高负荷压气机叶栅分离结构及其等离子体流动控制

 为揭示高负荷压气机叶栅内部流动损失的产生机理和分布规律以及等离子体气动激励的作用机制,利用拓扑分析和数值计算方法,从计算模型的建立与验证、基准流场的分离结构和等离子体流动控制3个方面展开研究;对总压损失系数分布、拓扑结构和表面流谱与空间流线分布以及旋涡结构进行分析,并开展了激励方式的优化分析.结果表明:随着攻角的增大,固壁面拓扑结构增加了3对奇点,吸力面流向激励改变了固壁面拓扑结构.当攻角为2°时,在吸力面拓扑结构中产生了一对奇点,打断了角区分离线,并引入了一条回流再附线.叶栅流道内部有5个主要涡系,尾缘径向对涡促进流体的展向流动,并成为吸力面倒流的主要组成部分;角涡是一个独立的涡系,其强度和尺度不受等离子体气动激励的影响.吸力面流向激励可以改善叶中流场,但对角区流动作用很小;端壁横向激励可以降低角区流动损失,对叶中流场作用有限;吸力面流向与端壁横向组合激励在整个叶高范围内均可以显著抑制流动分离;端壁横向流动对角区流动分离结构的影响大于吸力面附面层的分离.吸力面流向激励的优化明显降低,而端壁横向激励和组合激励的优化保持并增强了等离子体流动的控制效果.     

叶栅等离子体流动控制布局优化和影响规律

为提高流动控制能力,基于高负荷压气机叶栅的流场特性和等离子体气动激励特性,对等离子体流动控制的激励布局进行优化,通过选取典型激励布局,实验揭示了不同因素对等离子体气动激励抑制叶栅流动分离的影响.结果表明:吸力面激励布局中,靠近前缘流向激励的作用效果强于展向激励和尾缘激励,沿流向分布多组电极的激励效果最佳;端壁激励布局中,横向激励的作用效果明显强于流向激励;组合激励布局中,基于端壁横向激励和吸力面流向激励的组合布局的激励效果最佳.等离子体气动激励的作用效果随着激励电压的增大而增强,随着攻角的增大其作用效果先增强后变弱;变定常激励为非定常激励,通过耦合流动的不稳定性,可以提高等离子体气动激励流动控制效果.      

等离子体激励位置对抑制压气机角区分离效果的影响

为了揭示等离子体气动激励对角区分离的作用效果,应用FLUENT软件数值模拟了等离子体激励器对压气机叶栅角区分离的影响.采用等离子体激励器的简化唯象模型,在压气机叶片吸力面和端壁不同位置沿流向施加激励,对总压损失系数、极限流线、不同截面流动情况进行了比较分析.结果表明:吸力面激励对角区分离改善有限,角区未失速时,近分离点前是激励最佳位置,角区失速后,激励位置越靠前效果越好;端壁流向激励能明显减小角区分离损失,分离点至叶片前缘任何位置施加激励效果一样;组合激励同时减小吸力面边界层和端壁边界层损失,使角区分离消失且不受攻角变化影响.     

端壁等离子体气动激励抑制高负荷压气机叶栅角区流动分离实验

为揭示端壁等离子体气动激励抑制高负荷压气机叶栅角区流动分离的影响规律和流场特征,在不同流场参数和激励条件下分别开展了微秒脉冲和纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制叶栅流动分离的实验研究.结果表明:端壁等离子体气动激励可以有效抑制叶栅角区的流动分离,其作用效果在攻角为3°时最佳,随攻角的增大逐渐下降;微秒脉冲激励的流动控制效果随来流速度的增大而降低,随激励电压和占空比的增大而提高,最佳非定常脉冲频率为500Hz;在较高来流速度下,微秒脉冲激励的作用效果十分微弱,但纳秒脉冲激励能够有效抑制角区流动分离;纳秒脉冲激励的流动控制效果随激励电压增大而提高,激励频率对控制效果至关重要,作用效果随激励频率的增大而不断增强,但当激励频率为5kHz时,作用效果有所下降.      

