三维多段机翼地面效应数值模拟

 通过数值模拟方法研究多段机翼的地面效应,采用有限体积法求解质量加权平均Navier-Stokes方程,湍流模型选用Spalart-Allmaras模型,利用运动壁面边界模拟地面的相对运动。计算结果分析表明:随着飞行高度的降低,多段机翼的升力、阻力和低头力矩均减小;迎角、展弦比越大,地面效应越明显,升力损失越大;升力的减小主要是由于地面效应导致机翼下方静压增大的气流通过缝隙进入机翼上表面流场,使得机翼下翼面压力的增加量小于上翼面吸力的减小量;地面效应使机翼上翼面翼尖容易发生分离;翼尖涡沿着展向方向向外移动,机翼诱导阻力减小。该文研究结果可以为大型飞机的增升装置地面效应设计提供参考依据。     

Effect of an end plate on surface pressure distributions of two swept wings

A series of wind tunnel tests was conducted to examine how an end plate affects the pressure distributions of two wings with leading edge(LE) sweep angles of 23° and 40°. All the experiments were carried out at a midchord Reynolds number of 8×10~5, covering an angle of attack(AOA) range from -2° to 14°. Static pressure distribution measurements were acquired over the upper surfaces of the wings along three chordwise rows and one spanwise direction at the wing quarter-chord line. The results of the tests confirm that at a particular AOA, increasing the sweep angle causes a noticeable decrease in the upper-surface suction pressure. Furthermore, as the sweep angle increases, the development of a laminar separation bubble near the LEs of the wings takes place at higher AOAs. On the other hand, spanwise pressure measurements show that increasing the wing sweep angle results in forming a stronger vortex on the quarter-chord line which has lower sensitivity to AOA variation and remains substantially attached to the wing surface for higher AOAs than that can be achieved in the case of a lower sweep angle. In addition, data obtained indicate that installing an end plate further reinforces the spanwise flow over the wing surface, thus affecting the pressure distribution.     

旋成体表面沟槽减阻试验研究

在旋成体模型表面粘贴铝基沟槽蒙皮,研究沟槽表面对模型阻力的影响。给出基于来流单位雷诺数的沟槽尺寸无量纲公式,用于设计沟槽齿高和齿宽,依据试验风洞的单位雷诺数范围,选定3种尺寸的沟槽进行减阻试验。结果表明,在旋成体表面湍流流动区域顺流向布置沟槽,当沟槽齿高和齿宽的无量纲值h＋、s＋均小于25时,在小迎角下具有减阻作用,当s＋约为15时减阻效果最明显,可减小约3%～4%的阻力。     

高速条件下吸力面复合角孔气膜冷却特性

为探究高速条件下涡轮叶片吸力面上复合角孔的气膜冷却特性,在高速风洞中实验测量了吸力面复合角孔的气膜冷却效率与传热系数比,并通过净热通量减少(NHFR)衡量了复合角孔对吸力面的气膜冷却净收益。分析了雷诺数、吹风比以及湍流度对气膜冷却效率、传热系数比及净热通量减少的影响规律,结果表明：低雷诺数下气膜冷却效率受雷诺数影响较大,但当雷诺数增大至6.4×10⁵以上时,气膜冷却效率几乎不再变化;随湍流度的增大,气膜冷却效率整体降低,低吹风比下气膜冷效对雷诺数、湍流度较为敏感。传热系数比随气膜吹风比增加而增大,但在湍流度较大时,气膜冷却对传热系数的影响降低。湍流度的增大使NHFR有所升高。研究表明对高的湍流度工况,吹风比为0.8时复合角孔呈现最佳的气膜冷却性能。     

高雷诺数下机翼表面层流段长度对减阻量的影响

层流减阻技术是提高飞机经济性的重要手段,开展可应用于工程实践的层流减阻研究具有重要的意义。针对某民用飞机翼身组合体构型,采用数值模拟法分别研究雷诺数为1.0×107和1.8×107时全湍流以及机翼弦向保持7%、15%、20%、30%、40%层流段长度范围的减阻特性。结果表明:与全湍流情况相比,层流段长度的增加可以有效减小飞机阻力,增加升阻比;当层流段长度保持在40%时,飞机的减阻量可以达到11.0%左右,而升阻比可增加12.3%左右,且在较小雷诺数下有着更大的减阻收益;层流范围增加可有效减小摩擦阻力系数。     

