Suppressing unsteady motion of shock wave by high-frequency plasma synthetic jet

Three Plasma Synthetic Jet Actuators (PSJA) under the high-frequency actuation are used to control the Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction (SWBLI), a high-speed schlieren image processing method based on spatial Fourier transform as well as snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition were used to study the control effect of high-frequency plasma synthetic jet on low-frequency unsteadiness of SWBLI. The analysis of the base flow shows that the separated shock wave actually has both large- and small-amplitude vibrations at low frequency. And the results revealed that the PSJA with an operating frequency of 2 kHz has the ability to reduce the energy of low-frequency component of shock wave motion, indicating that the 2 kHz actuation can effectively suppress low-frequency unsteadiness of the separated wave. Compared with the actuation frequency of 2 kHz, the energy of low-frequency component of the shock wave is enhanced under the 8 kHz actuation, which aggravates the low-frequency unsteady motion of the shock wave. It is likely that the actuation frequency is too high, thus the intensity of the precursor shock wave induced by PSJA becomes weaker. Additionally, as the 4 kHz actuation is applied, the pulsation of the separation region was enhanced, it is speculated that the actuation frequency is coupled with the oscillation frequency of the separation region.     

Parametric study of turbine NGV blade lean and vortex design

The effects of blade lean and vortex design on the aerodynamics of a turbine entry nozzle guide vane (NGV) are considered using computational fluid dynamics. The aim of the work is to address some of the uncertainties which have arisen from previous studies where conflicting results have been reported for the effect on the NGV. The configuration was initially based on the energy efficient engine turbine which also served as the validation case for the computational method. A total of 17 NGV configurations were evaluated to study the effects of lean and vortex design on row efficiency and secondary kinetic energy. The distribution of mass flow ratio is introduced as an additional factor in the assessment of blade lean effects. The results show that in the turbine entry NGV, the secondary flow strength is not a dominant factor that determines NGV losses and therefore the changes of loading distribution due to blade lean and the associated loss mecha-nisms should be regarded as a key factor. Radial mass flow redistribution under different NGV lean and twist is demonstrated as an addition key factor influencing row efficiency.     

一种大负荷低压涡轮叶型的气动性能

基于Lantry-Menter转捩模型,分别对Zweifel升力系数为1.2的一种大负荷低压涡轮叶型在定常来流不同湍流度、雷诺数条件下,上游非定常、周期性尾迹作用下的流动进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,定常来流低雷诺数条件下,湍流度对该大负荷叶型的气动性能影响较大;上游非定常、周期性尾迹对叶型吸力面分离泡的抑制作用可进一步减小低雷诺数条件下的叶型损失.计算结果揭示了该大负荷叶型在低压涡轮内部真实流动环境中的表面流动及损失特征,对国内现行低压涡轮设计有着较好的启示.      

A study of some interplanetary shock wave tendencies

The configuration, and the structure of shock waves from isolated solar flares and from a series of flares are discussed and classified.An invited paper presented at STIP Workshop on Shock Waves in the Solar Corona and Interplanetary Space, 15–19 June, 1980, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia.     

基于LES方法的平板非定常激波/湍流边界层干扰研究

以高超声速发动机进气道湍流分离控制为应用背景,采用大涡模拟(LES)方法进行马赫数为3.0(唇口附近马赫数约为3.0)的激波/湍流边界层干扰(SWTBLI)流场机理研究.利用扰动循环引入的方法,先得到充分发展湍流场,然后根据斜激波关系式引入激波的方法进行激波/湍流干扰模拟.研究结果显示:充分发展湍流场在激波作用下产生逆...     

Passage shock wave/boundary layer interaction control for transonic compressors using bumps

Flow separation due to shock wave/boundary layer interaction is dominated in blade passage with supersonic relative incoming flow, which always accompanies aerodynamic performance penalties. A loss reduction method for smearing the passage shock foot via Shock Control Bump(SCB) located on transonic compressor rotor blade suction side is implemented to shrink the region of boundary layer separation. The curved windward section of SCB with constant adverse pressure gradient is constructed ahead of...     

