LEO卫星轨道误差对无线电掩星反演大气参数的影响

采用数值方法估计了LEO卫星轨道误差对无线电掩星反演大气参数的影响。并将其应用于1995年10月11日的某次掩星事件的观测资料处理和分析，得到了LEO卫星轨道误差对无线电掩星反演大气参数影响的定量结果。     

GRO和LRO掩星事件模拟研究

GRO（Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation）和LRO（Low Earth Orbit Radio Occultation）联合组网探测地球大气是无线电掩星探测技术的主要发展方向.本文根据掩星事件的数学判据,仿真分析了LEO卫星主要轨道参数对GRO和LRO掩星事件数量和全球分布情况的影响.研究表明:卫星轨道越低GRO掩星事件越多;轨道倾角在30°和75°之间时,GRO掩星事件较多,全球覆盖率也较大;利用极轨卫星进行LRO掩星探测时,LRO掩星事件较均匀地分布在各纬度带.研究成果对GRO和LRO联合星座设计具有参考价值.      

FY-3D卫星的北斗掩星分布特征与误差特性

利用2018年1－3月FY-3D卫星的掩星折射率数据,研究了北斗导航卫星系统的掩星分布特点、数据精度以及误差统计特征。北斗导航卫星系统同步静止轨道掩星沿卫星轨道呈弧状分布在南北两极地区,倾斜轨道掩星在东西半球低纬度地区分别形成一小一大两个空洞,中地球轨道掩星则全球均匀分布。北斗掩星折射率数据精度在探测核心区域,即12~32 km范围内,与ERA5再分析资料计算的折射率相比,平均偏差的标准差约为1.5%,在核心区外,标准差从1.5%逐渐增大到6%。静止轨道掩星的平均偏差在高层略大于倾斜轨道和中地球轨道掩星。下降掩星在20 km以上区域的标准差大于上升掩星,20 km以下区域小于上升掩星。高纬地区北斗掩星标准差最小,低纬地区最大,对流层中下层尤其明显。分析结果表明,北斗掩星的数据精度和误差特征与GPS掩星数据相似。      

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)掩星大气探测技术的兴起,GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位,但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求,未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源,开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以...     

基于X射线掩星探测反演行星大气密度

X射线掩星是一种常见的天文现象，基于X射线掩星探测的大气密度反演是一种涉及学科交叉的新方法，其通过处理高能X射线天体辐射源的掩星观测数据实现大气密度的反演，基本原理为X射线在大气中传播时，X射线光子被大气中的原子（包括分子中的原子）吸收和散射，从而导致X射线强度发生衰减，根据衰减后X射线信号的强度反演对应的密度廓线。本文根据X射线掩星探测的应用需求，论证了基于X射线掩星实现大气密度反演的新方法，重点介绍了光变曲线拟合和能谱拟合两种地球中高层大气密度反演算法，分析了X射线掩星探测反演大气密度的研究进展和研究方法，对基于X射线掩星反演大气密度的优点进行分析和讨论，进而对X射线掩星探测的应用场景进行展望。结果表明，作为一种新型中高层大气密度测量手段，X射线掩星探测可对中高层大气密度实现有效探测，弥补了目前中高层大气密度实测数据的不足。     

基于STK的GPS/LEO无线电掩星技术仿真研究

GPS/LEO无线电掩星技术反演地球大气参数剖面已经具有较高的精度. 国外开展了多个GPS/LEO掩星项目, 但中国还尚未深入进行相关的实验, 这制约了中国掩星技术的发展. 本文提出基于STK进行GPS/LEO掩星技术研究的方法; 根据GPS/LEO掩星的原理, 推导出掩星事件发生的条件和掩星切点的计算公式; 利用STK对掩星过程进行模拟, 得到掩星数据. 在大气球对称假设和大气模型已知的条件下, 反演得到中性大气折射指数. 通过比较模型和反演数据, 表明反演数据精度较高, 验证了利用STK模拟GPS/LEO掩星实验方法的可行性.      

