褶皱位置对蜻蜓滑翔翼气动性能的影响

改变昆虫翅膀的褶皱结构可以优化翼型的气动性能,有利于微型飞行器的气动设计。以蜻蜓翼作为参考,采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法计算了攻角范围为0°~20°,雷诺数范围为700~2300时褶皱位于前缘、尾缘和中部位置时三种翼型的滑翔气动性能。结果表明:在不同攻角和雷诺数下,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型具有最大的升力系数和升阻比,滑翔气动性能最优;当雷诺数为1500,攻角为10°时,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型时均升力系数分别比位于前缘和中部的翼型提高了58%和82%,升阻比分别提高了49%和33%;这是由于尾缘褶皱中的涡起到了延缓前缘涡脱落的作用,使前缘涡更为集中,更贴近壁面。      

剪切翼梢增升减阻机理

在计算与风洞实验的基础上 ,提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局 ,对平面形状与翼型进行了优化设计 ,达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法 ,既能考虑气动力的非线性因素 ,又有较高的计算精度与速度。计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到 ,在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比 ,且可改变展向环量分布 ,使其接近椭圆分布 ;剪切翼梢上的前缘涡可抑制翼端涡的作用 (使翼端涡强度变弱 ) ,并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

等离子体热效应对NACA0012翼型增升减阻的研究

基于等离子体热效应机理,在来流速度为34m/s和攻角0～12°内,对NACA0012翼型在等离子体激励下的流场特性进行数值模拟。通过研究等离子体激励的位置和数量对翼型的升阻力特性的影响,得出翼型增升减阻的最佳位置和数量。为保证计算模型的准确性,将未激励的翼型流场参数与NASA实验数据进行对比验证。结果表明:未激励翼型的流场计算参数与实验结果吻合度较高;在等离子体单激励下,最佳减阻位置位于翼型下表面的前缘,最佳增升位置位于翼型下表面的后缘,且二者受攻角的影响较大;在翼型下表面的前缘和后缘同时施加激励时,翼型的减阻比约为20%,最大增升比为52%。     

分布式动力系统尾缘射流与边界层抽吸的数值分析

为研究带有边界层抽吸的分布式动力系统尾缘射流对机身气动性能及推进效率的影响,将机身简化为二维翼型,并加入尾缘射流及边界层抽吸的作用,利用数值模拟的手段来研究来流攻角、射流偏转角、边界层抽吸对推进效率及气动性能的影响,为分布式动力系统的设计与应用提供初步的建议.结果表明在中、小来流攻角(2°及0.6°)的情况下尾缘射流及边界层抽吸能够提高升阻比,推进效率可超过80%;而在大来流攻角(4°)情况下射流偏转角增大使翼型的阻力大幅上升,对气动性能和推进效率产生极为不利的影响.      

微型旋转翼与拍动翼气动力特性的比较

 用拟压缩性法求解三维非定常不可压N-S方程,研究了旋转翼及拍动翼的气动力和流场。当昆虫正常悬停时,如果翅膀旋转,产生的平均升力以及气动效率并不比拍动时的差,甚至还略好,因此,厘米级微型飞行器可以采用旋转翼,这比拍动模式容易实现。另外,小迎角旋转时升阻比可达3.1（在15°迎角,雷诺数4 000情况下）,气动效率较高而且升力系数不小,多个桨叶可以产生很大的升力。因此,在悬停时,多个桨叶小迎角旋转是厘米级微型飞行器的一个很好的方案。     

弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响分析

针对弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响,基于改进的CFD/CSD松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,在高亚声速条件下,对前掠角χ=10°,20°,30°的前掠翼纵向气动特性和副翼操纵效率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,迎角较小时,弹性翼的升力、升阻比和俯仰力矩较刚性翼大,大迎角时恰恰相反;随着前掠角的增加,机翼的弯扭变形和气动参数变化的程度愈加剧烈;在最大升阻比、迎角α=4°、副翼偏转角δ=20°时,弹性翼的副翼操纵效率略大于刚性翼。该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供借鉴。     