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计

以临近空间太阳能无人机研究为背景,针对高空低雷诺数状态下多螺旋桨/机翼构型进行了耦合气动设计研究。首先,通过对典型多螺旋桨/机翼构型进行气动特性及流动特性分析,提出了以在多螺旋桨滑流影响下构建机翼近壁面理想流态分布形式为核心的低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计思想;然后,基于该耦合设计思想,依次进行了多螺旋桨布局参数设计研究、低雷诺数流态区域二维翼型设计研究以及近似高雷诺数流态区域耦合螺旋桨滑流影响的机翼翼段设计研究;最后,通过相关设计结果的对比分析验证了所提出低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计思想及设计方法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明：与常规仅进行低雷诺数翼型优化得到的设计结果相比较,基于所提出低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合设计思想设计得到的多螺旋桨/机翼构型气动特性得到显著改善,在设计状态下,多螺旋桨滑流影响下的机翼阻力相对降低达8.8%,升阻比相对增大达12.1%,由多螺旋桨滑流为机翼气动特性带来的不利影响亦得到约64.5%的补偿和改善。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of a flying wing using nanosecond pulsed DBD plasma actuator

Experimental investigation of aerodynamic control on a 35 swept flying wing by means of nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge(NS-DBD) plasma was carried out at subsonic flow speed of 20–40 m/s, corresponding to Reynolds number of 3.1 · 105–6.2 · 105. In control condition, the plasma actuator was installed symmetrically on the leading edge of the wing. Lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-to-drag ratio and pitching moment coefficient were tested with and without control for a range of angles of attack. The tested results indicate that an increase of 14.5% in maximum lift coefficient, a decrease of 34.2% in drag coefficient, an increase of 22.4% in maximum lift-to-drag ratio and an increase of 2 at stall angle of attack could be achieved compared with the baseline case. The effects of pulsed frequency, amplitude and chord Reynolds number were also investigated.And the results revealed that control efficiency demonstrated strong dependence on pulsed frequency. Moreover, the results of pitching moment coefficient indicated that the breakdown of leading edge vortices could be delayed by plasma actuator at low pulsed frequencies.     

Numerical analysis of broadband noise reduction with wavy leading edge

Large Eddy Simulation(LES) is performed to investigate the airfoil broadband noise reduction with wavy leading edge under anisotropic incoming turbulence. The anisotropic incoming turbulence is generated by a rod with a diameter of 10 mm. The incoming flow velocity is 40 m/s and the corresponding Reynolds numbers based on airfoil chord and rod diameter are about 397000 and 26000, respectively. The far-field acoustic field is predicted using an acoustic analogy method which has been validated by the experiment. A straight leading edge airfoil and a wavy leading edge airfoil are simulated. The results show that wavy leading edge increases the airfoil lift and drag whereas the lift and drag fluctuations are substantially reduced. In addition, wavy leading edge can significantly change the flow pattern around the leading edge and a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices stemming from each wavy leading edge peak are observed.An averaged noise reduction of 9.5 dB is observed with the wavy leading edge at the azimuthal angle of 90°. Moreover, the wavy leading edge can mitigate noise radiation at all the azimuthal angles without significantly changing the noise directivity. The underlying noise reduction mechanisms are then analyzed in detail.     

小展弦比机翼加装格尼襟翼的低雷诺数试验

通过风洞试验研究了在低雷诺数下加装格尼襟翼的小展弦比机翼气动特性,机翼展弦比为1.67,格尼襟翼为1%~4%弦长高度,试验雷诺数分别为2.0×105和5.0×105.天平测力和表面测压的试验结果表明:低雷诺数下小展弦比机翼加装一定高度的格尼襟翼后,升力系数明显提高,加装1%弦长高度的格尼襟翼还能够提高机翼的升阻比.这是因为在试验雷诺数下,合适高度的襟翼在提高了机翼升力的同时并未显著增大机翼阻力.对比不同试验雷诺数下格尼襟翼的作用效果,表明格尼襟翼能够减少低雷诺数气流分离的不利影响,并且在较小的雷诺数下这种作用更加显著.关于格尼襟翼对低雷诺数层流分离现象的影响,还需要通过细致的流场显示技术进行研究.      

