在高燃速推进剂中粗颗粒铝粉的作用

本文用50μm铝粉作复合固体推进剂金属燃料,与大量超细氧化剂(AP)组成合理级配,改善了药浆流变特性,有利于提高燃速。50μm铝粉的推进剂药条的燃速及φ118发动机推进剂的燃速比相应的填加30μm铝粉的高2～3mm/s。讨论了50μm铝粉对推进剂工艺和燃速所起的作用。     

RP-1煤油凝胶的制备与性能表征

为了研究凝胶燃料的流变机理和配方设计的基础理论,根据凝胶特殊的固-液形态,寻找凝胶化航空煤油RP-1需要的无机和有机凝胶剂,对其成胶机理、流变表征和稳定性进行研究,通过Brookfield流变仪测量流变参数,并构建出无机和有机煤油凝胶的HBE本构方程。结果表明:采用高速剪切分散比三辊研磨分散制备的无机煤油凝胶质量好;加入无水乙醇有利于凝胶剂A对煤油的凝胶化;无机煤油凝胶的物理稳定性受凝胶剂含量影响显著,实际应用选择6%和7%无机凝胶;所制备的煤油凝胶比典型的剪切变稀流体(0n1)的稀化能力更强;无机和有机煤油凝胶的复凝性很弱且不受凝胶剂含量的影响。     

含铝HTPB固液混合推进燃料燃烧性能研究

为了研究铝粒子对HTPB固液混合推进燃料退移速率的影响,采用透明燃烧室实验系统,开展了含不同粒径(平均粒径分别为100nm,500nm和50μm)、不同质量分数(5wt%,10wt%和15wt%)的铝粒子HTPB燃料退移速率测试和分析,获取了燃烧室压力为1MPa下的含铝HTPB燃料的瞬时退移速率随氧气质量密流变化的曲线。研究结果表明,随着氧气质量密流的增加,含铝HTPB燃料的退移速率增加;当氧气质量密流为250~375 kg/(m2·s)和铝粒子含量为5wt%时,平均粒径为500nm比平均粒径为100nm和50μm的含铝HTPB燃料退移速率高;当铝粒子平均粒径为500nm时,含铝HTPB燃料的退移速率随着铝粒子含量的增加而增加。     

幂律型凝胶推进剂管路中的流动特性

为研究幂律型凝胶推进剂在管路中的流动特性,对直径4~14 mm,长度0.5~2.0 m的一组直圆管和直径6 mm,弯角20°~90,°弯曲半径比1~5的一组弯管,在1~30 m/s的流速下,用3种模拟液进行了实验和仿真。对收缩角10°~50°,收缩比3~1.5的收缩和扩张管,在流速1~30m/s的范围内,用模拟液进行了仿真。结果表明,其它条件相同时,管长、弯角、流速和收缩比增加,流动损失增加;凝胶推进剂在管路中呈"柱塞"形流动,其特性取决于流速、流变指数和稠度系数;管壁附近的剪切速率最大,表观粘度最小;弯管内侧剪切速率小于外侧剪切速率;收缩型截面中,剪切速率逐步增大,粘度逐步降低;突缩和突扩截面存在低速回流区。     

复合推进剂中铝粉粒度对分布燃烧响应和粒子阻尼特性影响

针对不同初始铝粉粒度的含铝复合推进剂,对其燃烧产物粒子阻尼特性和铝粒子分布燃烧响应特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:粒子阻尼的大小取决于流场中的凝相燃烧产物粒径分布和振荡频率,与推进剂中铝粉初始粒度基本无关;粒子阻尼预估方面,采用单一粒径预估的阻尼值与实际测量的阻尼值相比,仍存在一定的误差(10%),需要进一步改进;分布燃烧响应方面,在同一振荡频率范围内,分布燃烧响应特性与复合推进剂中初始铝粉粒度有关,即初始铝粉粒度越大,在燃烧过程中产生的分布燃烧增益越大,这对于发动机燃烧的稳定性是十分不利的。     

