行星际磁云与日球电流片相互作用的实例分析

基于1995-2007年Wind飞船观测到的105个磁云事件, 按照磁云在地球附近是否与日球电流片发生碰撞, 将其分为碰撞和未碰撞两类, 得到初步分析结果. ①可能与日球电流片发生碰撞的磁云事件有51例, 约占事件总数的49%; ②发生碰撞时, 磁云与日球电流片之间的相互作用区内呈现动力学相互作用增强的趋势, 例如多呈现局部的磁场方向间断结构(或称局域电流片结构), 伴随磁场强度下降、质子温度升高、部分质子速度分量出现跃变, Langmuir波或100~250,kHz的离子声波出现增强,这些现象可能与碰撞相互作用区域内发生的磁重联有关; 没有碰撞时这些特征一般不明显; ③至少有15个事例中, 磁云前后背景磁场的极性相反, 或磁场极性反转的位置位于磁云内部, 显示磁云可能正在跨越电流片运动; ④在几个磁云事件中发现磁云的亮环和亮核纤维结构. 这些极为初步的分析结果有利于了解磁云与日球电流片之间的相互作用过程.      

磁云边界层中的重联慢激波观测分析

在Petschek模型中,排空区边界处的一对慢激波是能量耗散的重要机制.已有大量行星际空间的Petschek型磁场重联排空区观测事件被报道,但是只有少量的排空区边界处观测到了慢激波.针对一例位于磁云边界层中的Petschek型磁场重联排空区观测事件,在排空区靠近磁云一侧边界处证认了一例慢激波.激波跃变层两侧的磁场和等离子体参数满足Rankine-Hugoniot关系,且激波上下游的中间马赫数均小于1,上游的慢马赫数为2.94（>1）,下游的慢马赫数为0.65（<1）,符合慢激波的观测特征.磁云内部的等离子体β值很低,局地阿尔芬速度高,同时磁云边界层中可能发生丰富的磁场重联活动,这可能是磁云前边界处慢激波形成的原因.      

磁云边界层中的复合重联喷流观测分析

太阳风中的磁场重联通常与行星际日冕物质抛射有关.本文分析了1995年10月18日WIND飞船观测到的一例磁云前边界层中的复合重联喷流事件.该复合排空区由相邻两个不同方向的喷流构成，这两个喷流分别经过Walén关系的证认，符合行星际磁场重联排空区等离子体喷流的特征.结果表明，在磁云前端可能存在众多重联点，从而将磁云本体的磁场剥离，形成比单一重联喷流区更复杂的三维边界层结构.磁云边界层中可能发生多点多次重联，从而不表现出单点重联的排空区特征，这可能是行星际磁场重联排空区较少在ICME前端被观测到的原因之一.      

磁云边界层与间断的观测研究

利用WIND飞船的磁场和等离子体观测数据,分析了1995年2月至2003年8月之间82个磁云中的边界层事件.我们认为(1)磁云边界层中方向间断DD(Directional Discontinuity)类型中RD(Rotational Discontinuity),TD(Tangential Discontinuity),ED(Either Discontinuity),ND(NeitherDiscontinuity)的分布为37:18:44:1(%),与背景太阳风中的分布51:12:35:2(%)不同;主要区别在于RD与TD的比例变化. (2)磁云边界层的内外边界切向间断的比例很高,占总数的20%,而且两侧的密度和温度平均相对变化分别为|△N/N|=0.24和|△T/T|=0.19,大于边界层内部的平均值,显示了更多的切向间断特征;此外,磁云边界层中方向间断的出现频次约为太阳风中的1.87倍. (3)磁云边界层中方向间断的法向分布在θ-φ平面中不是随机分布,而是以θ=-24.90°,φ=217.49°为几何中心,主要是指向远离太阳的方向,而不是简单的各向同性分布.初步结果表明,间断是磁云边界层中的重要结构,它有着不同于背景太阳风间断类型比,为诊断磁云边界层的形成机理提供了依据.      

