超长航时太阳能无人机关键技术综述

超长航时太阳能无人机（UAV）以其高效节能、原理上可实现无限巡航的特点受到广泛关注，而其独特的设计指标与任务特性也对各项关键技术提出了较高要求。多设计要素的高度耦合意味着不同于常规飞行器的总体设计方法，低密度、低速度的飞行条件使其具有明显的低雷诺数气动特性，柔性超大展弦比机翼带来了复杂的气动弹性问题，低翼载荷特性与较大的风场扰动增加了控制难度，极端的飞行环境与苛刻的任务指标对能源、动力系统带来了新挑战，飞行性能对能源系统的高度依赖开辟了飞行轨迹优化的研究方向。本文梳理了超长航时太阳能无人机关键技术的研究现状，在此基础上对各项技术中的难点问题进行了阐释，并对超长航时太阳能无人机未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Energy-efficient data collection for UAV-assisted IoT: Joint trajectory and resource optimization

Internet of Things (IoT) can be conveniently deployed while empowering various applications, where the IoT nodes can form clusters to finish certain missions collectively. As energy-efficient operations are critical to prolong the lifetime of the energy-constrained IoT devices, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can be dispatched to geographically approach the IoT clusters towards energy-efficient IoT transmissions. This paper intends to maximize the system energy efficiency by considering both the IoT transmission energy and UAV propulsion energy, where the UAV trajectory and IoT communication resources are jointly optimized. By applying large-system analysis and Dinkelbach method, the original fractional optimization is approximated and reformulated in the form of subtraction, and further a block coordinate descent framework is employed to update the UAV trajectory and IoT communication resources iteratively. Extensive simulation results are provided to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Robust design and analysis of a conformal expansion nozzle with inverse-design idea

This paper examines robust optimization design and analysis of a conformal expansion nozzle of flying wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) with the inverse-design idea.In view of flow features and stealth constraints, the inverse-design idea is described and the uncertainty-based robust design model is presented.A robust design system employs this model to combine deterministic optimization and robust optimization and is applied into design of a conformal expansion nozzle.The results indicate that design optimization can conform to the anticipation of the inversedesign idea and significantly improve the aerodynamic performance that meet the requirement of 6σ.The present method is a feasible nozzle design strategy that integrates robust optimization and inverse-design.     

Battery package design optimization for small electric aircraft

The increasing gross weight of electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) poses a challenge in practical applications. The range and endurance of the electric UAV are limited by the fixed mass of the battery package. In this work, a design optimization method for the battery package topology of small electric UAV is proposed to enhance the performance. To improve the accuracy of the method, the dynamic battery model and simplified electric component models are presented. These models are utilized by the trajectory optimization method, which takes the dynamic characteristic into consideration to calculate the aircraft performance. The direct optimal control method is used for solving the trajectory optimization problem, and this method is tested on a small blended-wing-body electric aircraft. The test result shows that the range and energy-consumption are mainly influenced by the parallel topology of the battery package, while the flight time in climb phase is more sensitive to the series topology. It is deduced that the range- and energy-optimal design points can be considered concurrently in design optimization. The work proves the feasibility of integrating the trajectory optimization and battery package design.     

Conceptual design and optimization of a tilt-rotor micro air vehicle

The conceptual design and optimization of a tilt-rotor Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) for a well-defined mission are performed. The objective of this design cycle is to decrease the design time in order to efficiently create a functional tilt-rotor drone. A flight mission is firstly defined for a tiltrotor MAV performing hovering and cruise flight scenarios. Secondly, a complex wing shape is chosen and modeled in order to determine the final shape. The initial shape is scaled in order to acquire an arbitrary wingspan of one meter. For the specific area and wingspan, the aspect ratio of the designed wing shape is found to be equal to 2.32. Thirdly, a constraint analysis of the MAV is performed by using an energy balance analysis for six different flight scenarios. This analysis yields the required power loading and wing loading. Fourthly, the weight of the vehicle is estimated using both statistical and computational methods. After estimating the total weight and the wing loading of the MAV, the surface of the wing is determined, yielding a final wingspan of 0.76 m. Subsequently, considering the total weight of the designed MAV, the needed lift coefficient is determined.Fifthly, using the lift coefficient in conjunction with XLFR5, a batch of airfoils is selected and analyzed to evaluate the aerodynamic coefficients of the wing with each airfoil. This analysis ultimately leads to the optimum airfoil being selected. Finally, design of the fuselage and tail, internal components selection, and servo-mechanisms design are carried out prior to a stability analysis. All these proposed steps are needed to design efficient and functional tilt-rotor MAVs.     

