马曾调制器的线性模拟光链路，通过改变两个RF信号的电功率比及两个子调制器的直流偏置点，可以分别改变调制指数比和光功率比，从而构造了两个相位相反的非线性失真信号以抵消链路的三阶交调失真，改善系统的无杂散动态范围。实验结果表明，与基于单个马曾调制器的常规链路相比，基于偏振复用马曾调制器的链路三阶交调失真被抑制33.7dB，无杂散动态范围提高17.6 dB，宽带射频信号的星座图和误差矢量幅度改善明显。     

一种新型的高精度偏振调制技术

文章提出一种新型的偏振调制技术--光谱调制,它能够获取目标的全部线偏振信息,其优势是体积小、质量轻、无运动部件、解调算法简单、解调精度高,特别适用于星载大气探测类载荷。该调制方法中入射的偏振光经过光谱调制偏振测量模块后,被调制为振幅随着线偏振度变化而相位随着线偏振角变化的正弦曲线,经算法解调,能够直接得到目标的线偏振度及线偏振角信息,而传统的偏振调制方法需要得到斯托克斯（Stokes）矢量的 I、Q、U、V 四个参量后经进一步计算才可以得到。文章对光谱调制偏振测量技术进行了理论与仿真分析,分析结果表明了该技术在理论上的可行性。     

大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪设计与实现

GF-5卫星的大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪是中国目前光谱分辨率最高的红外超光谱探测载荷,它基于时间调制傅里叶变换光谱探测技术,通过太阳掩星观测方式在750~4 160cm–1(2.4~13.3μm)光谱范围内,实现光谱分辨率0.03cm–1的大气透射光谱探测。该载荷的两大技术特点和难点是高光谱分辨率和自主精密太阳跟踪,采用大光程差摆臂角镜傅里叶变换光谱仪实现了红外宽谱段、高分辨率光谱探测,研制了图像反馈太阳跟踪装置实现在轨自主精密太阳跟踪。文章回顾了该载荷的系统设计、关键技术及实现情况,给出了地面测试与试验结果,可为同类载荷研制提供参考。     

深空探测激光通信技术发展研究

对美国深空探测活动中应用的激光通信技术进行了总结,说明当前深空光端机正向着更加集成化、轻型化和多功能化的方向发展;重点对深空激光通信中的捕获跟踪瞄准、接收和调制等关键技术进行了分析;针对中国激光通信的发展和应用提出了建议,如突破激光器和高速率调制器等关键技术,深入研究新型编码算法等。     

硬X射线调制望远镜卫星热设计及验证

针对硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)卫星轨道外热流环境恶劣、变化极其复杂、多载荷一体结构安装布局的热设计难点,结合天文探测卫星的轨道与姿态特点给出了其外热流分析结果和典型极端工况的选取依据,全面总结了整个型号热控研制过程中以乙烷深冷热管技术为代表的被动低温热设计特点及经验,介绍了望远镜载荷复杂凹表面传热系统的试验模拟验证方法及经验,对整星及望远镜载荷热性能的在轨飞行验证进行了总结和评价。     

2021年宇航领域科学问题和技术难题在中国航天大会发布

在以"新起点新征程新愿景"为主题的2021年中国航天大会上,中国宇航学会发布2021年宇航领域科学问题和技术难题. 1.太阳磁场周期性反转与太阳全球磁场探测 太阳活动周期本质上是由太阳磁场的周期性反转引起的,太阳磁场问题进一步制约着太阳物理学科的发展.缺乏观测数据是问题难以解决的关键,需要太阳物理和现代航天技术相结合,...     

硬X射线调制望远镜卫星科学观测应用初步评价

硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)卫星已顺利在轨运行1年多,完成了核心科学目标观测。文章概述了HXMT卫星的观测情况,如顺利完成核心观测源和银道面扫描的观测;重点介绍在银道面扫描、黑洞和中子星双星时变与能谱分析、伽马射线暴探测及引力波电磁对应体研究、脉冲星观测及脉冲星导航试验等方面获得的初步成果。HXMT卫星与国外空间X射线望远镜卫星及国内外地面望远镜开展的联合观测,促进了HXMT卫星的标定工作。HXMT卫星在黑洞与中子星研究、伽马射线暴探测及银河系内新源与暴发源监测方面会发挥重要作用。     

