双麦克斯韦分布下极区中层尘埃粒子带电研究

在大功率微波照射下,极区中层夏季回波（PMSE）会立刻消失,该现象被称为极区中层加热现象.在大功率微波照射极区中层时,电子在微波电场加速下产生的定向运动速度与热运动速度可以比拟,极区中层的尘埃等离子体服从双麦克斯韦分布.基于双麦克斯韦分布下尘埃粒子充电理论给出极区中层尘埃粒子的电荷分布,比较了大功率微波对极区中层加热前和加热时,尘埃粒子电荷以及极区中层电子浓度的变化.结果表明,采用大功率微波装置加热极区中层会影响电子对尘埃粒子的充电进而导致电子浓度变化,这对解释极区中层加热现象具有重要意义.      

极区中层夏季回波与频率关系的初步分析

研究不同频率的雷达体在不同时间和地点测量的极区中层夏季回波(Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes,PMSE)体反射率,发现雷达体反射率与工作频率的4次方成反比,即产生PMSE回波的散射体的雷达散射截面与频率的4次方成反比,这种频率依赖关系不同于传统湍流理论.最后提出了PMSE实验和理论研究的新方法.      

武汉上空中层顶大气重力波活动的钠层荧光激光雷达观测研究

从中国科学院武汉物理与数学研究所钠荧光激光雷达自1999年至今的观测数据中选取了分布于全年26天的数据进行重力波活动的分析研究.统计结果表明,武汉中层顶区的重力波活动非常频繁:26天总观测时间累计约为185.5 h,总共观测到124个重力波活动,平均发生频度为每小时0.7个波,且波的出现频度与地方时有一定关系.这些波的垂直波长主要分布在3-7km,垂直相速主要位于0.1-0.5 m/s.与国外报道的结果相比较,波长数值与分布较为一致,但相速明显较低.武汉中层顶区重力波活动的另一特点是多波过程很频繁,多、单波过程的出现比例约为3:2.利用钠层相对密度扰动时空图方法,给出了武汉中层顶区重力波传播和破碎现象的典型结果.还利用单色波模型对部分钠层数据进行了单色波相关参数的提取.      

极区中层顶区域重力波谱的季节变化

使用MAP/WINE和MAC/SINE两次试验中测量的25m高分辨率水平速度数据和1km低分辨率温度数据,研究极区中层顶区域重力波谱的季节变化.温度的直接测量使计算的谱振幅和Richardson数更接近真实大气.结果显示,极区中层顶区域水平速度垂直波数谱的斜率和振幅存在相当大的变率,这些大的观测变率用各种饱和模式及普适垂直波数谱不能解释.然而平均垂直波数谱显示了明显的季节变化,在夏季,平均谱具有饱和特性;在冬季,平均谱具有非饱和特性.这意味着饱和过程存在于夏季而不是冬季.因此,夏季比冬季应有更强的湍流.这个结果与湍流季节变化的观测大致一致.从Brunt-Vaisala频率N和水平风切变计算的Richardson数Ri剖面也显示出季节差异,Ri<1/4的动力不稳定区出现在夏季,而Ri>0.4的稳定区出现在冬季.这些不稳定区与夏季谱结合很好,而稳定区则与冬季谱结合很好.     

中层顶区钠层化学反应寿命的初步研究

利用本征值和本征矢量的分析方法，对钠层的光化学反应的寿命进行了研究，结果表明，利用该方法计算出的钠原子的化学寿命与传统理论有所不同．从而证明了在中层顶区，钠层的中上部的扰动主要受大气动力学过程的影响，钠层底部主要由光化学控制．这为利用钠层作为示踪剂研究中层顶大气动力学的理论提供了理论依据．     