基于锥形喷注器的凝胶推进剂流变特性数值研究

为探讨锥形喷注器内凝胶推进剂的流变特性,开发了基于同步重叠相加(SOLA)交错网格算法的非牛顿不可压流体求解器,粘性本构方程采用剪切稀化幂率模型,并采用Sicilian-Hirt部分网格法处理固壁边界,开展了凝胶推进剂流变特性历变过程的数值模拟。结果表明:构造的数值模型和处理方法是适用的,数值解与理论值有较高的吻合度,误差仅在10%以内;锥形喷注器可有效加剧凝胶推进剂的剪切"稀化"作用,平均表观粘性可降低近70%;细圆管段的存在会不利于"稀化";随着收敛角度的增大,喷注器出口截面的平均表观粘度会随之降低,50°时出口平均表观粘性仅为10°时的50%,但也会增加喷注器中的压力损失。     

含有纳米铝颗粒的高密度悬浮燃料研究

铝颗粒是一种高密度高能量的燃料添加剂,研究了一条通过表面改性使纳米铝颗粒分散在液体碳氢燃料中,进而制备高密度悬浮燃料的路线。采用三正辛基氧膦对铝颗粒进行表面改性,表征了改性颗粒的结构和在燃料中的分散稳定性,测试了悬浮燃料的密度、能量和粘度。结果表明,表面改性能够阻止铝颗粒的团聚和沉降,使其较长时间内稳定分散在高密度燃料HD-03中;含有铝颗粒的悬浮燃料的密度和体积热值显著提高,保持液体状态和良好流动性。其中,含有10wt%和30wt%铝颗粒时的燃料密度分别为1.06g/m L,1.14g/m L,体积能量分别为44.3MJ/L,45.4MJ/L,动力粘度分别为80m Pa·s,2000m Pa·s。     

硼笼化合物对含铝液固高能燃料点火及燃烧性能的影响

为了探究硼笼化合物对液固凝胶型高能燃料的点火及燃烧性能的影响,采用高密度碳氢燃料MCRI-1、辅助分散剂胶凝剂和纳米铝粉为原料,制备了系列含铝液固凝胶型高能燃料(简称含铝高能燃料),并考察了含铝高能燃料的组成对其分散稳定性(即凝胶成型效果)的影响。在此基础上,考察了三种硼笼化合物对含铝高能燃料的密度、热值、点火及燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,提高胶凝剂含量或固液质量比(Al/MCRI-1)均可提高含铝高能燃料的分散稳定性。含铝高能燃料的密度和体积热值随着硼笼化合物的添加略有降低,但其质量热值在添加硼笼T和硼笼A后分别增加了11.6%和12.4%。硼笼化合物可将含铝高能燃料的燃温峰值提高21.1%～52.9%,点火延迟缩短44.5%～65.2%。硼笼化合物明显改善了含铝高能燃料的点火及燃烧性能。整体上,硼笼A添加效果最佳,且热解及燃烧可产生较多的气体,一定程度上增强了含铝高能燃料的膨胀做工能力。     

镁粉对铝/冰燃料燃烧特性的影响

为改善铝/冰燃料的点火燃烧性能,通过添加不同比例的镁粉制备成铝/冰基燃料,研究其对铝/冰燃料燃烧特性的影响。实验通过接触法测得铝/冰基燃料燃烧温度并采用高速摄影系统观测其燃烧现象。研究结果表明,铝/冰燃料中添加镁粉后在100~200℃即出现较为明显的氧化放热反应,镁粉可以明显降低铝/冰基燃料的起始反应温度,加快反应速率。在稳定燃烧阶段,随着镁粉添加量的增加,铝/冰基燃料燃烧剧烈程度降低。通过对燃烧产物的分析发现,添加镁粉后的燃烧产物形貌与未添加镁粉的产物形貌存在明显差别,且未完全反应的铝粉含量较多,燃烧相对不充分。     

环境条件对铝粉颗粒燃烧产物凝聚的影响

采用金属颗粒蒸汽相扩散燃烧模型和燃烧产物多相成核理论,对铝粉燃烧所形成的Al₂O₃平均粒径进行了计算研究。根据计算结果,就环境因素对铝粉燃烧区域中的温度、燃烧产物的过饱和度及其凝聚成核速率的影响规律进行了分析讨论。结果表明:环境压强增加,铝粉燃烧温度和液滴表面温度提高,铝粉燃烧产物平均粒径降低;环境压强对参数分布特性的影响比环境温度的影响更为显着。      

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.