无人机近距编队飞行建模与仿真

无人机编队飞行有着单架无人机无法比拟的优点,但属于较新的研究领域。从无人机未来发展需求出发,根据近距编队的特点,提出了一种近距编队控制方法,并以双机近距编队为基础对控制律设计和算法实现进行了研究。通过建立僚机旋转参考系下的双机编队相对运动模型,同时考虑长机翼尖涡对僚机产生的气动耦合效应,基于PI控制设计了一种无人机近距编队飞行控制器,通过仿真验证和比较分析,证明僚机可以很好地跟随长机的机动保持编队构型,验证了提出的编队飞行控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

Aircraft robust multidisciplinary design optimization methodology based on fuzzy preference function

This paper presents a Fuzzy Preference Function-based Robust Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (FPF-RMDO) methodology. This method is an effective approach to multidisciplinary systems, which can be used to designer experiences during the design optimization process by fuzzy preference functions. In this study, two optimizations are done for Predator MQ-1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): (A) deterministic optimization and (B) robust optimization. In both problems, minimization of takeoff weight and drag is considered as objective functions, which have been optimized using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA). In the robust design optimization, cruise altitude and velocity are considered as uncertainties that are modeled by the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Aerodynamics, stability and control, mass properties, performance, and center of gravity are used for multidisciplinary analysis. Robust design optimization results show 46% and 42% robustness improvement for takeoff weight and cruise drag relative to optimal design respectively.     

Robustness evaluation method for unmanned aerial vehicle swarms based on complex network theory

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms have been foreseen to play an important role in military applications in the future, wherein they will be frequently subjected to different disturbances and destructions such as attacks and equipment faults. Therefore, a sophisticated robustness evaluation mechanism is of considerable importance for the reliable functioning of the UAV swarms. However, their complex characteristics and irregular dynamic evolution make them extremely challenging and uncertain to evaluate the robustness of such a system. In this paper, a complex network theory-based robustness evaluation method for a UAV swarming system is proposed. This method takes into account the dynamic evolution of UAV swarms, including dynamic reconfiguration and information correlation. The paper analyzes and models the aforementioned dynamic evolution and establishes a comprehensive robustness metric and two evaluation strategies. The robustness evaluation method and algorithms considering dynamic reconfiguration and information correlation are developed. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by conducting a case study analysis. The results can further provide some guidance and reference for the robust design, mission planning and decision-making of UAV swarms.     

大跨时空任务背景下的太阳能无人机任务规划技术研究进展

通过任务规划技术合理的优化太阳能无人机的飞行轨迹和动力学参数,能够有效提高太阳能无人机的能量利用率,使其胜任许多大范围跨时间跨空间飞行任务。从能量建模、续航评估和能量管理策略3个方面对大跨时空任务背景下太阳能无人机任务规划技术的研究进展进行了综述。在能量建模方面,介绍了当前主流的太阳辐射模型和能量生产基本框架;在续航评估方面,分析了目前的指标设计和应用方法;在能量管理策略方面,从能量综合应用、风力滑翔机制、轨迹优化方法和面向特定任务的应用4个角度,梳理了当前的研究现状。最后,对该领域未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。     

