空间次生环境研究及探测方法概述

文章基于空间次生环境及其效应定义,分别结合不同次生环境阐述了国内外在磁场作用下带电粒子对航天器的影响、航天器非金属材料出气的影响、航天器与空间等离子体相互作用影响、航天器发动机羽流效应和航天器舱内电子环境及效应等的研究状况,并有针对性地开展了典型的发动机羽流效应、放电监测系统和航天器自身磁场分布探测研究。     

卫星磁力矩器磁场效应仿真分析

磁力矩器是卫星上磁性较大的部件之一,局部的强磁场是影响卫星周围带电粒子分布的主要原因。为了定量分析磁力矩器与等离子体相互作用,文章基于磁场与运动粒子的耦合模型,利用有限元数值分析软件仿真了典型轨道航天器上磁力矩器工作时周围带电粒子入射轨迹变化及电荷(粒子数)分布。结果表明,受磁场作用,带电粒子在接近磁力矩器本体时会发生偏转,且偏转幅度随电子能量降低而增大;由磁场引起的这种偏转效应导致带电粒子不均匀入射到卫星内。     

单涡旋场激光传输特性研究

对单涡旋场激光传输特性进行了研究。用积分方程形式将整个流场分解成体元,每个体元中的折射率分布不均匀,用麦克斯韦积分方程替代微分方程求解整个流场的光场分布,给出了气动涡流折射率场的计算模型。当流场只存在一个理想涡流且涡流的折射率场有近似的解析形式时,基于非均匀介质散射理论,用Rytov散射近似,由积分方程计算观测平面上光场所受的流场扰动。讨论了不同激光传输距离下流场扰动时的光场空间强度分布。结果发现:随着激光传输距离的增加,光强急剧下降,中心位置光强与无流场扰动时自由空间高斯光束传输中心位置光强相近,但在两侧会形成一个暗环,使激光光场的空间强度分布发生改变,导致激光脉冲光束出现形变。研究说明了用积分方程描述气动光学效应的可行性,为精确计算复杂涡结构流场提供了一种新思路。     

非结构网格高超声速MHD流场逆风格式数值模拟

应用逆风通量分裂格式在非结构混合网格上对二维高超声速理想磁流体绕钝头体的流场进行了数值模拟。控制方程为Euler方程耦合Maxwell方程的理想MHD方程,空间离散采用AUSM格式,时间推进采用显式5步Runge-Kutta格式。引用双曲型散度清除技术加强·Ｂ＝0的条件。计算模型为二维钝头体,在高超声速来流条件下,对不同磁感应强度的均匀分布磁场干扰下的流场进行了计算,得到了较满意的结果,并与有限的参考文献进行了对比。结果表明本文发展的方法可用于高超声速MHD方程的求解。     

基于磁场梯度张量的航天器内部多磁场源探测技术

基于磁场梯度张量的探测技术具有高分辨率、高精度等优点,是航天器多磁源分辨的有效方法。文章建立了航天器磁场源模型,提出了航天器多磁场源模型拟合方法,利用磁场梯度张量的主不变量的极值确定磁场源个数和水平位置,然后联合欧拉方程计算磁场源深度,完成航天器内部多磁场源仿真与计算,分辨率最高可达0.012 m,满足工程需求。该研究开辟了航天器内部多磁场源目标探测的新途径。     

低轨航天器磁推进方法

基于地球空间磁场的磁作用效应,提出了一类低轨航天器无工质消耗的磁推进方法,并对航天器的高度保持进行了研究。该方法具有作用机理明晰、物理结构简单、控制策略灵活等特征。以磁场对磁体作用的磁矩理论为基础,建立了带磁航天器飞行的磁推力模型,提出了基于磁力线追踪策略的轨道高度保持方法。利用熟知的IGRF11地磁模型,通过数值仿真计算,验证了磁推进方法对于600～1000km圆轨道航天器进行高度保持的有效性。     

空间等离子体磁场重联过程地面实验装置及实验研究概述

磁场重联是空间等离子体环境中的重要物理过程。对磁场重联进行深入研究,于空间灾害预报以及各种空间探测活动而言都有重要意义。文章首先回顾磁场重联研究史中的几个重要模型;然后介绍国际上进行磁场重联地面实验的主要等离子体装置及有关实验研究;最后介绍国内磁场重联实验研究的现状,重点介绍中国科学技术大学的KLMP装置和最新实验结果,以及在建中的KRX等离子体装置。地面实验作为磁场重联的重要研究手段,还需要拓展装置尺寸及对不同条件下重联特征的研究。     