大气中层顶区域波相互作用的一个观测个例

利用SOUSY VHF雷达的观测数据分析了极区中层顶83.4-91.2km范围内大气风场波动的非线性相互作用。大气风场的谱在不同高度上均有明显的潮汐分量峰值，纬向风分量中35h波、半日潮和8.9h惯必重力波构成共振相互作用对，经向风分量中33h波、半日潮和19h惯性重力波构成共振相互作用对。双谱分析表明，这些共振对在许多高度上都发生耦合，35h或33h波振幅的极小值与半日潮的极大值出现的高度几乎相同，呈现出明显的非线性相互作用在空间上不是局域的，而是存在于中层顶区域的几乎所有高度上，这种相互作用不仅导致半日潮振幅随时间的变化，也使半日潮的振幅随空间变化。35h和33h波动可能是在其他时段或其他位置通过行星波与周日潮相互作用产生的，然后传播到观测点并与半日潮发生相互作用。     

极区中层惯性重力波VFH雷达观测的统计特征

本文采用ＳＯＵＳＹ ＶＨＦ雷达１９８７年６月２２日至６月２９日在挪威ＡｎｄΦｙａ（６９°Ｎ，１０°Ｅ）的观测数据，研究中层惯性重力波传播的统计特征，２１个周期为数小时的准单色波例子，在垂直方向上有确定的相位移动，表明它们是惯性内重力波，通过分析波相关水平扰动速度的矢端曲线，获得了水平传播矢量的大小和方向的分布，大多数（７６％）波具有西向传播的波矢分量，似乎与中层顶具有强的西向背景风有关；水平传播速     

青岛上空中层大气密度和温度的激光雷达探测

介绍了中国电波传播研究所瑞利散射激光雷达系统的结构和性能, 阐述了激光雷达探测中层大气密度和温度的工作原理, 给出了青岛地区中层大气密度和温度的初步探测结果. 通过与卫星、探空气球和大气模式数据的结果对比, 验证了激光雷达探测大气温度的可靠性. 基于2008-2009两年的观测, 获得了青岛地区上空中层大气温度的季节变化和平均分布. 激光雷达观测结果表明, 青岛地区平流层温度比CIRA86模式结果高, 且二者偏差呈夏秋季小、冬春季大的特点, 中间层温度则正好相反.      

夜侧极区电离层对流对行星际激波的响应

利用超级双子极光雷达网（Super Dual Aurora Radar Network,SuperDARN）高频雷达、北半球IMAGE地磁台链以及南极中山站的极光观测数据,研究电离层对流对2012年7月14日一个行星际激波扰动事件的响应.在18:10UT行星际激波到达地球并与磁层相互作用触发地磁急始和磁层亚暴,SuperDARN雷达观测到北半球夜侧极区电离层对流显著增强,观测视野覆盖黄河站的Hankasalmi雷达观测到从激波到达地球至18:33UT,电离层F层出现剧烈扰动,雷达回波数明显增多,并出现局部对流速度反转现象.18:33UT之后,观测到F层出现三块速度高达600m·s-1的逆阳运动不规则体.而与Hankasalmi雷达地磁共轭的南半球Kerguelen雷达探测到的回波主要来自E层,回波数量几乎无变化,但是Kerguelen雷达观测视野内的中山站全天空光学成像仪观测到极光活动显著增强.南北半球夜侧电离层观测结果的差异,主要是由于它们分别处于极夜和极昼.      

极区中层惯性重力波VHF雷达观测的统计特征

本文采用ＳＯＵＳＹＶＨＦ雷达１９８７年６月２２日至６月２９日在挪威Ａｎｄφｙａ（６９°Ｎ，１０°Ｅ）的观测数据，研究中层惯性重力波传播的统计特征．２１个周期为数小时的准单色波例子，在垂直方向上有确定的相位移动，表明它们是惯性内重力波．通过分析波相关水平扰动速度的矢端曲线，获得了水平传播矢量的大小和方向的分布，大多数（７６％）波具有西向传播的波矢分量，似乎与中层顶具有强的西向背景风有关；水平传播速度的大小与中层高度上典型的观测值一致．本文分析结果还表明在极区中不仅存在向上的能量传输，也存在强烈的向下的能量传输．     

Reduced meteoric smoke particle density at the summer pole – Implications for mesospheric ice particle nucleation

