载人航天器舱内辐射剂量监测技术综述

文章介绍了美国、苏联/俄罗斯载人航天器舱内辐射剂量监测技术及部分监测结果,分析了我国“神舟3号”和“神舟4号”飞船返回舱内的辐射剂量探测技术及结果,并在此基础上就我国载人航天器的辐射剂量探测方法提出若干建议。     

国外空间环境试验与探测技术现状与发展趋势

文章分析了与航天器飞行有关的4类空间环境的特点;介绍了国外空间环境试验技术的现状与发展概况。文章还重点分析了未来空间环境探测的发展趋势:加强了对空间环境动态变化的探测;将星座探测摆在重要地位;以地球轨道卫星为发展的主流;利用卫星加大对空间环境探测的力度;加强国际合作。国外空间环境探测的经验表明,我国应重视发展地球轨道探测卫星,尽快提高卫星有效载荷的水平。     

火星载人探测中辐射防护综述

火星探测是人类太空探索的重要组成部分,火星载人探测中航天员的辐射安全问题是人们最为关心的问题。文章扼要介绍了美国/俄罗斯火星载人探测技术的发展过程,重点阐述了探测中的辐射环境、辐射效应以及国外探测结果;在此基础上,对火星探测中的辐射剂量进行了预示,提出了辐射防护建议。     

行星际空间环境对探测器可靠性影响分析

空间环境是影响航天器可靠性的重要因素。与地球轨道航天器相比,行星际探测任务可能会遭受更加恶劣的空间环境,例如极端温度环境,辐射环境,腐蚀性大气环境、宇宙尘等,再加上行星际任务寿命长,采用先进的器件和材料,空间环境对行星际探测器的可靠性构成严重的威胁,直接关系到探测目标能否实现。因此考虑空间环境对行星际探测器的影响,开展相关的预先研究无论是对于制定行星际空间探测计划,还是搭载仪器的设计都具有非常重要的意义。文章分析了极端温度、辐射环境和行星表面综合环境对探测器的影响,并对开展相关研究提出了建议。     

空间次生环境研究及探测方法概述

文章基于空间次生环境及其效应定义,分别结合不同次生环境阐述了国内外在磁场作用下带电粒子对航天器的影响、航天器非金属材料出气的影响、航天器与空间等离子体相互作用影响、航天器发动机羽流效应和航天器舱内电子环境及效应等的研究状况,并有针对性地开展了典型的发动机羽流效应、放电监测系统和航天器自身磁场分布探测研究。     

《航天器环境工程》征稿简则

《航天器环境工程》是由中国空间技术研究院北京卫星环境工程研究所主办的中国科技核心期刊,是国内航天器环境工程专业领域唯一的学术、技术性期刊,广泛报道本专业最新研究成果和技术成就,主要涉及空间环境探测、环境效应建模与评价、航天器环境与调控、地面模拟试验技术、材料性能与环境防护、人机环境工程等,内容涵盖真空与低温、力学、热学、电磁学、辐射与防护、光学、材料科学、可靠性、航天科技管理等多个学科。办刊宗旨是推动航天器环境工程的发展和应用,服务于我国卫星研制、载人航天、探月工程和深空探测。     

《航天器环境工程》征稿简则（2014版）

《航天器环境工程》是由中国航天科技集团主管、北京卫星环境工程研究所主办的中国科技核心期刊,是国内航天器环境工程专业领域唯一的学术、技术性期刊,广泛报道本专业最新研究成果和技术成就,主要涉及空间环境探测、环境效应建模与评价、航天器环境与调控、地面模拟试验技术、材料性能与环境防护、人机环境工程等,内容涵盖真空与低温、力学、热学、电磁学、辐射与防护、光学、材料科学、可靠性、航天科技管理等多个学科。办刊宗旨是推动航天器环境工程的发展和应用,服务于我国卫星研制、载人航天和深空探测。     