航天器近地空间环境效应综述

空间环境是影响航天器飞行的重要因素之一。文章在总结近地空间环境含义的基础上,按形成因素对近地空间环境进行分类,并详细分析了辐射环境、摄动环境、磁场环境、等离子体环境、微流星体和冷黑环境及其对近地空间航天器的效应。     

螺旋波等离子体推进器磁场仿真

推进工质电离、加速、喷出过程以及电羽流的污染控制等都与磁场密切相关。磁场位形的仿真设计对于提高螺旋波等离子体推进器的性能至关重要。基于等效磁荷方法建立了专门针对螺旋波等离子体推进器的三维磁场仿真模型, 计算出圆柱形与圆环形铷铁硼(Nd-Fe-B)永磁体组合产生的磁场位形及磁场强度分布特征。该模型为改进电推进器实验方案提供必要的参考和指导;通过大量仿真计算与分析, 从大量的磁铁构型方案中优选出合适的磁铁构型, 可以缩短螺旋波等离子体推进器的实验周期, 降低成本, 加快电推进器的研发进度。     

交错磁场聚焦带状电子注的研究

带状电子注在均匀磁场作用下传输时,很容易形成Diocotron不稳定性,导致电子注在传输过程中产生逐渐的崩溃。文章采用交错排列的磁堆形成的PCM磁场聚焦半无限带状电子注,分析了PCM磁场聚焦半无限带状注的作用机理,得出半无限带状电子注在PCM磁场作用下的包络方程（Matthieu方程）。结合理论分析,使用三维粒子模拟程序模拟了PCM磁场对半无限带状电子注的聚焦,详细研究了PCM磁场的部分参数对电子注传输的影响,并对模拟结果进行了分析。     

Atomic oxygen simulation and analysis

A technique has been developed for creating in the laboratory suprathermal, neutral atomic beams by means of grazing-incidence collisions between ion beams and metal surfaces. Residual ions are deflected by applied electric fields. The resulting neutral beams are pure, well-focused and mono-energetic. Energies from a few eV to tens of keV are obtainable. The technique permits the beams to be used in conjunction with electron and photon irradiation for studies of synergistic effects. Of particular interest is the creation of a low-energy, neutral, atomic-oxygen beam, which is of importance to space-related research.     

Analysis of the Informativity of the Earth’s Magnetic Field in Near-Earth Space

Cosmic Research - This paper presents the results of a study of the informativity of the anomalies of the modulus and components of the Earth’s magnetic field in near-Earth space in the...     

GEO地磁亚暴多能量电子带电评估方法研究

文章着眼于提高地球同步轨道(GEO)空间地磁亚暴带电效应模拟的真实度,对多能量电子模拟空间地磁亚暴带电的方法进行分析评估。首先采用单一能量电子束的地面试验对SENSIT工程软件进行了校准;然后参考地磁亚暴环境能谱,用该软件对Kapton样品在单一电子束、双电子束、全能谱电子辐照下的充放电特性进行了计算预示。研究表明：表面充电速率受控于电流密度;在12．5keV/32．5keV电子束组合时其效应模拟的结果最有代表性;在双电子束模拟中,较高能量电子源起关键作用。     

Theory of type III radio bursts in the interplanetary space: I. Derivation of permittivity tensor for the system consisting of electron beam and solar wind plasma

The tensor of permittivity for the system “electron beam - plasma of the interplanetary space” is derived in the approximation of geometrical optics. The problem is one-dimensional; all parameters such as density of the beam and of the solar wind plasma, and the induction of the interplanetary magnetic field are assumed to be dependent only on the distance to the Sun. The beam is generated by an active region during a solar flare, and it is a source of radio bursts of type III in the interplanetary space. The tensor of permittivity was obtained to close field equations by a material equation. On the basis of these equations it becomes possible to study theoretically the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the radio bursts as disturbances of the above-described beam-plasma system.     