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

超临界机翼气动设计的准则、流程和设计实例

以计算空气动力学为基础,提出超临界机翼的气动设计准则和设计流程。翼型设计准则是:非设计状态音速区压力平坦;延迟后缘分离;设计状态迎角接近于零和局部最小厚度约束等。机翼设计准则是:在约束条件下诱阻最小;满足纵向稳定性要求;上翼面等压线型态和考虑结构弹性变形等。设计过程可分为两个阶段,即总体优化和机翼气动设计优化。后者的步骤是基本翼型设计、初始机翼外形设计、机翼巡航外形设计和机翼型架外形设计。对设计实例进行风洞试验后表明:尽管新机翼的平均厚度比某干线运输机厚14％,但安装该机翼的干线运输机巡航效率仍比前者高12％。     

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

低雷诺数下螺旋桨翼型非定常气动性能的比较

为得到适用于平流层螺旋桨桨叶叶素的翼型,采用数值方法,通过改变气流速度和攻角,比较研究了低雷诺数下8种典型翼型的非定常气动性能.结果显示,大攻角工况下翼型容易发生流动分离现象,翼型吸力面的分离越严重,气动力的振荡幅度越大.通过比较不同攻角和不同速度下翼型的升阻比大小和气动稳定性得出,SD 8000 - PT翼型具有较高的升阻比和较稳定的气动力,适合作为螺旋桨的翼型.     

民用飞机增升构型前缘下垂参数影响分析

采用计算流体力学方法,针对基于典型二维多段翼型NACA0410设计的带前缘下垂构型的多段翼型进行数值模拟,研究了前缘下垂四种参数对多段翼升力特性的影响。在所研究的范围内,结果表明:1)在线性段,弦长增加与偏度增大对线性升力均有负面影响,但转轴高度与尾缘夹角对线性升力几乎没有影响;2)在近失速及失速段,弦长增加与尾缘夹角的提升,可明显提升升力;下垂偏度增加,以26°为界,小于该角度可提升升力,但大于该角度后,影响不再明显;随转轴高度下降,升力出现一定提升,但到2 mm后反而有所下降;前缘下垂尾缘夹角增大,可提升近失速段升力;3)四参数对升力影响主要体现在头部两段吸力峰的消长,设计中需综合考虑吸力峰特征,并加以应用。     

Mini-TED跨声速气动特性及其增升机理

通过求解二维可压Navier-Stokes方程,研究了NACA0012翼型加装微型后缘增升装置（mini-TED）后的跨声速流场特性,与Gurney flap （GF）对比分析了几何参数对mini-TED后方涡系及翼型气动特性的影响.将mini-TED的几何细节参数定义为弦向长度和有效高度,两者方向正交.在相同迎角下仅改变mini-TED的弦向长度,后缘涡系结构虽发生变化,但翼型气动力几乎没有影响;反之仅改变有效高度则后缘涡系和翼型气动力系数同时发生明显改变,且与同等高度下的GF气动系数相近.结果表明：有效高度是影响翼型气动特性的决定因素.有效高度改变了mini-TED后涡系的发生范围,而相对于整个翼型绕流,后缘涡系的大小是影响翼型流场最重要的因素,而涡系的微观结构和形态的改变影响相对很小.加装mini-TED后上表面激波位置后移、下表面激波强度削弱,从而翼型表面压力分布特性发生了改变.随有效高度增大,mini-TED诱导的涡系发生区域随之增大,引流作用增强,翼型升力系数、阻力系数和低头力矩系数提高,同时相同迎角下翼型的升阻比明显提高.     