Noctilucent clouds (NLC) and polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) are phenomena that occur in the summertime polar regions due to the presence of ice particles around the mesopause. That ice particles are able to form in a region with such low water vapour concentration as the mesopause is noteworthy. Even though the summer mesopause is the coldest region on Earth, temperatures are generally not low enough for homogeneous nucleation to occur, which necessitates the presence of pre-existing condensation nuclei. The nature of these nuclei has long puzzled the scientific community and many candidates have been suggested, such as particles of meteoric origin, ion clusters, sodium bi-carbonate, sulfate aerosols and soot particles. Out of these the so-called “smoke particles”, i.e. particles re-condensed from ablated meteoritic material, have long been considered the most likely. Generally, it has been believed that these particles exist in numbers of the order of thousands per cubic centimetre at the mesopause. This belief is based on 1-dimensional studies of meteoric material. A recent 2-dimensional model study, which includes the atmospheric circulation from summer to winter pole however, suggests much lower number densities at the summer mesopause. We here investigate the implications of low number densities for the formation of ice particles. We find that even though resulting ice particle distribution may produce typical NLC brightness, the number density of ice particles is not consistent with what is expected for NLC and PMSE. In particular, it is much lower than the ice particle concentration (>1000 cm⁻³) typically expected to explain the “electron bite-outs” that are frequently observed in the vicinity of PMSE’s. We therefore re-examine the assumptions and parameters that determine the smoke distribution. We show that even though the number of condensation nuclei at the polar summer mesopause can be increased within the uncertainties, the results in most scenarios remain insufficient. We show that charged particles, perhaps in combination with significant deviations from the mean mesospheric state, may be necessary for condensation of ice particles in the polar summer mesosphere. Hence, we raise the question whether the conventional ideas of nucleation on meteoric smoke, which are used in current mesospheric ice models, are correct.     

The importance of charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere in connection with Noctilucent Clouds and Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes

A number of campaigns have been conducted in order to study Polar Mesosphere Summer Echos (PMSE) and Noctilucent Clouds (NLC) in the period 1991–1994. Several sounding rockets have been launched through these layers with measurements being performed on upleg as well as downleg. These include measurements of positive ions and electrons in both ram and wake positions, as well as measurements of charged aerosols in ram on upleg. In this paper we will review these measurements and make a preliminary classification of the data based upon the presence of PMSE and/or NLC. One of the mechanisms responsible for PMSE is the presence of neutral air turbulence in combination with a high Schmidt number. We will briefly discuss this type of echo using in situ rocket data. Differences and similarities of PMSE and NLC as observed both in the Arctic and the Antarctic will be discussed. Observations show that especially PMSE are much more frequent in the Arctic. This may be due to a difference in the water vapour content or the temperature at mesopause heights. Lack of data in the Antarctic makes it difficult to decide which of these two factors are the most important. More measurements, especially co-ordinated in situ and ground-based lidar and radar measurements, are needed to discuss the Arctic and Antarctic similarities and differences in further detail.     

The DROPPS program to study the polar summer mesosphere

DROPPS (The Distribution and Role of Particles in the Polar Summer Mesosphere) was a highly coordinated international study conducted in July 1999. It involved two sequences of rockets launched from the Norwegian rocket range in Andøya, Norway. These studies were designed to investigate the properties of the polar summer mesosphere, particularly relating to polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) and their possible relationship to particles (aerosol and dust layers) and to noctilucent clouds (NLC). Each of the two sequences included a DROPPS NASA-Black Brant payload, consisting of an array of instruments to measure the electrodynamic and optical structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The instruments were provided by participants from several US and European laboratories. The DROPPS payloads were each accompanied by a sequence of several European payloads (MIDAS, Mini-MIDAS, and Mini-DUSTY) designed to study electrodynamic and neutral atmospheric structure of the same region, and by several meteorological rockets to provide wind and temperature data in the critical region of study. ALOMAR Lidars, and MF and MST Radars (all located adjacent to the Andøya launch site) were used to continuously monitor the mesosphere for NLCs and PMSEs, respectively. EISCAT VHF radar (Tromsø, Norway) provided similar information about PMSEs at 130 km NE from Andøya. Sequence 1 was launched during the night of 5–6 July into a strong PMSE display with a weak NLC at the base of the PMSE. Sequence 2 was launched on the early morning of 14 July into a strong NLC, but surprisingly with no PMSE evident. Here we describe the details of the program along with a few preliminary results.     

