聚四氟乙烯薄壁密封件的切削加工

介绍了聚四氟乙烯薄壁密封件的切削加工难点及改善措施,较详细地论述了车加工聚四氟乙烯薄薄壁密封件方法及所用的刀具、刀具几何角度、切削用量和冷却要求。通过对薄壁密封环的结构进行分析,选择合理的进、退刀路线和加工方案,使薄壁密封环在加工后能够保证产品的设计要求,可以为以后同类型的密封件零件的机械加工积累经验。     

先进发动机低泄漏、长寿命密封

汽轮机中气路间隙的密封使用金属纤维为基体的密封装置。压气机纤维金属摩擦环,是由杂乱排列的 Hastelloy X 合金纤细纤维烧结在一起的。纤维状金属密封件具有可研磨性、耐腐蚀性、泄漏控制和耐高温性。这种密封件用独特的成型、钎焊制造工艺加工成垫圈,再用机械加工的方法加工成型。陶瓷密封件由钎焊在一个基体上的沿金属纤维低膨胀率的物体制成,在它上面涂了一层具有磨损裕度的氧化锆热阻层。这个元件含有减小残余应力的陶瓷涂层,涂层具有良好的绝缘性能和工程性能。深层的工艺过程必须仔细加以控制。刷式密封为防止气体沿传动轴的轴向泄漏提供了一种有效的密封方法。陶瓷刷式密封件和密封试验装置正在研究中。     

航天飞机动力装置中气体发生器的新型组合阀门

Moog 公司空间产品部研制出一种新型的用于航天飞机轨道飞行器辅助动力装置(APU)中的推进剂组合控制阀门,该系统需要一个工作介质为肼的组合阀门,这种组合阀门要求能够承受11MPa 的工作压力且不受压力波动的影响,工作寿命高达450000次以及要求阀门出口能够抵抗恶劣的化学环境的影响。组合阀门的设计难点在于:非焊接零件要求是可以拆御的并且允许返修后重新使用;薄壁零件因受到承压的限制而无法使用;承压焊接零件(线圈壳体)必须能够进行检查。更为团难的是阀门内部螺纹连接件的可靠锁紧问题,因为在组合阀门内部采用通常的打保险或开口销这样的锁紧技术是不合适的。阀座设计采用弹性支承结构,以减小阀门工作时作用在密封面上的冲击力,从而提高阀门在允许泄漏率下的工作寿命,此外,弹性支承阀座还可以产生约1°的补偿角度,使阀芯和阀座之间的密封面紧密贴合。组合阀门有三个阀座密封面采用“金属—金属”密封结构,这种密封结构允许存在一定的泄漏率,还有一个阀座密封面采用“金属—聚四氟乙烯”密封结构,它的液体泄漏率可以做到为零,但其工作寿命降到60000次。四个阀座密封面均有沿介质流动方向的密封泄漏率要求,其中三个阀座密封面还有沿介质流动反方向的密封泄漏率要求。试验结果表明:这种组合阀门的设计是成功的,获得了令人满意的动态特性(阀门的响应时间小于40ms),其中三个阀座的液体泄漏率不到其正常流量的0.04%,而另一个阀座的液体泄漏率为零。此外,组合阀门的工作寿命超出设计寿命的4倍(180万次)。     

发动机阀座组件软钎焊工艺研究

研究了某型号发动机阀座组件的软钎焊制造工艺难题,并针对LF6阀座LD10法兰盘与00Cr17Ni14Mo2波纹管钎焊试验过程进行分析,最终确定了影响阀座组件钎焊质量的生产工艺机理。创新改进、优化控制后,突破了生产技术制造瓶颈,使产品合格率大幅度提高,保证了高密度发射批产的需求。     

电磁阀泄漏故障分析及改进

针对某电磁阀在试车及关机后出现的阀座密封性不稳定现象,梳理出两种故障模式。基于此开展了电磁阀结构强度、动态特性、流场仿真计算。结合相关试验验证情况,分析了装配应力及运动过程对产品密封性能的影响,给出了阀座密封性不稳定的主要原因是装配应力使阀座密封面发生不均匀变形,造成泄漏量增大;电磁阀断电打开时的撞击及侧向流体力可能导致密封块偏斜,进而造成阀座漏量增大。据此,提出了相应的改进措施并得到热试车验证。     

碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯材料微观结构

为了研究碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯材料的最佳加工工艺,采用扫描电镜对碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯材料的微观结构形貌进行了观察,并对碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯材料的结晶形态和成型后毛坯的内部微观缺陷进行了对比研究和分析。研究表明:碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯毛坯表面存在"球状结晶",无缺陷的毛坯内部不会产生"球状结晶";碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯毛坯内部的气孔、分层缺陷在冷压过程中形成。减少碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯粉料的团聚,能有效减少成型后毛坯内部气孔缺陷的产生;碳纤维增强聚四氟乙烯材料冷压时适当降低压制压力,能有效减少分层缺陷的产生。     

冷冲模开裂原因分析及消除

冷冲模具在制造过程中开裂,造成较大损失。采用无损检测方法分析得出,淬火过程中热应力和组织应力综合作用是产生裂纹的外因。主要原因是材料的金相组织中存在网状碳化物,造成合金元素分布不均匀。经改进热处理工艺,对毛坯增加正火处理,消除了3.5级的网状碳化物。将回火温度从170℃提高到220℃,保温从2h延长到20～24h。     

航天器上使用的高压静密封

阐述了静密封的基本机理和设计准则,介绍了各种泄漏检测装置(如质谱仪、卤素泄漏检测器和流量计等)的用途和使用方法,并将它们进行了比较.给出了目前使用的压力作用式金属密封件、弹簧作用式塑料密封件和径向金属密封件等高压静密封件的构型、基体材料和所能承受的压力.提出了今后的静密封件必须能在温度-253—2200℃、压力55MPa条件下工作的要求.     

聚四氟乙烯组合密封的应用研究

根据某产品设计中其液压油缸需要选用能承受高压力、低摩擦阻力的密封件的要求，选型设计了几种组合密封形式，在理论上对其摩擦阻力的情况进行了分析计算；在实用方面从材料选择、适用条件、装配工艺等进行了分析和论述。并通过实验验证了所推导公式和设计的正确性。     

小型化快响应阀门装配工艺研究

小型化快响应阀门的组成零件特征尺寸小、形位公差要求高,其加工和装配过程中易偏差积累过大,导致阀门性能不合格。针对此类问题,以空间装配尺寸链数学模型为基础,通过构建、分析偏差传递方程,定位零件加工和装配中对阀门性能影响大的环节,并对该环节进行工艺控制。通过建立某小型化快响应电磁阀的装配尺寸链,计算封闭环偏差传递方程,得出阀杆和阀座的加工和装配过程是影响阀门使用性能的重要环节。根据分析结果,制定出了满足要求的零件加工和装配工艺方案。     

Between a celestial body and a spacecraft: Making the space elevator a success

The space elevator will operate in near-Earth space, under the attraction of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun. It will have to avoid collisions with active satellites, with space debris and with meteoroids, not counting other minor adverse phenomena. The exceedingly long cable cannot be a passive and limp body. It must be an active part of the elevator, withstanding lunisolar and other perturbations threatening its stability. The cable must have sensors and thrusters at appropriate locations along the cable. Sensors would serve for detection of objects on a collision course and thrusters for station-keeping and for initiating evasive manoeuvres. Adaptive control must be used for that purpose. Extensive series of numerical simulations will have to be performed to ascertain that the elevator is stable and that possible oscillations do not interfere with the main function of the elevator.     

Motion of a Planet with a Complex Structure

The motion of a planet consisting of a mantle and a core (solid bodies) connected by a viscoelastic layer and interacting with each other and an external point mass by the law of gravitation is considered. The mutual motions of the core and mantle are investigated assuming that the centers of mass of the planet and external point mass moves along undisturbed Keplerian orbits around the common center of mass of the system. The planetary core and mantle have an axial symmetry and different principal moments of inertia, which leads to a displacement of the center of mantle relative to the center of core and to their mutual rotations. The results obtained on the basis of averaged equations are illustrated by the example of the Earth–Moon system.     

拆掉阻挡思维的墙——从航天员教员到模拟航天员的跨界选择

当凭借影片《国王的演讲》获得第83届奥斯卡金像奖最佳男主角的科林·弗斯（ColinFirth）,在国际顶级生物学学术期刊《Cell》的子期刊《CurrentBiology》上发表了一篇极为专业的科研论文时,全世界一片哗然,为之震惊!当电影《泰坦尼克号》导演、年届57岁的卡梅隆驾驶单人深潜器下潜至马里亚纳海沟海渊底部的时候,我们看到了一个雄心勃勃的跨界玩家。为什么时下如此多的人开始拆掉阻挡思维的墙？因为界外的世界很精彩!     