利用转移熵研究引起磁暴扰动的太阳风参数重要性排序

磁暴是重要空间天气灾害性事件,能够影响卫星的安全在轨运行和地面电网系统等。目前,对于太阳风–磁层相互作用的研究多集中在分析相关系数的线性关系,而基于信息论的转移熵可以提供强大的无模型有向统计量,可用来分析传统相关性分析和模型假设检测不到的非线性关系。本文利用转移熵的方法,研究了磁暴期间的太阳风驱动参数。利用第23和24太阳活动周的小时精度数据进行长时间尺度分析,发现太阳风向地磁的信息传递呈双峰分布,表现出与太阳活动水平的一致性。利用2010-2018年93个地磁暴期间的分钟精度数据进行短时间尺度分析,结果表明：行星际电场(E)和行星际磁场南向分量(B z)对地磁指数Sym-H在时间延迟为60 min时信息传递较强,而太阳风速度v_{s w}、温度T _sw、数密度D_sw、磁场B和动压P_sw对Sym-H指数的信息传递较弱。上述研究结果能够为太阳风–磁层相互作用的建模提供参数选择及确定预测范围的依据。     

第23至24周太阳质子事件的统计特征

第23至24太阳活动周（1997-2016年）期间太阳质子事件的强度统计分析表明,1997-2016年期间总共发生了128个太阳质子事件,其中峰值通量范围为10~99pfu,100~999pfu,1000~2999pfu及>3000pfu的事件分别占55.15%,27.94%,9.56%,7.35%.太阳质子事件的不对称性分析表明,不同强度太阳质子事件东西不对称性的程度不相同,其中1000~2999pfu事件的不对称性最强,而3000pfu以上事件的不对称性最弱.第23周期间,太阳质子事件主要发生在太阳活动周两个峰值之间和最大峰值之后的时段,而第24周太阳质子事件主要发生在太阳活动周最大峰值之前.      

近地磁尾准无碰撞磁重联事件

综合分析了ClusterⅡ－C1飞船在2001年9月15日飞越地球磁尾等离子体片区的热离子和磁场观测资料。结果表明，约在0340－0440UT时间期间，资料多次呈现出较强的尾向离子流（VXGSM＜0），明显的南向磁场分量（BZGSM＜0），以及明显的晨－昏向磁场分量BYGSM等特征。由此可以推断，在磁尾等离子体片中，在径向方向XGSE＞－18．6Re范围内，可能发生了多次磁重联事件，整个事件持续期约1h。磁重联事件的观测特征与准无（或半）碰撞磁重联理论的基本图像符合一致，因此这些事件应当是准无碰撞磁重联事件。     

行星际磁云边界层中的电子分布函数特征

基于WIND 飞船观测的1995---2006 年间的磁云事件, 研究了磁云边界层中电子的流动图样, 以及电子速度分布函数的特点与电子加热和加速的关系, 得出以下结果. ①磁云边界层中存在的电子流动图样, 包括各向同性、双向流动和单向流动等. ② 相比于背景太阳风和磁云本体, 通常情况下磁云边界层中电子分布函数的核心热电子成分 (E<60eV) 增多, 超热电子成分 (E>60eV) 在沿磁场垂直方向上增多, 而在沿磁场平行或反平行方向以单方向增加为主, 此外, 还在近1/10 的磁云边界层中观测到了高能电子的明显增多. ③对比研究了磁云边界层与磁云驱动的激波对电子速度分布函数的调制作用, 经过激波, 电子分布函数的超热电子成分在各方向上都有增加, 不同于磁云边界层中在沿磁场平行或反平行方向上超热电子成分以单方向增加为主, 表明二者有不同的形成机制. ④考察了磁云边界层中的波活动增强和电子分布函数及离子流量增加的对应关系. 上述观测和对比分析进一步表明了磁云边界层是一种重要的动力学结构, 磁重联是一种可能的形成机制.      

