Onboard actuator model-based Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion for quadrotor attitude control: Method and application

This paper addresses the robust attitude control problem for quadrotors subject to model mismatch and disturbances. A dynamic inversion based attitude control scheme is proposed, which consists of an outer loop attitude controller and an inner loop angular acceleration controller. The attitude controller is designed based on the Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (NDI) to precisely linearize the nonlinear dynamics between the angular acceleration and the attitude. An onboard actuator model-based Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (INDI) controller is designed in the angular acceleration control loop to improve the robustness against the model mismatch and disturbances. Meanwhile, the onboard actuator model with a modified structure eliminates the oscillation phenomenon when the sampling rate of the controller is higher than that of the actuator. Numerical simulations and flight tests demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller in comparison with the PID controller.     

Motion synchronization in a dual redundant HA/EHA system by using a hybrid integrated intelligent control design

This paper presents an integrated fuzzy controller design approach to synchronize a dis-similar redundant actuation system of a hydraulic actuator (HA) and an electro-hydrostatic actu-ator (EHA) with system uncertainties and disturbances. The motion synchronous control system consists of a trajectory generator, an individual position controller for each actuator, and a fuzzy force tracking controller (FFTC) for both actuators. The trajectory generator provides the desired motion dynamics and designing parameters of the trajectory which are taken according to the dynamic characteristics of the EHA. The position controller consists of a feed-forward controller and a fuzzy position tracking controller (FPTC) and acts as a decoupled controller, improving posi-tion tracking performance with the help of the feed-forward controller and the FPTC. The FFTC acts as a coupled controller and takes into account the inherent coupling effect. The simulation results show that the proposed controller not only eliminates initial force fighting by synchronizing the two actuators, but also improves disturbance rejection performance.     

基于干扰观测器的四旋翼无人机离散时间容错控制

为了飞行控制方案便于在计算机上实现，针对具有外部干扰和执行器加性故障的四旋翼无人机（UAV）角度运动方程，给出一种基于干扰观测器的离散时间跟踪控制方案。通过设计离散时间干扰观测器抑制外部干扰和执行器故障的不利影响，并结合干扰观测器设计离散时间控制器。通过数值仿真验证了基于干扰观测器的离散时间容错控制方案的有效性。仿真结果表明，设计的离散控制器能够保证外部干扰和执行器故障综合作用下的四旋翼UAV系统跟踪控制性能。     

Autonomous attitude coordinated control for spacecraft formation with input constraint,model uncertainties,and external disturbances

To synchronize the attitude of a spacecraft formation flying system, three novel autonomous control schemes are proposed to deal with the issue in this paper. The first one is an ideal autonomous attitude coordinated controller, which is applied to address the case with certain models and no disturbance. The second one is a robust adaptive attitude coordinated controller, which aims to tackle the case with external disturbances and model uncertainties. The last one is a filtered robust adaptive attitude coordinated controller, which is used to overcome the case with input con- straint, model uncertainties, and external disturbances. The above three controllers do not need any external tracking signal and only require angular velocity and relative orientation between a spacecraft and its neighbors. Besides, the relative information is represented in the body frame of each spacecraft. The controllers are proved to be able to result in asymptotical stability almost everywhere. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed three approaches are effective for attitude coordination in a spacecraft formation flying system.     

航天器自适应快速非奇异终端滑模容错控制

针对存在外部干扰、转动惯量矩阵不确定、控制器饱和以及执行器故障的航天器姿态跟踪控制问题,提出了基于自适应快速非奇异终端滑模的有限时间收敛控制方案。通过引入能够避免奇异点的具有有限时间收敛特性的快速非奇异终端滑模面,设计了满足多约束的有限时间姿态跟踪容错控制器,并利用参数自适应方法使控制器设计不依赖于系统惯量信息和外部干扰的上界。此外,所设计的控制器显式考虑了执行器输出力矩的饱和幅值特性,使航天器在饱和幅值的限制下完成姿态跟踪控制任务,并且无须进行在线故障估计。Lyapunov稳定性分析表明：在外部干扰、转动惯量矩阵不确定、控制器饱和以及执行器故障等约束条件下,所设计的控制器能够保证闭环系统的快速收敛性,而且对控制器饱和与执行器故障具有良好的容错性能。数值仿真校验了该控制器在姿态跟踪控制中的优良性能。     