《航天器环境工程》征稿简则（2014版）

《航天器环境工程》是由中国航天科技集团主管、北京卫星环境工程研究所主办的中国科技核心期刊,是国内航天器环境工程专业领域唯一的学术、技术性期刊,广泛报道本专业最新研究成果和技术成就,主要涉及空间环境探测、环境效应建模与评价、航天器环境与调控、地面模拟试验技术、材料性能与环境防护、人机环境工程等．内容涵盖真空与低温、力学、热学、电磁学、辐射与防护、光学、材料科学、可靠性、航天科技管理等多个学科。办刊宗旨是推动航天器环境工程的发展和应用,服务于我国卫星研制、载人航天、探月工程和深空探测。     

《航天器环境工程》征文范围

<正>空间环境探测与空间有效载荷技术空间人工辐射环境与防护技术国内外空间环境工程发展动态及趋势运载器和武器装备结构静力、动力、热强度试验理论与技术运载器和武器装备机构动力学和冲击力学分析与试验技术航天器空间辐射、原子氧等综合环境效应分析与防护技术空间碎片环境预示,效应分析与防护结构/材料设计航天器试验理论及试验技术     

《航天器环境工程》征稿简则

《航天器环境工程》是由中国航天科技集团公司主管、北京卫星环境工程研究所主办的中国科技核心期刊,是航科集团空间环境工程信息网网刊,国内航天器环境工程专业领域唯一的学术、技术性期刊,广泛报道本专业最新研究成果和技术成就,主要涉及空间环境探测、环境效应建模与评价、航天器环境与调控、地面模拟试验技术、材料性能与环境防护以及设备研制与专业测试等,内容涵盖真空与低温、力学、热学、电磁学、辐射与防护、光学、材料科学、可靠性、航天科技管理等多个学科。《航天器环境工程》的办刊宗旨是推动航天器环境工程的发展和应用,服务于我国卫星研制、载人航天、探月工程和深空探测。     

Bubble detector characterization for space radiation

In light of the importance of the neutron contribution to the dose equivalent received by space workers in the near-Earth radiation environment, there is an increasing need for a personal dosimeter that is passive in nature and able to respond to this neutron field in real time. Recent Canadian technology has led to the development of a bubble detector, which is sensitive to neutrons, but insensitive to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. By changing the composition of the bubble detector fluid (or “superheat”), the detectors can be fabricated to respond to different types of radiation. This paper describes a preliminary ground-based research effort to better characterize the bubble detectors of different compositions at various charged-particle accelerator facilities, which are capable of simulating the space radiation field.     

月球表面次级中子辐射环境仿真研究

由于缺少磁场和大气,宇宙线高能粒子轰击月壤可以形成月球特有的强中子辐射环境,并对航天员和电子设备造成潜在威胁。文章采用蒙特卡罗方法仿真研究宇宙线高能粒子辐射与月壤成分核反应产生的次级中子能谱特征,给出不同太阳活动、不同月壤深度下月球中子能谱特征和空间分布特征。仿真结果表明,宇宙线高能粒子导致的次级中子随着月壤深度的增加先增大后减小,大约在1 m深度达到最大值,深度越深银河宇宙线诱发的中子贡献越大。相关结果可为我国后续载人月球探测任务的辐射防护设计提供参考。     

Space radiation dosimetry

In this report dosimetric measurements are presented which were performed during the missions Spacelab 1, D 1, Biocosmos 8 and Biocosmos 9. Detector packages consisting of plastic nuclear track detectors, nuclear emulsions and thermoluminescence dosimeters were exposed at different locations inside and outside spacecrafts behind more or less well defined shielding thicknesses. These detector systems which supplement each other in their registration characteristic allow to record all biological relevant portions of the radiation field separately. Dose equivalents for the astronauts have been calculated from the measurements using the quality factors as defined in the old and the new recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP).     