矢量调制器在星载相控阵天线中的应用

精确的相位调制技术是星载毫米波有源相控阵天线最关键技术之一。传统的数字移相器构造较为复杂,尺寸较大,相位调制特性有局限性,不是高工作频段、宽扫描角星载相控阵天线发展的最优选择。文章提出采用单片矢量调制器来代替数字移相器及数字衰减器,利用电压来控制矢量调制器的相位调制,提高了相位调制性能,同时具有结构简单、尺寸较小等优点。在此基础上设计了星载毫米波段有源相控阵天线,并且实现了精确的二维波束扫描功能,验证了矢量调制器在星载毫米波有源相控阵天线中应用的技术可行性。     

PIN射频脉冲调制器电参数的动态测量方法

阐述了PIN射频脉冲调制器通断比、调制度、插入损耗等主要电参数的动态测量原理和方法.首先导出了以任意形状脉冲作为调制信号时的电参数的通用表达式,然后对理想矩形脉冲、钟形和余弦脉冲三种调制波形给出了根据测试数据计算PIN调制器电参数的具体计算公式.最后给出了计算实例.     

Alfven modes of solar coronal magnetic arches: Excitation of ballooning instability and modulation of flare emission

The effect of Alfven-type oscillations in a coronal magnetic arch on modulation of the gyrosynchrotron radiation and development of the ballooning instability in the arch is considered. On the basis of the energy method and the method of normal modes, the expressions are obtained for increments of ballooning instability at its swinging by natural oscillations of the arch. The conclusion is drawn that bending oscillations, which do not actually compress the plasma and, therefore, represent the Alfven-type modes, unlike the radial oscillations, are capable, under solar corona conditions, to effectively swing ballooning instability and, as a consequence, play a part of a trigger for solar flares. The ballooning instability of coronal arches is shown to be capable of causing formation of helmet-shaped structures in the lower solar corona. On the basis of calculations of the intensity modulation depth and the degree of circular polarization of non-thermal gyrosynchrotron radiation, under the assumption of excited Alfven oscillations of a coronal arch, the conclusion is drawn, that microwave observations at a frequency of > 10 GHz can be used for studying the conditions of excitation and propagation of Alfven modes in flare loops. The consequences of obtained results are discussed using the flare on April 15, 2002 as an example.     

Coronal mass ejections in July 2005 and an unusual heliospheric event

Using the events in July 2005 as an example, the causes and peculiarities of Forbush effects produced by solar sources remote from the central zone are discussed. The event in question differs from other effects observed at the periphery of interplanetary disturbances by strong variations in cosmic rays on the background of weak disturbances in the solar wind and magnetic field of the Earth. The cloud of magnetized plasma ejected from the Sun was large and fast, but it passed to the west from the Sun-Earth line. According to performed estimates, the mass of the ejected substance was close to the upper boundary of mass for coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Anomalous parameters and high modulation capability of the formed solar wind disturbance are explained, in particular, by the fact that it combined several CMEs and that the last fast disturbance was prepared by a series of impulsive events in the active region of the Sun. Usually, such a great mass is ejected directly after the main energy release in strong solar flares. In the given case, a powerful MHD disturbance occurred approximately half an hour after a maximum of hard X-ray burst under the conditions when gas pressure in the flare loops became close to magnetic pressure, which was just a premise of the largescale ejection.     

Vertical structure of the magnetic field in active regions of the sun at coronal heights

High-altitude measurements and magnetic field distribution in active regions are always an important problem to verify existing models at heights from units to hundreds of Mm. Optical methods of analysis of the magnetic structure work well only at the photosphere level. At the same time, the progress of radio astronomy methods of analyzing the solar radio emission [1] and of the theory of solar plasma radiation [2] facilitates introduction of new methods for measuring the magnetic field strength at various altitudes in the solar atmosphere. In this paper we use multi-wave observations of polarization of the radio emission of active regions in the microwave range together with precise magnetosphere data in order to develop a method of projection for measuring the height distribution of the magnetic field.     

基于被动探测的目标磁扰动信号检测与定位

针对目标探测定位的快速发展中,军事领域主动雷达存在的缺陷和实现具有高度隐蔽性的目标检测技术的需求,提出一种基于被动磁矢量测量的目标扰动信号检测与定位技术.该方法利用磁传感器阵列测量目标产生的磁矢量扰动信息,通过滤波、门限检测、基函数展开等技术将有效扰动从复杂的背景场中提取出来,并结合速度估计、磁梯度张量矩阵算法研究任意...     