Equilibrium positions of a weight on a cable fixed to a dumbbell-shaped space station moving along a circular geocentric orbit

The motion of a space object in the gravitational field of the Earth is considered. The object consists of an extended space station and a weight, which is free to move along the cable fixed to the ends of the station. It is assumed that the station is composed of two masses coupled by a weightless rod, while the cable is weightless and non-stretched. The equations of motion of such a system are derived for the case when the motion proceeds in a single plane, while the center of mass of the system moves along a circular geocentric orbit. The conditions of the cable tension (conditions of being on tie) are derived. The phase portrait of the weight motion along the cable is constructed when the station is oriented to the attracting center or is perpendicular to this position. The possibility to leave the tie in this case is analyzed. Equilibrium configurations of the system are found, i.e., such motions of the object under consideration at which the weight does not change its position relative to the station. Lyapunov stability of such configurations is analyzed for two situations: when the station is composed of equal masses and when masses at the ends of the station are different. In particular, for the case of different masses it is established that there exist such positions of equilibrium at which the dumbbell is located at an angle to the direction to the attracting center. In some cases these positions can be stabilized (if the weight is fixed on the cable).     

Navigation Solution to Maneuver a Spacecraft Relative to a Sphere Centered on a Cooperative Satellite

A differential correction algorithm is presented to deliver an impulsive maneuver to a satellite to place it within a sphere, with a user defined radius, centered around a non-maneuvering satellite within a constrained time. The differential correction algorithm develops and utilizes the State Transition Matrix along with the Equations of Motion and multiple satellite?s state information to determine the optimum trajectory to achieve the desired results. The results from the differential correction algorithm are very accurate for prograde orbits, as presented. The results allow for orbit design trade-offs, including satellites? initial inclinations, semi-major axes, as well as the ballistic coefficients. The results also provide an empirical method to determine the optimum ΔV$\mathrm{\Delta }V$ solution for the provided problem. Understanding that the minimum fuel solution lies with a semi-major axis ratio of 1, a very accurate empirical approximation is presented for semi-major axis ratio values less than and greater than 1. This work ultimately provides the generalized framework for applying the algorithm to a unique user defined maneuvering spacecraft scenario.     

Force on a coil moving above a grid structure

The force on a coil moving with a high-speed parallel to a conducting grid consisting of parallel tubes is investigated. The coil performs a rebound motion or an oscillatory heave motion when pressed toward the grid by reactive on-board engines. The coil is approximated by two parallel wires moving parallel to the grid tubes. The corresponding electrodynamic problem is two dimensional and is solved by expansions in terms of Bessel functions. Expressions are derived for the lift and drag force as well as the heat generated in the tubes in the limit of strong skin effect. The dependence on the grid spacing is analysed in the approximation of no mutual inductance between the tubes. Two specific applications are a shunt deflecting the coil, and a funnel leading to multiple reflection. Finally, the varying magnetic flux threading the coil is considered and the thermal load of the coil is estimated.     

On a distorted flame front as a hydrodynamic discontinuity

The radius of curvature of a steady distorted flame often turns out to be considerably larger than the width of the thermal structure of the flame. Thus, even under finite deformations of the flame, its structure remains quasi-one-dimensional. This property enables the propagation velocity of a distorted flame front (relative to the gas) to be determined explicitly as a function of the hydrodynamic field and the physico-chemical parameters of the gaseous mixture. With the aid of this relationship one can try to determine the shape of the front in a model which is external with respect to the flame structure and treats the flame as a density jump in an ideal incompressible fluid. As applications, we consider (1) the structure of a Bunsen cone, (2) the extinction of a flame in a divergent flow and (3) the propagation velocity of a corrugated flame.     

Optimal Control of a Programmed Turn of a Spacecraft

A problem of optimal turn of a spacecraft is considered. The time of turn is minimized, as well as the functional having a meaning of the propellant consumption. An analytical solution to the problem stated is derived. It is demonstrated that the solution optimal in this sense belongs to a class of two-impulse controls, under which a spacecraft executes the turn along the trajectory of its free motion. The solution obtained in this paper differs from earlier available solutions considerably. The estimations of the propellant consumption for a realization of the programmed turn are made.     

Peristaltic transport of a viscoelastic fluid in a channel

This paper is devoted to the study of the peristaltic transport of viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids with fractional Maxwell model in a channel. Approximate analytical solutions have been constructed using Adomian decomposition method under the assumption of long wave boundary layer type approximation and low Reynolds number. The effects of relaxation time, fractional parameters and amplitude on the pressure difference and friction force along one wavelength are received and analyzed. The study is limited to one way coupling model with forward effect of the fluid on the peristaltic wall. It is evident from the result that pressure diminishes with increase in relaxation time and the effects of both fractional parameters on pressure are opposite to each other. The influences of these parameters on friction force are opposite to that of pressure.