LEO-LEO掩星事件持续时间及卫星间相对角速度仿真分析

通过对LEO-LEO掩星事件仿真,分析卫星轨道参数对掩星事件持续时间和卫星间相对角速度的影响.结果表明:对掩星事件持续时间影响较大的LEO-LEO卫星轨道参数依次为轨道倾角、升交点赤经、轨道高度,近地点角距对掩星事件持续时间影响不大;LEO-LEO卫星轨道倾角互补时,掩星事件持续时间最短,为98s;两颗LEO卫星轨道倾角之和或者升交点赤经之差在120°-240°范围内,掩星持续时间约100~150s;两颗LEO卫星轨道越高,掩星持续时间越短;掩星发生时,LEO卫星间水平方向相对角速度最大值约为0.14（°）·-1,俯仰方向相对角速度最大值约为0.078（°）·s-1.      

基于地标信息的星敏感器低频误差标定方法

针对星敏感器及其安装结构热变形等因素引起的星敏感器低频误差(LFE)影响卫星姿态确定精度的问题,提出了根据有效载荷提供的地标信息,采用最小二乘算法标定星敏感器低频误差的方法.考虑到卫星姿态确定系统是为有效载荷服务的,为了使卫星姿态确定系统输出的姿态信息与有效载荷相一致,从而准确反映有效载荷的指向变化情况,星敏感器低频误差的标定以有效载荷提供的地标信息为观测量进行.仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效减弱星敏感器低频误差对卫星姿态确定精度的影响,从而提高卫星姿态确定精度.     

风云三号C星GNOS北斗掩星电离层探测初步结果

利用风云三号卫星C星GNOS掩星探测仪电离层数据,分析了2013年10月FY-3C GNOS探测的北斗掩星电离层廓线分布,将2013年10月1日至2015年10月10日期间FY-3C GNOS观测的F₂层峰值电子密度（N_mF₂）与地面电离层测高仪观测结果进行对比,验证了FY-3C GNOS北斗电离层掩星的探测精度.结果表明,FY3-C GNOS北斗电离层掩星与电离层测高仪探测的N_mF₂数据相关系数为0.96,平均偏差为10.21%,标准差为19.61%.在不同情况下其数据精度有如下特征:白天精度高于夜晚;夏季精度高于分季,分季精度高于冬季;中纬地区精度高于低纬地区,低纬地区精度高于高纬地区; BDS倾斜同步轨道（IGSO）卫星精度高于同步轨道（GEO）卫星和中轨道（MEO）卫星.FY-3C GNOS北斗电离层掩星与国际上其他掩星电离层数据精度的一致性对GNSS掩星探测资料的综合利用具有重大意义.      

多点磁场协同探测反演电离层电流密度

相对于传统的单点磁场探测,多点磁场协同探测可以同时获得各测点磁场,消除探测磁场随时间的变化,能更好地计算空间电流密度.根据由多点磁场反演计算空间电流密度的计算方法,开展数值仿真,分析卫星编队数量、卫星编队构型、卫星定位偏差、卫星姿态测量误差、磁场测量误差、外部磁场强度及外部电流密度等对电流反演误差的影响.仿真结果表明,5星编队优于4星编队.在5星编队条件下,卫星姿态测量误差、卫星编队构型和外部磁场强度是反演误差的主要来源.根据仿真结果,当卫星姿态误差为0.001°,卫星编队尺度约为100km时,赤道区域电流密度的反演相对误差约为24%.      