超临界层流机翼边界层及气动特性分析

高空长航时无人机设计巡航状态的雷诺数较小,黏性边界层对气动特性的影响较大。详细分析了雷诺数对机翼边界层和气动力的影响,用数值方法对超临界层流机翼三维层流-转捩-湍流混合边界层特性进行了研究,分析比较了高空小雷诺数和中空大雷诺数情况下机翼三维边界层的特性,尤其是边界层转捩点位置、表面摩阻和气动特性的雷诺数效应。研究表明雷诺数对于高空无人机机翼边界层厚度、摩擦阻力和升阻比影响较大;对层流机翼的转捩点位置和升力系数影响较小;自然层流机翼技术可以应用于高空无人机设计。     

基于响应面插值的非线性气动弹性计算

飞翼、大展弦比低雷诺数气动布局容易在小迎角的条件下出现气流分离,会带来明显的非线性气动力问题,同时气动弹性带来的影响亦不可忽略。针对此类布局提出一种建立基于径向基函数插值的非线性压力系数分布模型的方法,利用径向基函数插值建立面元上压力系数对迎角导数的响应面,将压力系数积分并通过无限板样条(IPS)方法进行气动结构多次迭代插值实现非线性气弹分析。结果验证了该方法对于静气动弹性分析的有效性,同时能准确地反映弹性带来气动效率的降低和变形对升力及阻力的影响。     

超疏水壁面湍流边界层减阻机理的TRPIV实验

利用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速（TRPIV）技术,开展超疏水壁面材料湍流边界层减阻机理的实验研究.在循环水槽中,对超疏水壁面和亲水壁面湍流边界层瞬时速度矢量场的时间序列进行了实验测量.得到了同一来流速度（0.17m/s）下超疏水壁面和亲水壁面湍流边界层的平均速度、湍流度及雷诺切应力沿法向的分布规律.提出了空间多尺度局部平均涡量的概念,并以此为特征量检测壁湍流发卡涡展向涡头的中心位置.用条件采样及空间相位平均技术提取了不同法向位置发卡涡展向涡头周围流向脉动速度和流线的空间拓扑,对发卡涡展向涡头的俯仰角进行了对比,并从鞍点-焦点动力系统的角度分析了发卡涡展向涡头附近的流线拓扑特征.研究表明：雷诺数约为13500时,相比亲水壁面,超疏水壁面实现了10.1%的减阻.超疏水壁面平均速度明显增大,雷诺切应力减小,流向湍流度减弱,发卡涡展向涡头俯仰角较小,近壁区相干结构的发展受到抑制.     

低雷诺数下50°后掠三角翼的旋涡流动

采用数值模拟和流动显示的方法研究了50°后掠角三角翼在低雷诺数下的旋涡流动,结果表明:低雷诺数下,非细长三角翼在5°攻角时就形成了稳定的前缘涡,较小攻角时前缘主涡就开始破裂,并观察到泡型和螺旋型两种旋涡破裂方式。另外,在一定的攻角范围内,前缘主涡的外侧又生成一对新的集中涡,构成双涡结构;随着攻角的增大,前缘涡涡核不断升高,主再附线向中心移动,二次分离区扩大。     

后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

Wing optimization of propeller aircraft based on actuator disc method

Propeller aircraft are widely used in general aviation. The rotating propeller has a strong effect on the aerodynamic performance of the wing. This paper uses an actuator disc to model the effect of the propeller. A wing optimization method is developed with the actuator disc method. Several wing optimizations with different slipstream settings are studied. The twist angle and airfoils of the wing are used as the design variables. The results show that the propeller slipstream and slipstream directions have a strong influence on the optimization process. Powered-on optimization with a slipstream can obtain better drag reduction results than unpowered optimization. The drag decomposition results show that most of the drag reduction comes from the form drag reduction. The symmetric “inboard-up” slipstream configuration is found to have the highest lift-to-drag ratios, which are 18.87 for the twist angle optimization and 19.15 for the airfoil optimization.     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标,层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言,超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力,提升气动性能,减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先,基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统,实现超临界自然层流翼型设计;经过合理的翼型配置,形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明,超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后,以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验,使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后,通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果,探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律,总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外,该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

低背鳍对细长平板三角翼流场影响的

 对细长平板三角翼及其对称面上加低背鳍组合体在低速风洞进行了二维粒子图像测速（PIV）实验,三角翼后掠角为82.5°,背鳍当地高度与三角翼当地半展长的比值为0.6,实验迎角为30°,无侧滑角,基于三角翼根弦长的雷诺数为2.33×10⁶。实验结果表明：单独细长平板三角翼分离涡流场对称、定常;加上背鳍后,组合体分离涡流场变得定常、非对称和非锥型。实验结果证实了低高度背鳍对细长平板三角翼分离涡的稳定性起着削弱和破坏的作用,初步验证了前人关于细长锥体分离涡的稳定性理论,并给出了30°迎角下分离涡失稳后的具体表现特性。