Variational method based robust adaptive control for a guided spinning rocket

In this paper, a robust adaptive controller is designed for a guided spinning rocket, whose dynamics presents the characteristics of pitch-yaw cross coupling, fast time-varying aerodynamics parameters and wide flight envelop. First, a coupled nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom equation of motion for a guided spinning rocket is developed, and the lateral acceleration motion is modeled as a control plant with time-varying matched uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics. Then, a robust adaptive control method is proposed by combining Bregman divergence and variational method to achieve fast adaption and maintain bounded tracking. The stability of the resulting closed-loop system is proved, and the ultimate bound and convergence rate are also analyzed. Finally, numerical simulations are performed for a single operating point and the whole flight trajectory to show the robustness and adaptability of the proposed method with respect to time-varying uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.     

Decentralized adaptive sliding mode control of a space robot actuated by control moment gyroscopes

An adaptive sliding mode control(ASMC) law is proposed in decentralized scheme for trajectory tracking control of a new concept space robot.Each joint of the system is a free ball joint capable of rotating with three degrees of freedom(DOF).A cluster of control moment gyroscopes(CMGs) is mounted on each link and the base to actuate the system.The modified Rodrigues parameters(MRPs) are employed to describe the angular displacements,and the equations of motion are derived using Kane's equations.The controller for each link or the base is designed separately in decentralized scheme.The unknown disturbances,inertia parameter uncertainties and nonlinear uncertainties are classified as a ‘‘lumped" matched uncertainty with unknown upper bound,and a continuous sliding mode control(SMC) law is proposed,in which the control gain is tuned by the improved adaptation laws for the upper bound on norm of the uncertainty.A general amplification function is designed and incorporated in the adaptation laws to reduce the control error without conspicuously increasing the magnitude of the control input.Uniformly ultimate boundedness of the closed loop system is proved by Lyapunov's method.Simulation results based on a three-link system verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

非合作航天器姿态接管无辨识预设性能控制

在对非合作航天器进行姿态接管控制时,可能面对目标航天器参数未知、构型改变引起的不确定性及目标施加的非合作控制输入等挑战。针对上述问题提出了一种基于预设性能控制理论的非合作航天器姿态接管控制方法。首先,建立了姿态跟踪运动的非奇异拉格朗日型模型;然后,利用跟踪微分器构造不包含角速度信息的广义状态量,设计无需参数辨识的非奇异预设性能控制器,并证明了系统状态变量的有界性和控制系统在预设的性能指标以内。最后,通过数值仿真验证了所提出方法的有效性及其对时变参数不确定性和非合作控制输入的鲁棒性。     

Trajectory tracking control of a VTOL unmanned aerial vehicle using offset-free tracking MPC

Designing a stable and robust flight control system for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an arduous task. This paper addresses the trajectory tracking control problem of a Ducted Fan UAV (DFUAV) using offset-free Model Predictive Control (MPC) technique in the presence of various uncertainties and external disturbances. The designed strategy aims to ensure adequate flight robustness and stability while overcoming the effects of time delays, parametric uncertainties, and disturbances. The six degrees of freedom DFUAV model is divided into three flight modes based on its airspeed, namely the hover, transition, and cruise mode. The Dryden wind turbulence is applied to the DFUAV in the linear and angular velocity component. Moreover, different uncertainties such as parametric, time delays in state and input, are introduced in translational and rotational components. From the previous work, the Linear Quadratic Tracker with Integrator (LQTI) is used for comparison to corroborate the performance of the designed controller. Simulations are computed to investigate the control performance for the aforementioned modes and different flight phases including the autonomous flight to validate the performance of the designed strategy. Finally, discussions are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the given methodology.     

Composite anti-disturbance position and attitude control for spacecrafts with parametric uncertainty and flexible vibration

The rendezvous and proximity operations with respect to a tumbling non-cooperative target pose high requirement for the position and attitude control accuracy of servicing spacecraft.However, multiple disturbances including parametric uncertainties, flexible vibration, and unknown nonlinear dynamics degrade the control performance significantly. In order to enhance the system anti-disturbance ability, this paper proposes a composite anti-disturbance control law for the spacecraft position and at...     