翼型湿空气非平衡凝结流动的数值研究

 湿空气非平衡凝结会对机翼的气动特性造成显著影响。通过对Fluent软件进行二次开发,发展了一种求解湿空气非平衡凝结流动的数值方法并进行了验证。对NACA0012翼型在迎角为0°和1.5°时的湿空气非平衡凝结流动进行了分析。结果表明：与干空气流动相比,在30％～70％相对湿度范围内,湿空气非平衡凝结流动中升力系数显著降低,而阻力系数则可能增加或减小;0°迎角条件下,压差阻力系数最大增加了68.3％;在迎角为1.5°时,升力系数最大减小39.8％,而压差阻力系数最大减小了34.8％。造成翼型气动特性显著变化的原因在于：湿空气中水蒸气凝结放热对跨声速气流加热,导致翼型表面附近的流速、压力与流场结构发生了显著变化。     

锯齿尾缘叶片气动特性和绕流流场的数值研究

以基于NACA 0018翼型的锯齿尾缘仿生叶片为研究对象,采用大涡模拟的方法研究锯齿相对齿宽与相对齿高对锯齿尾缘叶片的气动特性和非定常绕流流场的影响规律和机制.研究表明,尾缘锯齿参数对叶片气动性能的影响是复杂的非线性过程,在一定来流攻角范围内能提高升阻比,但失速提前.如在9.4°~14.8°来流攻角范围内,不同相对齿宽系列叶片的升阻比高于原始叶片,升阻比与锯齿相对齿宽之间没有线性关系.研究还表明,锯齿尾缘能延迟边界层分离,加速尾迹的流动掺混和能量扩散,改变非定常涡结构和涡脱落频率.相对齿高的变化对非定常流动特性的影响更为显著.尾缘锯齿诱导的二次湍流射流和吸力面侧反向涡对改变了原始叶片的绕翼环量,进而影响锯齿尾缘叶片的气动特性和绕流流场特性.      

仿鸟柔性扑翼气动特性与能耗的数值研究

建立了适当的三维仿鸟柔性扑翼模型,并以配平重力和平衡阻力为条件,数值计算了它的低雷诺数非定常流场.研究揭示了翼面初始扭转角度、动态俯仰幅度等重要设计参数与飞行性能的关系,表明扑翼平面的初始扭转程度、扑翼柔性材料的选择以及两者之间的合理搭配对扑翼机的成功飞行至关重要.研究分析了仿鸟扑翼的流场涡结构、升力推力产生原理,下扑过程附着上翼面的前缘涡是升力产生的重要机制.对扑翼气动功率的比较分析也发现,人造扑翼机需要的气动功率明显高出同等大小的鸟类,在效率方面尚不及扑翼飞行生物.     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

一种前后缘连续变弯度翼型气动特性分析

提出了一种基于厚度不变的翼型前后缘连续偏转变形规律,并以NACA0015翼型为例,实现了翼型变弯度的参数化。以柔性伸缩蒙皮支撑结构和机械结构实现了可连续光滑偏转后缘的变弯度翼型,验证了变形规律。以前后缘偏转角度为参数,计算并分析了各个变形状态下翼型扰流流场和气动特性,讨论了变形参数对气动特性的影响,研究了气动特性的产生机理。研究结果表明:在大迎角下,前缘偏转角对翼型失速有一定的抑制作用;在中小迎角范围内,翼型升阻比随着后缘偏转角的增大而增大,且不论迎角如何变化,总可以通过前后缘偏转来获得较高的升阻比。     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

低雷诺数仿生分离流翼型气动特性初探

为了探索适合低雷诺数微型飞行器的翼型形式,基于对自然界鸟类和昆虫滑翔飞行时翅膀形状的观察,设计出一种由前缘削尖平板和后缘圆弧翼型组合而成的仿生分离流翼型。数值研究结果表明,气流在削尖平板的前缘点强制分离,形成大范围低压分离流动,随后在后部圆弧翼上表面再附形成稳定低压涡流区,从而实现较高的气动效率和较强的抵抗大气湍流的能力。上削尖平板可以使流动分离点固定在削尖点。相对于单独平板,仿生分离流翼型的升力系数有大幅提高,迎角为4°时提高了112%。此外,仿生分离流翼型可以在较宽的迎角范围内（4°~20°）保持高升力,但是迎角增加,阻力也快速增大,因此小迎角情况下（小于4°）气动效率更优。