第21～24太阳周4类空间天气事件爆发特征统计分析

对第21～24太阳周不同等级的太阳X射线耀斑事件、太阳质子事件、地磁暴事件及高能电子增强事件的爆发频次特征进行统计,结果表明:太阳周耀斑爆发的总数量与该太阳周的黑子数峰值呈正比,耀斑总数、X级耀斑事件数与峰值的相关系数分别为0.974,0.997;太阳质子事件主要发生在峰年前后1～2年,约占总发生次数的80%,峰值通量大于10pfu （1 pfu=1 cm-2·sr-1·s-1）的质子事件中,84%伴有耀斑爆发,并且主要伴随M或X级耀斑,少量伴随C级耀斑,峰值通量大于1000pfu的质子事件中,98%伴随M或X级耀斑,并且以X级耀斑为主;第21,22,23和24太阳周发生地磁暴最频繁的时间分别在1982,1991,2003年和2015年,分别滞后黑子数峰值时间3年、2年、2年和1年;72%的高能电子增强事件发生在太阳周下降期,24%的高能电子增强事件发生在太阳周上升期.      

磁云膨胀速度对无力场磁通量管模型拟合结果的影响

为了考察磁云膨胀速度对磁通量管模型拟合结果的影响,选取了1998-2003年中15次引起了较大地磁暴(Dstmin＜-50 nT)的典型磁云事件进行了拟合.与未考虑膨胀速度模型的拟合结果比较,膨胀速度的引入能较好地改善拟合结果,与观测数据的偏差最大能减小30%,并且拟合所得的膨胀速度基本符合统计规律.这个结果说明膨胀的磁通量管模型能更好地反映实际观测的磁云.同时,初步分析了考虑膨胀速度前后磁云各拟合参数的变化.      

Orientations of LASCO Halo CMEs and their connection to the flux rope structure of interplanetary CMEs

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed near the Sun via LASCO coronographic imaging are the most important solar drivers of geomagnetic storms. ICMEs, their interplanetary, near-Earth counterparts, can be detected in situ, for example, by the Wind and ACE spacecraft. An ICME usually exhibits a complex structure that very often includes a magnetic cloud (MC). They can be commonly modelled as magnetic flux ropes and there is observational evidence to expect that the orientation of a halo CME elongation corresponds to the orientation of the flux rope. In this study, we compare orientations of elongated CME halos and the corresponding MCs, measured by Wind and ACE spacecraft. We characterize the MC structures by using the Grad–Shafranov reconstruction technique and three MC fitting methods to obtain their axis directions. The CME tilt angles and MC fitted axis angles were compared without taking into account handedness of the underlying flux rope field and the polarity of its axial field. We report that for about 64% of CME–MC events, we found a good correspondence between the orientation angles implying that for the majority of interplanetary ejecta their orientations do not change significantly (less than 45 deg rotation) while travelling from the Sun to the near-Earth environment.     

Relationship between substorm activity and the interplanetary medium parameters during the main phase of strong magnetic storms

In the present paper dependences of substorm activity on the solar wind velocity and southward component (Bz) of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) during the main phase of magnetic storms, induced by the CIR and ICME events, is studied. Strong magnetic storms with close values of Dst_min?≈??100?±?10?nT are considered. For the period of 1979–2017 there are selected 26 magnetic storms induced by the CIR and ICME (MC?+?Ejecta) events. It is shown that for the CIR and ICME events the average value of the AE index (AE_aver) at the main phase of magnetic storm correlates with the solar wind electric field. The highest correlation coefficient (r?=?0.73) is observed for the magnetic storms induced by the CIR events. It is found that the AE_aver for magnetic storms induced by ICME events, unlike CIR events, increases with the growth of average value of the southward IMF Bz module. The analysis of dependence between the AE_aver and average value of the solar wind velocity (Vsw_aver) during the main phase of magnetic storm shows that in the CIR events, unlike ICME, the AE_aver correlates on the Vsw_aver.     