Evaluation of the spectrometric and dose characteristics of neutron fields inside the Russian segment of the ISS by fission detectors

The results of measuring the dose and the energy spectrum of neutrons inside the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) from March 21 until November 10, 2002 are presented. Statistically reliable results of measurement are obtained by using thorium- and uranium-based fission detectors with cadmium and boron filters. The kits of the detectors with filters have been arranged in three compartments within assembled passive detectors in the BRADOS space experiment. The ambient dose rate H* = 139 μSv day and an energy spectrum of neutrons in the range of 10^–2–10⁴ MeV is obtained as average for the ISS compartments and is compared with the measurements carried out inside the compartments of the MIR space station. Recommendations on how to improve the procedure for using the fission detectors to measure the characteristics of neutron fields inside the compartments of space stations are formulated.     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

低地球轨道航天器涂层防护技术研究进展

低地球轨道(LEO)环境极为复杂,紫外辐照、原子氧辐照、高能粒子辐照等因素并存,对航天器用有机材料提出苛刻要求。为满足长寿命安全飞行,必须对航天器特别是其上采用的有机材料进行防护。文章简述了LEO环境中各因素对航天器的影响,总结了航天器防护技术特别是涂层防护方案的研究进展,并指出了未来发展方向。     

X-ray, γ-ray and neutron detector development for future space instrumentation

An overview of the material developments currently being pursued by the European Space Agency (ESA) with respect to X-ray, γ-ray and neutron detection media is given. The benefits underlying the selection of specific materials are discussed. In the X-ray regime the basic microphysics behind degraded spectral performance caused by the polarization effect and Te inclusions, have been investigated. We have found that both effects degrade the spectra by producing a localised distortion of the electric field. The underlying cause for the distortion does however differ. For the γ-ray regime, a low-noise equivalent scintillator to LaBr₃ has been developed in the form of CeBr₃. Three inch crystals with a FWHM energy resolution of 4.4% at 662 keV have successfully been produced. For neutron detection, a boron compound based solid state neutron detector has been developed that is sensitive to neutrons, alpha particles and 60 keV X-rays. The measured detection efficiency in detection for thermal neutrons was found to be in the order of a few per cent.     

多模式柔索驱动航天员训练机器人力控制

为解决长期在失重环境下生活和工作的航天员的康复训练问题,针对现有的航天员训练设备功能单一、训练效果不理想的现状,研制了多模式柔索驱动航天员训练机器人。基于模块化、可重构的机器人构型,通过机器人模拟重力环境的负载特征,把相应的载荷施加到人体上,实现航天员在失重环境下进行跑步、卧推和负重深蹲等体育训练,帮助航天员减轻或者克服空间适应综合征带来的不利影响;在此基础上提出一种机器人双闭环力控制策略,人机跑步训练实验结果表明,本文研制的多模式航天员训练机器人构型合理,控制策略有效,可以辅助在失重环境下生活和工作的航天员开展体育训练。     

发展小型空间环境模拟设备是未来的一种趋势

大型空间环境模拟设备已成系列化,完全能满足大型航天器发展的需要。航天器小型化将是一种发展趋势,空间环境模拟设备必须适应这种发展要求。小型空间环境模拟设备除了能保证微小型航天器的试验需要外,在开展空间环境影响机理的研究、预先研究和降低试验成本上有其优势。     

空间紫外辐射环境及效应研究

空间紫外辐照度虽然很低（只有约118.1 W/m2）,但是由于单个紫外光子的能量很高,可以使大多数材料分子的化学键断裂,所以紫外辐射会对航天器外露材料的性能产生严重影响。紫外辐射可以导致航天器的热控涂层光学性质改变,使有机聚合物材料发生降解,光学、力学性能降低。文章介绍了空间紫外辐射环境的模型,列举了对航天器常用的有机粘合剂、柔性材料、有机薄膜等的紫外辐射效应,并对空间紫外辐射效应的深入研究提出建议。