无速度反馈的航天器姿轨耦合跟踪控制

提出了一种无速度反馈的航天器姿轨耦合跟踪控制算法。首先建立起基于对偶四元数的带扰动和参数不确定性的航天器姿轨耦合动力学模型。然后基于浸入与不变流形理论设计了速度观测器,通过增益注入对非线性项抑制,从而同时估计角速度和线速度。利用李雅普诺夫函数分析了观测器状态量的收敛性以及注入增益的有界性,证明了该观测器的指数稳定性。最后设计了一个比例-微分（PD）位置与姿态跟踪控制器,该控制器可以实现航天器的任意姿态与位置跟踪,分析了这种观测-控制结构的闭环系统渐近稳定性。仿真验证了该速度观测器和控制器的有效性以及对于参数不确定性和测量噪声具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Adaptive accurate tracking control of HFVs in the presence of dead-zone and hysteresis input nonlinearities

A novel accurate tracking controller is developed for the longitudinal dynamics of Hypersonic Flight Vehicles (HFVs) in the presence of large model uncertainties, external disturbances and actuator nonlinearities. Distinct from the state-of-the-art, besides being continuity, no restrictive conditions have been imposed on the HFVs dynamics. The system uncertainties are skillfully handled by being seen as bounded “disturbance terms”. In addition, by means of back-stepping adaptive technique, the accurate tracking (i.e. tracking errors converge to zero as time approaches infinity) rather than bounded tracking (i.e. tracking errors converge to residual sets) has been achieved. What’s more, the accurate tracking problems for HFVs subject to actuator dead-zone and hysteresis are discussed, respectively. Then, all signals of closed-loop system are verified to be Semi-Global Uniformly Ultimate Boundness (SGUUB). Finally, the efficacy and superiority of the developed control strategy are confirmed by simulation results.     

Decentralized attitude synchronization tracking control for multiple spacecraft under directed communication topology

This paper studies the attitude synchronization tracking control of spacecraft formation flying with a directed communication topology and presents three different controllers. By introducing a novel error variable associated with rotation matrix, a decentralized attitude synchronization controller, which could obtain almost global asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system, is developed. Then, considering model uncertainties and unknown external disturbances, we propose a robust adaptive attitude synchronization controller by designing adaptive laws to estimate the unknown parameters. After that, the third controller is proposed by extending this method to the case of time-varying communication delays via Lyapunov–Krasovskii analysis. The distinctive feature of this work is to address attitude coordinated control with model uncertainties, unknown disturbances and time-varying delays in a decentralized framework, with a strongly connected directed information flow. It is shown that tracking and synchronization of an arbitrary desired attitude can be achieved when the stability condition is satisfied. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.     

基于ESO的DGVSCMG双框架伺服系统不匹配扰动抑制

针对双框架变速率控制力矩陀螺（DGVSCMG）两种工作模式下内、外框架系统存在的不匹配干扰抑制问题,提出一种基于扩张状态观测器与状态反馈的扰动抑制方法。在对飞轮工作模式和陀螺工作模式下内、外框架系统的干扰进行建模和分析的基础上,针对其不匹配干扰设计了扩张状态观测器,通过坐标变换减小框架系统扰动对不匹配通道的影响,并结合状态反馈控制设计了复合控制器,同时对全局系统稳定性进行了分析。对框架系统进行的仿真结果验证了所提复合控制方法的有效性。实验结果表明,所提出的控制方法能有效减小耦合力矩对内外框架角速率带来的影响,在飞轮模式下使得内外框架的角速率跳动量分别降低了85%和78%,且在陀螺模式下使外框架角速率跳动量降低了75%。     

弹性飞翼无人机鲁棒姿态控制设计

针对大展弦比飞翼布局无人机的刚体运动与弹性运动耦合动力学模型,提出了一种基于反步法的鲁棒非线性控制方法。该方法考虑了飞翼无人机的非线性因素,将动态面反步控制作为内环控制抵消系统的非线性因素;同时考虑系统实际存在的弹性耦合项、参数不确定项以及外部扰动,将内环反步控制与飞翼无人机模型整体作为新的被控对象,引入最优化理论对新的被控对象设计了外环鲁棒控制器。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制器不仅满足飞翼无人机姿态跟踪性能的要求,且对模型不确定性和气动弹性影响具有鲁棒性。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器鲁棒非奇异Terminal滑模反步控制