Solar and interplanetary precursors of geomagnetic storms in solar cycle 23

Estimating the magnetic storm effectiveness of solar and associated interplanetary phenomena is of practical importance for space weather modelling and prediction. This article presents results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the probable causes of geomagnetic storms during the 11-year period of solar cycle 23: 1996–2006. Potential solar causes of 229 magnetic storms (Dst ? −50 nT) were investigated with a particular focus on halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs). A 5-day time window prior to the storm onset was considered to track backward the Sun’s eruptions of halo CMEs using the SOHO/LASCO CMEs catalogue list. Solar and interplanetary (IP) properties associated with halo CMEs were investigated and correlated to the resulting geomagnetic storms (GMS). In addition, a comparative analysis between full and partial halo CME-driven storms is established. The results obtained show that about 83% of intense storms (Dst ? −100 nT) were associated with halo CMEs. For moderate storms (−100 nT < Dst ? −50 nT), only 54% had halo CME background, while the remaining 46% were assumed to be associated with corotating interaction regions (CIRs) or undetected frontside CMEs. It was observed in this study that intense storms were mostly associated with full halo CMEs, while partial halo CMEs were generally followed by moderate storms. This analysis indicates that up to 86% of intense storms were associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) at 1 AU, as compared to moderate storms with only 44% of ICME association. Many other quantitative results are presented in this paper, providing an estimate of solar and IP precursor properties of GMS within an average 11-year solar activity cycle. The results of this study constitute a key step towards improving space weather modelling and prediction.     

第23太阳活动周中等地磁暴行星际源的统计分析

统计了第23太阳活动周(1996--2006年)发生的183次中等强度地磁暴(-100 nT < Dst ≤ -50 nT)的行星际源,分析了中等磁暴的年分布状况以及引起中等磁暴的不同行星际结构在太阳活动周中的分布特征,同时,与强磁暴行星际源的分布状况做了对比分析,主要的统计分析结果如下. (1)共转相互作用区CIR与行星际日冕物质抛射ICME在中等磁暴中具有同等重要的作用,且在ICME中,具有磁云结构和非磁云结构的ICME在引起中等磁暴的能力方面也基本相同,但带有鞘层结构的ICME在引起中等磁暴中具有更重要的作用. (2)中等磁暴在极大年(2001年)和下降年(2003年)发生次数最多,与地磁活动的双峰年对应,在极小年(1996和2006年)发生次数最少,与地磁活动低年对应,在其他年份分布较平均. (3)中等磁暴在太阳活动极大年主要由ICME引起,在上升年和下降年CIR在其中起主要作用,且下降年基本是上升年的两倍,而对于强磁暴而言,ICME始终是最重要的行星际源.      

A new parameter to define interplanetary coronal mass ejections

The interplanetary manifestations of coronal mass ejections, ICMEs, have many signatures in the solar wind but none of these signatures in the velocity, density, temperature, magnetic field, plasma composition or energetic particles uniquely and unambiguously identifies the occurrence of an ICME. Different investigators identify different events when confronted with the same data. Herein, we present a single physical parameter that combines information from multiple plasma components and that holds the promise of defining a beginning and an end of the region of influence ICME and an indication of the location of the encounter with the ICME relative to its central meridian. This parameter is the total plasma pressure perpendicular to the magnetic field, consisting of the sum of the magnetic pressure and plasma kinetic or thermal pressure. It provides a vehicle for classifying the nature of the ICME encounter and, in many cases, provides an unambiguous start and stop time of the event. However, it does not provide a start and stop time for any embedded flux rope. This identification depends on examination of the magnetic field.     

Propagation and interaction of interplanetary transient disturbances. Numerical simulations

We study the heliocentric evolution of ICME-like disturbances and their associated transient forward shocks (TFSs) propagating in the interplanetary (IP) medium comparing the solutions of a hydrodynamic (HD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models using the ZEUS-3D code [Stone, J.M., Norman, M.L., 1992. Zeus-2d: a radiation magnetohydrodynamics code for astrophysical flows in two space dimensions. i – the hydrodynamic algorithms and tests. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 80, 753–790]. The simulations show that when a fast ICME and its associated IP shock propagate in the inner heliosphere they have an initial phase of about quasi-constant propagation speed (small deceleration) followed, after a critical distance (deflection point), by an exponential deceleration. By combining white light coronograph and interplanetary scintillation (IPS) measurements of ICMEs propagating within 1 AU [Manoharan, P.K., 2005. Evolution of coronal mass ejections in the inner heliosphere: a study using white-light and scintillation images. Solar Physics 235 (1–2), 345–368], such a critical distance and deceleration has already been inferred observationally. In addition, we also address the interaction between two ICME-like disturbances: a fast ICME 2 overtaking a previously launched slower ICME 1. After interaction, the leading ICME 1 accelerates and the tracking ICME 2 decelerates and both ICMEs tend to arrive at 1 AU having similar speeds. The 2-D HD and MHD models show similar qualitative results for the evolution and interaction of these disturbances in the IP medium.     