Optimization and analysis of winglet configuration for solar aircraft

Installing winglets can notably improve the aerodynamic performance of solar aircraft. This paper proposes a multi-constraints optimization method of winglets for solar aircraft, aiming to enhance the corresponding uninterrupted cruising capability. An optimization objective function is formed and is separately studied in aerodynamic and structural terms. Qualitative analysis shows that the winglet design parameters are restricted by four special constraints (geometry, aerodynamics, energy and stability) of solar aircraft. The optimization process is constructed on the basis of a multi-island genetic algorithm, and carried out for a 15 m wingspan solar aircraft. Although the designed winglet is not as good as the traditional winglet in terms of drag and structural weight, the designed winglet provides a better 24 h cruising capability. The sensitivity between the objective function and the design parameters is investigated, and the winglet effects vary with respect to the wing aspect ratio (AR = 10, 15, 19.6). The effect of the constraints is analysed quantitatively, and some basic laws are obtained. Moreover, the feasible design region and the possible optimal design parameters of winglets for different wing configurations are explored. The calculation results show that when the aspect ratio exceeds a certain value, the winglets will not benefit the aircraft.     

基于PSO算法的无人机地磁匹配航迹规划方法研究

结合地磁匹配的自身特征,设计了无人机地磁匹配航迹规划的总体方案;以PSO算法为解决工具,给出了地磁匹配航迹规划的实现方法,构造了PSO算法进行地磁匹配航迹规划的适应度函数,为下一步的算法实现奠定基础。     

飞翼无人机平面外形气动隐身优化设计

对一种双后掠飞翼布局隐身无人机(UAV)平面外形,基于参数化模型和网格自动划分技术,采用气动无黏/黏性数值求解模型和隐身工程评估方法结合单/多目标优化算法,在给定的变量设计空间中完成了气动隐身综合优化设计研究。通过多目标优化给出了布局气动升阻性能相对隐身性能的最优设计边界,指出了外形气动与隐身设计之间存在的冲突关系,即一方性能提升必会使另一方性能降低,不存在双方同时最优的解,飞翼外形设计时需要在气动与隐身间进行权衡折中。计算表明,在飞翼布局外形优化中应采用精度高的黏性气动计算模型。所建立的气动隐身一体化优化设计方法,为飞翼布局无人机外形精细设计奠定了基础。     

A new non-linear vortex lattice method:Applications to wing aerodynamic optimizations

This paper presents a new non-linear formulation of the classical Vortex Lattice Method (VLM) approach for calculating the aerodynamic properties of lifting surfaces. The method accounts for the effects of viscosity, and due to its low computational cost, it represents a very good tool to perform rapid and accurate wing design and optimization procedures. The mathematical model is constructed by using two-dimensional viscous analyses of the wing span-wise sections, according to strip theory, and then coupling the strip viscous forces with the forces generated by the vortex rings distributed on the wing camber surface, calculated with a fully three-dimensional vortex lifting law. The numerical results obtained with the proposed method are validated with experimental data and show good agreement in predicting both the lift and pitching moment, as well as in predicting the wing drag. The method is applied to modifying the wing of an Unmanned Aerial System to increase its aerodynamic efficiency and to calculate the drag reductions obtained by an upper surface morphing technique for an adaptable regional aircraft wing.     

太阳能无人机能源系统的关键技术与发展趋势

作为探索临近空间领域的新兴飞行器，太阳能无人机（SUAV）在性能、技术及任务航时均呈现出不同于传统飞行器的新特点。其中，太阳能无人机能源系统的比能量、比功率是影响飞机整体性能的核心因素。因此，本文首先对太阳能无人机的太阳电池、储能电池的发展现状进行了阐述，然后针对能量获取多元化、能源系统管理高效化、能源载荷一体化方向对太阳能无人机能源系统的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Design,modeling, and control of morphing aircraft:A review

A morphing aircraft can adapt its configuration to suit different types of tasks, which is also an important requirement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV). The successful development of an unmanned morphing aircraft involves three steps that determine its ability and intelligent: configuration design, dynamic modeling and flight control. This study conducts a comprehensive survey of morphing aircraft. First, the methods to design the configuration of a morphing aircraft are presented and analyzed...     