一种Ka频段单通道调制器的设计与实现

随着航天事业的不断发展,卫星平台及有效载荷的轻量化、小型化是未来航天系统的发展趋势。单通道单脉冲跟踪系统在航天器中有着广泛的应用,而单通道调制器是单通道单脉冲跟踪系统的重要组成部分。为顺应星载自跟踪系统轻量化、小型化发展趋势,根据工程化要求,采用多芯片微组装技术,通过合理的系统分析和仿真设计,在厚度为0.254mm、相对介电常数为2.2的ROGERS 5880介质基板上设计实现了一种Ka频段单通道调制器。该调制器实现了小型化和集成化,采用BJ260波导作为输入,其和通道增益大于30dB,噪声系数优于2.5dB,载波抑制大于50dB,调制抑制大于30dB,经过地面各项试验及在轨飞行验证,其各项指标满足要求。     

Effect of large and sharp changes of solar wind dynamic pressure on the earths’s magnetosphere: analysis of several events

The magnetosphere and ionosphere response to arrival of large changes of the solar wind dynamic pressure with sharp fronts to the Earth is considered. It is shown that, under an effect of an impulse of solar wind pressure, the magnetic field at a geosynchronous orbit changes: it grows with increasing solar wind pressure and decreases, when the solar wind pressure drops. Energetic particle fluxes also change: on the dayside of the magnetosphere the fluxes grow with arrival of an impulse of solar wind dynamic pressure, and on the nightside the response of energetic particle fluxes depends on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. Under the condition of negative Bz-component of the IMF on the nightside of the magnetosphere, injections of energetic electron fluxes can be observed. It is shown, that large and fast increase of solar wind pressure, accompanied by a weakly negative Bz-component of the IMF, can result in particless’ precipitation on the dayside of the auroral oval, and in the development of a pseudobreakup or substorm on the nightside of the oval. The auroral oval dynamics shows that after passage of an impulse of solar wind dynamic pressure the auroral activity weakens. In other words, the impulse of solar wind pressure in the presence of weakly negative IMF can not only cause the pseudobreakup/substorm development, but control this development as well.     

Motion and transport of solar cosmic rays in heliospheric traps: The event on January 28–31, 2001

The results of studying the enhancement of solar cosmic ray fluxes on January 28?C31, 2001 in a wide energy range are presented using the ACE spacecraft data. A comparative analysis of temporal variations of the fluxes of charged particles and of the interplanetary medium parameters (interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind) has been performed on the basis of the ??reflection?? model of motion, accumulation, and modulation of cosmic rays. It is shown that a magnetic trap for solar cosmic rays was created by a plasma stream and flare ejection from an active region in the western part of the solar disk. Particles of low energies (<10 MeV) were captured inside the trap; the dispersion of distribution of particles with different energies inside the trap being determined by its complicated magnetic structure. The power-low dependence of the time of maximum for the flux of particles on their energy is found, and softer energy spectrum inside the trap is explained.     

光学遥感图像船只目标检测识别技术

船只目标检测识别技术是现阶段遥感图像研究领域的一个重要发展方向。随着国产高分辨率卫星的快速发展，高分遥感卫星陆续发射，基于光学遥感图像的船只检测识别技术会逐步成为研究热门。主要介绍了近年来基于光学图片的船只检测识别技术发展、以及当前技术存在的问题。当前基于深度学习的船只目标检测识别技术取得了较好的检测效果，成为主流研究方向，但在光学遥感图像船只检测领域基于深度学习的方法有一些基本问题限制了检测效果，对这些问题进行了归纳总结，并对未来光学遥感图像船只检测技术的发展进行了展望。     

利用地磁场测量的小卫星自主导航设计

地磁场矢量是卫星所在位置的函数 ,通过对地磁场的测量 ,即可实现对近地小卫星的自主导航。本文采用卡尔曼滤波技术设计了小卫星基于地磁场测量的导航方法 ,在采用地磁场模型时选取磁偶极子模型 ,以此使设计算法的计算量大大减少。最后利用数字仿真验证了系统性能。