针对含有参数摄动、外界干扰的吸气式高超声速飞行器弹性模型,设计了一种基于新型非线性干扰观测器的Terminal滑模反步控制器。将考虑弹性模态的飞行器纵向模型表示为严格反馈形式,在传统反步法的基础上采用非奇异快速Terminal滑模控制俯仰角与俯仰角速率,优化了反步法的控制结构,并实现了系统的有限时间收敛。基于跟踪微分器设计了一种新型非线性干扰观测器,并与本文所提滑模反步方法相结合,通过对包括虚拟控制量微分信号在内的不确定性进行估计与补偿,进一步提高了控制器的鲁棒性,同时解决了"微分膨胀"问题。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了系统的跟踪误差于有限时间收敛至零。仿真结果表明,该控制器在存在不确定性的情况下,可以实现对参考输入的稳定跟踪。     

Robust fault-tolerant attitude control for satellite with multiple uncertainties and actuator faults

In this paper, the satellite attitude control system subject to parametric perturbations, external disturbances, time-varying input delays, actuator faults and saturation is studied. In order to make the controller architecture simple and practical, the closed-loop system is transformed into a disturbance-free nominal system and an equivalent disturbance firstly. The equivalent disturbance represents all above uncertainties and actuator failures of the original system. Then a robust controller is proposed in a simple composition consisting of a nominal controller and a robust compensator. The nominal controller is designed for the transformed nominal system. The robust compensator is developed from a second-order filter to restrict the influence of the equivalent disturbance. Stability analysis indicates that both attitude tracking errors and compensator states can converge into the given neighborhood of the origin in finite time. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control law, numerical simulations are carried out in different cases. Presented results demonstrate that the high-precision attitude tracking control can be achieved by the proposed fault-tolerant control law. Furthermore, multiple system performances including the control accuracy and energy consumption index are fully discussed under a series of compensator parameters.     

Robust attitude coordinated control for spacecraft formation with communication delays

In this paper,attitude coordinated tracking control algorithms for multiple spacecraft formation are investigated with consideration of parametric uncertainties,external disturbances,communication delays and actuator saturation.Initially,a sliding mode delay-dependent attitude coordinated controller is proposed under bounded external disturbances.However,neither inertia uncertainty nor actuator constraint has been taken into account.Then,a robust saturated delay dependent attitude coordinated control law is further derived,where uncertainties and external disturbances are handled by Chebyshev neural networks (CNN).In addition,command filter technique is introduced to facilitate the backstepping design procedure,through which actuator saturation problem is solved.Thus the spacecraft in the formation are able to track the reference attitude trajectory even in the presence of time-varying communication delays.Rigorous analysis is presented by using Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach to demonstrate the stability of the closed-loop system under both control algorithms.Finally,the numerical examples are carried out to illustrate the efficiency of the theoretical results.     

基于神经网络的MIMO非线性最小相位系统鲁棒自适应控制

 针对一类模型未知的具有不确定性和外部干扰的多输入多输出（MIMO）非线性最小相位系统提出了鲁棒自适应输出反馈跟踪控制方案。用高斯径向基函数（RBF）神经网络逼近对象未知非线性,用高增益观测器估计系统不可测量状态。所设计的鲁棒自适应控制器不仅能使闭环系统稳定,所有状态有界,而且跟踪误差一致最终有界,并保证最终边界足够小。仿真结果表明了所提出方法的有效性。     

基于角加速度估计的非线性增量动态逆控制及试飞

针对非线性增量动态逆（INDI）控制方法运用到飞行试验时需要进行状态量导数（角加速度）的实时估计并且存在延迟等问题进行了研究,并给出了工程应用上的实际解决方案。对试飞无人机（UAV）平台进行了动力学建模,利用非线性增量动态逆控制方法和控制器分层设计方法设计了无人机姿态控制系统。采用卡尔曼滤波器设计了角加速度估计器为控制律提供角加速度实时反馈。通过基于模型的控制系统设计方法将控制律实现,并进行实际试飞试验。结果表明：该控制方法工程上可实现,具备良好的鲁棒性和指令跟踪能力。