Hydrodynamic shock wave formation in the solar chromosphere and corona during flares

Basic mechanisms of the hydrodynamic shock wave formation in the solar atmosphere during flares are considered. Hydrodynamic plasma flows during flares arise due to fast energy release which is accumulated in the magnetic field of currents in the solar atmosphere. Shock waves arise as a result of rapid heating of the chromospheric upper layers from accelerated particles or heat fluxes. Powerful hydrodynamic phenomena can also arise due to explosive current sheet disruption in the region of strong magnetic field reconnection. Fundamental questions of shock wave formation and propagation in a non-homogeneous emitting solar atmosphere are discussed.An invited paper presented at STIP Workshop on Shock Waves in the Solar Corona and Interplanetary Space, 15–19 June, 1980, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia.     

The acceleration of charged particles in interplanetary shock waves

The theory and observations of energetic ion acceleration in interplanetary shock waves is reviewed. The shock acceleration of the solar wind plasma and particle transport effects are discussed. Suggestions are offered for future research in shock acceleration physics.An invited paper presented at STIP Workshop on Shock Waves in the Solar Corona and Interplanetary Space, 15–19 June, 1980, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia.NAS/NRC Research Associate.     

MHD控制激波诱导边界层分离的机理

激波边界层相互作用是高超声速飞行器面临的重大问题,激波入射到平板引起的边界层分离是其中最具代表性的一种。用加权的3阶ENN格式计算了小磁雷诺数近似的MHD方程,研究了MHD控制层流边界层分离的机理。数值结果显示,通过局部电离空气并施加洛伦兹力,能使分离点向下游移动,分离区尺寸减小,从而抑制和缓解由于激波-边界层相互作用而引起的分离。     

一种改进的类DES湍流模拟方法

构造了一种基于一方程S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)模型和一方程Yoshizawa亚格子模型的混合RANS/LES(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large eddy simulation)湍流模拟方法.在涡黏假设的基础上,将Yoshizawa亚格子湍动能方程转化为等效的亚格子湍流涡黏性输运方程,并采用混合函数将其与S-A模型方程进行混合,从而改进了DES(detached eddy simulation)模型的亚格子行为,同时克服了其依靠网格控制模型转换的缺点.模拟了超声速的带斜坡凹腔流动,并与相同网格下的LES及DES结果进行了比较,结果表明该混合RANS/LES方法在远离壁面的自由剪切流区域与LES行为一致,而在附着边界层区域表现优于LES和DES方法.      

Transitional wave configurations between Type III and Type IV oblique-shock/bow-shock interactions

The interactions of oblique/bow shock waves are the key flow phenomena restricting the design and aerothermodynamic performance of high-speed vehicles. Type III and Type IV Shock/Shock Interactions(SSIs) have been extensively investigated, as such interactions can induce abnormal aerodynamic heating problems in hypersonic flows of vehicles. The transition process between these two distinct types of shock/shock interactions remains unclear. In the present study, a subclass of shock/shock interaction configuration is revealed and defined as Type IIIa. Type IIIa interaction can induce much more severe aerodynamic heating than a Type IV interaction which was ever reported to be the most serious in literature. The intense aerodynamic heating observed in this configuration highlights a new design point for the thermal protection system of hypersonic vehicles. A secondary Mach interaction between shock waves in the supersonic flow path of a Type III configuration is demonstrated to be the primary mechanism for such a subclass of shock/shock interaction configuration.     

RANS/LES在超声速突起物绕流中的应用研究

安装在超声速/高超声速飞行器表面的突起物如机翼、控制舵等通常会导致复杂的激波/边界层干扰,对突起物的局部气动特性甚至飞行器整体的气动特性产生较大的扰动.在采用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟此类问题时,传统的求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程方法由于不能准确预测湍流脉动流场并且精度有限,在应用上受到一定的限制.本文在研究B-L (Baldwin-Lomax)内层模型和Smagorinsky亚格子模型优缺点的基础上,提出了一种新型的RANS/LES(Large Eddy Simulation)混合模型,并进行了算例验证,证实了该方法的可行性.在此基础上,对火箭表面突起物的干扰流场进行了数值模拟研究,细致地刻画了突起物附近的激波/边界层干扰、剪切层失稳和底部分离涡形成的非定常过程,获得了突起物及火箭表面上的压力脉动历程并进行了频谱分析.研究发现,相对于突起物底部的非定常分离流动,突起物前缘的激波和边界层相互干扰的非定常过程是突起物周围压力脉动的主导因素,这种高频的压力脉动可能对火箭内设备的正常工作产生不利的影响.     