基于多流路体积力模型的翼身融合布局飞机计算方法

针对翼身融合布局(BWB)飞机分布式系统一体化研究方法存在计算资源耗费巨大的问题,发展基于多流路体积力的飞机分布式系统一体化计算方法。从沿流线的体积力模型出发,将压气机对气流的作用力用沿流线的源项场代替。将单流路的计算模型加以扩展,综合考虑分布式推进系统与BWB的耦合影响,在分布式推进系统的压缩系统所在区域添加体积力源项,建立多流路体积力计算模型。将其应用于某大型BWB飞机进行一体化数值仿真。结果显示:相较于传统的全周定常数值模拟方法,采用多流路的体积力模型能够在保证一定计算精度的条件下提高至少10倍的计算效率。     

翼身融合布局客机总体参数分析与优化

在翼身融合布局客机总体设计阶段,为评估设计方案的总体性能,建立了翼身融合布局客机总体参数综合分析与优化平台,该平台以翼身融合布局客机的几何参数为输入,完成动力、几何、重量、气动、性能和经济性等模块分析,并以此为基础建立优化设计模型。为快速评估设计方案的性能及优化设计效果,动力分析模块采用了部件级分析模型,重量分析模块采用半经验估算方法,气动分析模块采用面元法结合工程估算方法,性能分析模块采用简化运动学方法,优化模型采用可并行计算的子集模拟优化算法。以某555座级翼身融合布局客机方案为例,应用开发的分析与优化平台,完成了总体参数分析,结果表明分析模型合理。在此方案的基础上,以客机的外形参数和发动机海平面最大推力为设计变量,分别建立了以最大起飞重量最小为目标的单目标优化,以及同时以直接使用成本和进场速度最小为目标的多目标优化,单目标优化结果最大起飞重量降低了约7.17%,多目标优化结果表明直接使用成本降低8.77%的同时进场速度会增加3.32%。     

翼身融合无人机外形优化设计研究

翼身融合布局无人机具有较好的升阻特性和隐身特性,拥有广泛的应用前景。为了提高无人机的续航能力,兼顾翼身融合无人机的气动特性和结构重量要求,选择无人机升阻比与全机面积作为优化目标,应用多目标优化方法研究翼身融合无人机的外形设计,提出一种针对翼身融合无人机的外形参数化优化设计方法,并进行实例验证。结果表明:外形优化可以提高无人机升阻比、减轻结构重量,从而获得合理的翼身融合无人机设计方案。     

基于导向强化Q学习的无人机路径规划

随着无人机的广泛应用,其飞行能耗和计算能力面临着瓶颈问题,因此无人机路径规划研究越来越重要。很多情况下,无人机并不能提前获得目标点的确切位置和环境信息,往往无法规划出一条有效的飞行路径。针对这一问题,提出了基于导向强化Q学习的无人机路径规划方法,该方法利用接收信号强度定义回报值,并通过Q学习算法不断优化路径;提出"导向强化"的原则,加快了学习算法的收敛速度。仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现无人机的自主导航和快速路径规划,与传统算法相比,大大减少了迭代次数,能够获得更短的规划路径。     

螺旋桨/机翼耦合下的目标螺旋桨滑流设计

针对分布式电推进(DEP)构型等具有多螺旋桨特征的飞行器,发展了通过优化螺旋桨滑流来达到提高机翼升阻比的方法。提出了一种可以获得目标诱导速度分布的螺旋桨设计方法,基于面元法发展了一套可以快速计算螺旋桨机翼干扰的气动程序Prop-wing,基于Kriging代理模型建立了一套高效的优化方法获得最优的螺旋桨诱导速度分布提高机翼升阻比。优化结果显示当拉力保持相同时,螺旋桨桨毂附近的轴向诱导速度越大,下游机翼的升阻比越大。在不对螺旋桨功率进行限制时,优化后的螺旋桨使得下游的翼段阻力相比较安装最小能量损失设计的螺旋桨的翼段减少了1875%,而翼段升阻比提升达到了2563%,当优化螺旋桨功率被限制后,翼段升阻比提升为962%。虽然升阻比的提升需要付出螺旋桨效率下降的代价,但是研究还是给分布式动力滑流的利用提供了一种思路。