Actors of the main activity in large complex centres during the 23 solar cycle maximum

During the maximum of Solar Cycle 23, large active regions had a long life, spanning several solar rotations, and produced large numbers of X-class flares and CMEs, some of them associated to magnetic clouds (MCs). This is the case for the Halloween active regions in 2003. The most geoeffective MC of the cycle (Dst = −457) had its source during the disk passage of one of these active regions (NOAA 10501) on 18 November 2003. Such an activity was presumably due to continuous emerging magnetic flux that was observed during this passage. Moreover, the region exhibited a complex topology with multiple domains of different magnetic helicities. The complexity was observed to reach such unprecedented levels that a detailed multi-wavelength analysis is necessary to precisely identify the solar sources of CMEs and MCs. Magnetic clouds are identified using in situ measurements and interplanetary scintillation (IPS) data. Results from these two different sets of data are also compared.     

行星际日冕物质抛射地磁效应研究的支持向量机方法初步研究

行星际日冕物质抛射（Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection,ICME）与地球磁层相互作用并带来地磁暴等地磁扰动.从Richardson和Cane提供的近地球ICME列表中筛选出ICME事件集,基于ICME扰动期间的行星际等离子体与磁场数据提取出特征.通过计算各特征的费舍尔分值（Fisher Score）,对这些特征进行选择,发现行星际磁场南北向分量持续时间小于-10nT且激波等扰动所带来的ICME扰动开始时,太阳风速度的增量等特征与ICME事件的地磁效应密切相关.这与现有的传统统计研究结果一致.以这些特征为基础,训练得到的径向基函数支持向量机能够以0.78±0.08的准确率判断ICME事件是否会产生中等及以上强度的地磁暴（Dst ≤-50nT）.      

太阳风速度及日球电流片对CME渡越时间的影响

基于1996-2005年88个引起重大地磁暴的CME(日冕物质抛射)事件、1996-2000年的47个CME事件以及1997-2002年的29个全晕状CME事件,结合ACE卫星在1AU处的太阳风和行星际磁场观测资料以及Wilcox Solar Observatory(WSO)天文台的太阳光球层磁图,分析了背景太阳风速度和日球电流片对CME到达1AU处渡越时间预报误差的影响.结果表明,背景太阳风速度与CME渡越时间误差并没有明显的相关性,在考虑了磁云通量管轴相对黄道面夹角的影响后相关性依然不明显.然而日球电流片对CME渡越时间却有明显的影响,对于初速度较小的异侧CME事件,其渡越时间大于同侧事件;而对于具有较大初速度的CME事件,异侧事件的渡越时间明显小于同侧事件.研究结果表明,CME与太阳风以及日球电流片的相互作用并不是简单的对流相互作用,造成高速CME异侧事件快于同侧事件到达地球的因素非常复杂,有待深入研究.      

ICME期间磁暴的太阳风参数和极光沉降能量

基于1995-2004年ICME驱动的强烈磁暴(SA型)、强磁暴(SB型)和延迟型主相暴(SC型)三种磁暴类型,对1AU处太阳风动压、太阳风速度、行星际磁场、EK-L电场以及极光沉降能量进行时序叠加分析,并分别与-vBz耦合函数和Newell耦合函数进行对比.结果表明,三种磁暴在ICME到达前期的太阳风动压较稳定,背景太阳风、极光沉降能量、行星际磁场和磁层存在相对平静期. ICME到达前期SA型磁暴的背景太阳风速度、行星际磁场南向分量以及极光沉降能量的均值高于另外两种磁暴类型,这说明大型日冕物质抛射在ICME到达前就对行星际磁场、背景太阳风和HP产生了影响.磁暴急始后,SC型磁暴的EK-L电场斜率小,峰值延后且行星际磁场北向分量增强,这些都是磁暴主相延迟的表现,极光沉降能量随着行星际磁场转为南向而增加.