Compact high-voltage accelerators of charged particles in space experiments

Some general problems of design and application of compact devices for the generation of pulse electric fields at a megavolt range in space experiments are discussed. The prospect of various applications of powerful electron beams for active diagnostics of upper layers of atmosphere, radiation belts and the earth's magnetic field is also reviewed. The proposed development of powerful impulsive devices is dictated by limitations of energy resources in spacecraft together with a need to get a good signal-to-noise ratio for reliable data recording. Compact devices which directly transform electric energy of a low-voltage source (solar batteries, chemical elements, nuclear reactor, etc.), into the energy of a megavolt charge particle beam of high impulsive power appear as reliable means for satisfying these requirements. In this paper, the basic practical schemes of energy transformation procedures are considered and the optimal operation parameters of high-voltage storage and transformer systems are discussed. Proper application of combined high-voltage insulation techniques result in the development of experimental models of heavy-current electron beam accelerators capable of generating beams of 300–500 kV, 3–5 kA, with a pulse duration of 15 × 10⁻⁹ sec at a frequency of 10 Hz. Typical applications of electron beam accelerators including the generator of electron-beam-controlled discharge laser beams are also described.     

Empirical model of the high-latitude boundary of the Earth’s outer radiation belt at altitudes of up to 1000 km

An empirical model of the high-latitude boundary of the outer Earth’s radiation belt (ERB) has been presented, which is based on the measurement data of electron fluxes on the polar low-orbit CORONAS-Photon, Meteor-M1, and Meteor-M2 satellites. The boundary was determined by a sharp decrease to the background level of the flux of trapped electrons with energies of 100 or 200 keV in the polar part of the profile of the outer radiation belt. A numerical algorithm has been implemented to determine the time moment, when the fastest flux changes are recorded. The primary search was carried out, first, on 30 s averaged data, then repeated on data with a higher resolution. A functional dependence was obtained in order to approximate the obtained set of intersections of the boundary by elliptical curve. The empirical model constructed using the CORONAS-Photon measurement data in the epoch of anomalously low geomagnetic activity reflects the longitude structure of the high-latitude boundary of the outer radiation belt associated with the internal Earth’s magnetic field (MF), as well as its dependence on the universal time. Based on the data of intersections of the high-latitude boundary of the outer ERB (OERB) in the epoch of 2014–2016, the latitudinal shift of the boundary to the equator dependent on geomagnetic activity has been determined, as well as the nightside shift of the boundary due to the diurnal rotation of the Earth.     

Effect of orientation of the solar wind magnetic clouds on the seasonal variation of geomagnetic activity

An analysis is made of the causes of seasonal dependence of geomagnetic activity, taking into account orientation of large-scale plasma structures (of the magnetic cloud type) of the solar wind. The contribution of magnetic clouds of different orientation in the periods of equinoxes and solstices is demonstrated. It is established that in equinox periods the geomagnetic activity increases due to ejections with small angles of inclination of their axis to the ecliptic plane, most frequently detected in near-Earth space. In solstice periods, such clouds are not geoeffective structures because of a decreased magnitude of projection of the magnetic field of cloud axis onto the Earth’s magnetic dipole during such intervals. This effect reveals itself in a reduced level of geomagnetic activity in summer and winter.     

MHD Simulations of the Dynamics of Sharp Disturbances of the Interplanetary Medium and Comparison with Spacecraft Observations

One-dimensional MHD simulations of solitary sharp and strong disturbances (impulses) of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma of the homogeneous solar wind were performed. The characteristics of a disturbance of this type, recorded onboard the WIND spacecraft (SC) rather far from the Earth, were taken as initial conditions. The results of numerical experiments simulating the evolution of this disturbance in the moving interplanetary plasma, whose parameters correspond to observations of the WIND and INTERBALL-1 SC, show the efficiency of the computer code developed with the special purpose of investigating low-frequency wave events in the space environment. The calculated characteristics of the impulse resulting from the evolution are in good agreement with parameters of the disturbance recorded by the INTERBALL-1 SC closer to the Earth. In particular, the impulse expands due to imbalance of thermal and magnetic pressures, but keeps its abrupt boundaries. It was demonstrated that stable plasma objects, corresponding to stationary MHD solutions, could really exist in the solar wind plasma for a long time.