基于钠激光雷达观测数据的中间层顶大气温度分布特性研究

作为中间层和热层的边界层,中间层顶存在多种能量交换方式,是大气能量耦合的重要区域。本文利用部署于中国科学院廊坊临近空间大气探测站的钠荧光多普勒激光雷达2013年的观测数据,研究了廊坊上空中间层顶区域大气温度的年度和季节分布特性,并分析了影响温度分布的多种因素。年平均温度廓线图显示,中间层顶位于约97.5 km高度处,温度约191.2 K。受放热化学反应的影响,年平均温度廓线91 km高度处出现了一个198 K的相对温度高点。中间层顶区域大气温度的季节分布受太阳辐射和大气动力学因素综合影响,夏季在大气动力学影响下,中间层顶高度较低,位于88 km高度处,温度也较低,约177 K;冬季太阳辐射起主导作用,中间层顶位于99 km高度处,温度为181 K。通过拟合月平均温度分析了中间层顶区域大气温度年变化和半年变化的振幅和相位特征。结果显示,中间层顶区域上部温度分布主要受太阳辐射的影响;在中间层顶区域下部,大气波动主导了温度分布。      

Temperature and altitude of the polar mesopause in summer

A review and summary of 60 in situ experiments is provided which determined the temperature and altitude of the mesopause north of 58°N latitude during the summer months of May through August. These experiments employed 4 experimental techniques; acoustic grenades, rigid and inflatable falling spheres, and Pitot-static tubes. Excellent agreement is found among the results obtained from different techniques. During June and July the average mesopause temperature drops below 130 K, the average mesopause altitude is 88.5 km. The climatological tables of CIRA 1986 indicate, however, a mean mesopause temperature of approximately 140 K at 91 km for corresponding geophysical conditions.     

Investigation of PMSE dependence on high energy particle precipitation during their simultaneous occurrence

This paper is based on the observations of Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) with the EISCAT VHF 224?MHz radar during the summer month 08–12 July 2013. The effect of high energy particle precipitation on PMSE intensity, particularly during their simultaneous occurrence for longer time interval (longer than or equal to 3-h) has been investigated. The correlation between the two phenomena has been computed using the Spearman rank and Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The variations in high energy particle precipitation reaching down to altitude of 91?km and PMSE intensity in the altitude range of 80–90?km are positively correlated. The electron density irregularity due to ionization caused by precipitating particles might be one of the possible reasons for this positive correlation. Moreover, some other background parameters i.e. K-indices (proxy of high energy particle precipitation) and electron fluxes during the simultaneous occurrence of the two phenomena also support one of the possible reasons given for explanation of the observed positive correlation. The X-rays and proton fluxes have no noticeable effect on PMSE echoes in this study.     

Ionospheric electron density over Resolute Bay according to E-CHAIM model and RISR radar measurements

In this study, predictions of the E-CHAIM ionospheric model are compared with measurements by the incoherent scatter radars RISR at Resolute Bay, Canada, in the northern polar cap. Reasonable coverage was available for all seasons except winter for which no conclusions were drawn. It is shown that ratios of the model-to measured electron densities are close to unity in the central part of the F layer, around its peak. This is particularly evident for summer daytime. Distributions of the ratios are wider for other seasons indicating larger number of cases when the model underestimates or overestimates. E-CHAIM underestimates the electron density at ionospheric topside and bottomside by ～ 10–20 %. At the bottomside, the underestimations are strongest in summer and equinoctial nighttime. At the topside, the underestimations are strongest in autumn nighttime. Model overestimations are noticeable in the middle part of the F layer during dawn hours in autumn. Overall, the model tends to not predict highest-observed peak electron densities and the largest-observed heights of the peak.