快响SAR卫星零多普勒波束中心姿态机动策略研究

传统偏航牵引方法采用惯性系下卫星轨道6要素推导得出姿态机动参数,在此方法中仅控制卫星主轴方向多普勒频率为0Hz,无法补偿SAR天线安装偏差和波束在天线内的方位距离向离轴角引起的斜距偏差和多普勒频率偏移,不能满足SAR系统时序设计需求和快响SAR卫星在轨实时处理器性能要求。因此,提出了地心固定坐标系中SAR天线波束指向零多普勒面内目标方向的姿态机动策略,使快响SAR卫星在轨实际波束中心多普勒频率为0Hz。该策略首先计算了基于场景目标的SAR总体设计的精确时序参数和观测参数,然后在地心固定坐标系中建立了波束中心多普勒频率为0Hz的SAR天线波束三轴指向模型,推导得出卫星三轴指向和姿态机动参数,并通过Matlab对该策略进行了仿真验证。结果表明,该策略可将多普勒频率由地球自转引起的29kHz、天线与卫星安装偏差引起的360Hz和波束方位向离轴角引起的3950Hz补偿至0Hz,同时将由天线与卫星安装偏差和波束距离向离轴角综合引起的波束中心偏离目标的斜距偏差6.28km补偿至米的量级。     

An introduction to China FY3 radio occultation mission and its measurement simulation

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) radio occultation mission for remote sensing of the Earth’s atmosphere will be performed by GNOS (GNSS Occultation Sounder) instrument on China FengYun-3 (FY3) 02 series satellites, the first of which FY3-C will be launched in the year 2013. This paper describes the FY3 GNOS mission and presents some results of measurement simulation. The key designed specifications of GNOS are also shown. The main objective of simulation is to provide scientific support for GNOS occultation mission on the FY3-C satellites. We used EGOPS software to simulate occultation measurements according to GNOS designed parameters. We analyzed the accuracy of retrieval profiles based on two typical occultation events occurring in China South–East area among total simulated events. Comparisons between the retrieval atmospheric profiles and background profiles show that GNOS occultation has high accuracy in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. The sensitivities of refractivity to three types of instrumental error, i.e. Doppler biases, clock stability and local multipath, were analyzed. The results indicated that the Doppler biases introduced by along-ray velocity error and GNOS clock error were the primary error sources for FY3-C occultation mission.     

多路径效应对GPS多普勒测速的影响

针对全球定位系统（GPS）多普勒观测值在城市环境中受多路径效应影响,从而导致测速误差大的问题,从多普勒频移产生的原理入手,通过运动学理论分析,构建了接收机、反射点与卫星整体运动与多普勒频移误差关系模型。模型分析结果表明:多普勒频移误差与卫星观测向量、反射点切线法向量、接收机运动速度及反射点运动速度有关。最后通过5种不同场景的GPS数据验证了所提模型的正确性。在多路径情况下,当接收机或反射点运动时,可能会导致巨大的测速误差,使得结果不具备可靠性。      

The GLONASS-M satellite yaw-attitude model

The proper modeling of the satellites’ yaw-attitude is a prerequisite for high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and poses a particular challenge during periods when the satellite orbital planes are partially eclipsed. Whereas a lot of effort has been put in to examine the yaw-attitude control of GPS satellites that are in eclipsing orbits, hardly anything is known about the yaw-attitude behavior of eclipsing GLONASS-M satellites. However, systematic variations of the carrier phase observation residuals in the vicinity of the orbit’s noon and midnight points of up to ±27 cm indicate significant attitude-related modeling issues. In order to explore the GLONASS-M attitude laws during eclipse seasons, we have studied the evolution of the horizontal satellite antenna offset estimates during orbit noon and orbit midnight using a technique that we refer to as “reverse kinematic precise point positioning”. In this approach, we keep all relevant global geodetic parameters fixed and estimate the satellite clock and antenna phase center positions epoch-by-epoch using 30-second observation and clock data from a global multi-GNSS ground station network. The estimated horizontal antenna phase center offsets implicitly provide the spacecraft’s yaw-attitude. The insights gained from studying the yaw angle behavior have led to the development of the very first yaw-attitude model for eclipsing GLONASS-M satellites. The derived yaw-attitude model proves to be much better than the nominal yaw-attitude model commonly being used by today’s GLONASS-capable GNSS software packages as it reduces the observation residuals of eclipsing satellites down to the normal level of non-eclipsing satellites and thereby prevents a multitude of measurements from being incorrectly identified as outliers. It facilitates continuous satellite clock estimation during eclipse and improves in particular the results of kinematic precise point positioning of ground-based receivers.     