端壁组合射流对高速扩压叶栅损失特性的影响

提出了一种端壁组合射流技术以控制进口马赫数0.67的高速扩压叶栅端区流动。通过前缘射流旋涡可以增强端壁附面层与主流间的流体交换,阻碍横向二次流动,减小角区低能流体堆积;而采用角区射流注入能量能够进一步减弱吸力面侧流动分离。以上组合控制方法可较单独采用前缘或角区射流更有效减小栅内损失,提高其气动性能。当角区射流位于近吸力面侧的分离起始位置附近时,其改善栅内流动的效果最佳;远离吸力面的端壁射流则可抑制端区低能流体横向迁移及其与分离区流体间的相互作用,但其减小损失的效果弱于近吸力面侧的射流。随着射流总压比的增加,组合射流减小损失的效果先增加后减小;过大的总压比会加剧射流与来流间的掺混损失,使得叶栅气动性能恶化。当射流总压比为1.2时,损失减小最大可达12.6%,而射流流量仅相当于叶栅进口流量的0.64%。     

涡流发生器对高负荷扩压叶栅性能影响的机理分析

为探明涡流发生器流动控制技术对高负荷扩压叶栅性能影响及作用机理,根据高负荷扩压叶栅的流动特点,提出了在叶栅入口端壁处加涡流发生器的流动控制方案,通过计算研究了采用涡流发生器前后叶栅气动性能、附面层及主要旋涡结构的变化。研究结果表明:采用涡流发生器后,叶栅正攻角下的气动性能显著提升,总压损失减小,静压升增大,稳定工作最大正攻角从3°增加至5°,其中在3°攻角下总压损失系数下降0.028,静压系数提升0.033;涡流发生器生成的尾涡阻挡端壁附面层由压力面向吸力面的横向迁移,使吸力面/端壁区域聚集的低能流体减少,改善了角区流动;采用涡流发生器后,通道涡、集中脱落涡和壁角涡减弱,角区分离得到抑制。     

端壁合成射流对高负荷扩压叶栅损失特性的影响

利用端壁合成射流技术对高负荷扩压叶栅内的流动分离控制展开数值研究,探讨其改善损失的作用机理及影响因素。研究结果表明,端壁合成射流可以显著提升叶栅气动性能,使总压损失最大降低21.63%,静压升提高5.60%。射流形成的流向射流旋涡通过上洗/下洗作用促进了端壁附面层与主流高速流体间的动量交换,阻碍了通道涡向叶展中部的迁移、削弱其展向影响范围,并通过流向动量注入效应增大了激励缝下游流体的能量,从而推迟流动分离、降低叶栅损失。激励位置和射流角度是影响端壁合成射流作用效果的重要参数,当激励位于角区分离线上游附近且射流角度较小时,流动控制效果最佳。此外,提高射流动量也有助于增强其控制流动分离的能力。     

具有不同翼刀的压气机叶栅二次流结构分析

给出了具有端壁翼刀、吸力面翼刀和组合翼刀的可控扩散叶型(CDA)压气机叶栅的二次流结构简图.端壁翼刀和吸力面翼刀分别通过阻断端壁横向流动和展向流动来对栅内二次流进行控制,不同程度上可使叶栅总损失得到降低;组合翼刀叶栅兼顾了端壁翼刀、吸力面翼刀叶栅中二次流的特点;最佳组合翼刀并不是最佳端壁翼刀和最佳吸力面翼刀的简单组合,它需要一个更详细的优化过程.不同翼刀在不同程度上改善栅内流动状况的同时,也伴随着端壁翼刀涡、吸力面翼刀涡和类通道涡的形成和发展,这使栅内旋涡结构较常规叶栅更为复杂.      

基于端壁涡流发生器的压气机叶栅角区分离控制研究

为研究被动式涡流发生器抑制压气机叶栅横向二次流以控制角区分离的作用,设计了在叶栅内部端壁处加装涡流发生器的控制方案,采用数值模拟的方法,详细分析了叶栅流场特性。结果表明:涡流发生器可以有效地抑制叶栅内部横向二次流,改善角区流动,在最佳控制方案中,总压损失系数下降8.1%;放置于叶栅内部的涡流发生器能阻挡气流的横向流动,其尾部产生的流向涡与横向迁移的端壁附面层相互作用,抑制了通道涡向吸力面的发展,并将主流高能流体卷入角区,增加角区流体动量;涡流发生器的长度和高度都会影响流向涡的强度,流向涡的涡核高度与涡流发生器高度一致,最终的控制效果由涡流发生器的长度和高度共同决定,只有当它们被合理选择,控制方案才能获得最佳控制效果。     

高速压气机叶栅纳秒脉冲等离子体流动控制仿真研究

为研究纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励在高亚声速来流条件下抑制压气机叶栅流动的分离机制,建立了基于唯象学的模拟纳秒脉冲介质阻挡等离子体气动激励特性的热源模型,在微秒量级时间尺度上分析研究了纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励对叶栅通道流动结构的影响机制,并初步探究了纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励的流动控制规律。研究结果表明:基于唯象学的热源模型能够较好地模拟纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励诱导产生冲击波的气动特性;纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励诱导产生的冲击波在高亚声速来流条件下能够对叶栅通道流动结构产生较大影响,其影响规律与激励特征和流场特性有关;高亚声速来流条件下,在叶栅通道中施加纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励能够降低通道出口总压损失,改变流场结构。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.