Precise orbit determination and precision comparison for FY3C and FY3D with receiver antenna GPS and BDS PCV using spaceborne BDS and GPS observation data

The FY3C and FY3D satellites were equipped with global navigation satellite occultation detector (GNOS) receivers that received both GPS and BDS-2 signals. For further improving precise orbit determination (POD) precisions, we estimated receiver GPS and BDS signal phase center variations (PCV) models with 2° and 5° resolutions and set the different weights for GPS and BDS-2 observations in the combined POD. The BDS-based POD precision using BDS-2 satellite antenna phase center offset (PCO) values from the China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO) are not as accurate as those obtained from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Multi-GNSS experiments project (MGEX). The estimated receiver GPS and BDS PCV models with 2° and 5° resolutions were estimated from the GPS phase residuals of GPS-based POD and BDS phase residuals of combined POD, respectively. In most cases, the POD precisions using the estimated PCVs with 2° resolution are superior to those with 5° resolution. The precisions of the BDS-based POD and combined POD were both improved by introducing the receiver BDS PCV models. The weighting for GPS and BDS-2 observations can further improve the precision of the combined POD. The tested results of selected weights are better than those with equal weight in the combined POD. The experiment results show that orbital precisions of FY3C are worse than those of FY3D.     

卫星星间捷变型窄波束天线指向的误差分析

针对捷变型窄波束天线建链时间短、指向精度要求高的特点,通过建立星间天线指向误差模型,从理论上分析了卫星位置、姿态、天线安装等偏差因素对天线指向误差的影响。同时,采用STK软件对MEO卫星的天线指向误差进行仿真实验,实验结果与误差模型的理论预期一致。     

大气湍流对深空天线组阵相位影响分析

深空测控网采用大规模天线组阵系统比单个大天线具有一定优势,构建一个Ka频段的天线组阵系统无论对于星际测控通信还是天文观测都是一种经济、可持续扩展的技术方案。然而天线组阵系统工作于Ka频段时,由于天线间相位的快速起伏漂移将使得合成信噪比迅速恶化,尤其对于深空测控上行链路信号的相位监测和闭环控制带来巨大挑战,所以对天线间大气相位扰动测量和数值模拟非常必要。参考国外相关的干涉测量数据,首先分析了天线组阵大气相位扰动测量和统计分析方法;然后利用微波大气湍流模型,建立了天线组阵相位漂移抖动模型;对大气湍流引起的相位延迟扰动过程进行了仿真实现。利用模型产生的天线组阵相位抖动数值,可以测试和评估天线组阵信号合成处理系统的适用性。     

Higher order ionospheric propagation effects on GPS radio occultation signals

With the increasing number of remote sensing satellites using the GPS radio occultation technique for atmospheric sounding, the estimation of higher order ionospheric effects and their mitigation have become relevant and important. Due to long ionospheric limb paths, GPS signals are strongly affected by ionospheric refraction during radio occultation. Standard dual-frequency GPS measurements may be used to estimate the first order term of the refractive index. However, non-linear terms such as the second and third order ionospheric terms and ray path bending effects are not considered in occultation measurements so far. Analysing selected CHAMP–GPS occultation events different higher order ionospheric terms are estimated and their effects on dual-frequency range estimation and total electron content (TEC) estimation are discussed. We have found that the separation between the GPS L1 and L2 ray paths exceeds the kilometer level during occultation for a vertical TEC level of more than 160 TEC units. Corresponding errors in the GPS dual-frequency range estimation and TEC estimation are found to exceed the meter and 10 TEC units level, respectively.     

基于射频敏感器的卫星三轴姿态确定方法研究

带有大型网状展开天线的同步轨道移动通信卫星,一般通过卫星本体的姿态控制间接保障星上通信天线的指向精度,难以避免天线因自身安装、变形、挠性振动等引起的指向误差.提出直接利用射频敏感器测量的信标信号误差确定卫星三轴姿态,并计算天线保持目标指向所需三轴姿态角偏差,通过卫星姿态控制系统实时或离线姿态修正以保证天线指向精度.利用数学仿真方式验证算法正确性和有效性.