动态微涡流发生器对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

本文基于OPENFOAM数值仿真平台,采用动态网格技术和湍流离散涡(DES)模型,研究了微涡流发生器以一定速度向下游移动时,激波/边界层干扰(SWBLI)流场特性的变化,重点关注干扰区域内的流向和展向的流场特性。来流马赫数为4,微涡流发生器向下游移动速度为0m/s,20m/s和40m/s。研究表明：当MVG向下游移动时,SWBLI区域的“弓”形高压区会演化成“双弓”形；入射激波形成高压区的压力明显降低,同时,入射激波和反射激波形成高压区的峰值位置均会向下游移动；流场下游 “双圆弧”状高压区的高度逐渐降低；SWBLI区域边界层的高度逐渐降低,同时边界层底部的速度也有所降低；随着MVG移动速度的增加,对SWBLI流场的控制效果更加明显；动态MVG对流场的控制是通过尾迹涡和波系结构实现的。     

跨声速涡轮叶栅激波损失控制方法

为了降低高负荷跨声速高压涡轮激波损失,发展了针对性的涡轮叶栅激波控制方法。针对吸力侧激波,提出可控膨胀设计概念,结合基于曲率的叶型设计方法,通过调整吸力面曲率分布以控制气流膨胀力度,减小了尾缘激波前马赫数,有效减弱了吸力侧激波强度和叶栅出口压力不均匀程度。针对压力侧激波,发展了消波设计方法,在吸力面的激波作用区域设计一鼓包型线,利用鼓包迎风面压缩波的预增压作用和外凸面膨胀波的消波作用,有效抑制了激波/边界层相互干扰,显著削弱了反射激波强度。可控膨胀设计和消波设计对叶栅尾缘两道激波的控制作用相互独立,可单独采用,当两种方法相结合时,吸力侧激波强度降低了29.66%,叶栅出口压力不均匀程度减小了29.28%,总压损失系数减小了12.11%。      

The influence of inlet swirl intensity and hot-streak on aerodynamics and thermal characteristics of a high pressure turbine vane

In modern gas turbines, the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) is exposed to an extreme thermal environment due to the burned gases leaving the combustor. The burned gases are characterized by flow and temperature distortions that effect the aerodynamics and heat transfer of the turbine. The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the effect of the intensity of the swirling flow combined with the temperature non-uniformity “Hot-Streak” (H-S) on the aerothermal performances of a HPT Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). The investigations are conducted on the solid untwisted NGV annular cascade developed in NASA Lewis Research Center. Four swirl intensities (|S_n| = 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5), two swirl orientations (positive and negative) and two hot-streaks (rounded and radial) at the NGV inlet are considered. The simulations are done by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using ANSYS-CFX software. The results show that the H-S with swirl undergoes twisting following the orientation of the swirl. The H-S twist is aggressive under positive swirl compared to the negative swirl case. The inlet swirl generates a new secondary flow structure, so called Swirl Vortex (SV), which induces more aerodynamic losses. The aerodynamic efficiency under negative swirl found to be higher than that under positive swirl. The maximum temperature on the vane surface is controlled by the radial transport of the SV towards the endwalls.     

超声速湍流流场的RANS/LES混合计算方法研究

采用对接/拼接网格技术,建立了基于分区混合和基于湍流尺度混合的双重RANS/LES混合计算模型,并对环翼低速绕流、翼型跨声速绕流和球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流进行了初步的数值模拟.环翼和翼型绕流计算表明,该混合模型可给出较合理的湍流宏观平均量;球锥带凹窗外形二维超声速绕流计算表明,该混合模型可得到超声速瞬态湍流脉动流场,凹窗处存在复杂的旋涡结构和波系结构,呈现较大尺度的脉动.但该模型还需要进一步的考核验证.     

多段翼型大迎角分离流动的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法

多段翼型的大迎角绕流发生大范围附面层分离,具有明显的三维与非定常流动特性。RANS/LES混合算法继承了LES对流动分离区大尺度漩涡准确模拟的优点,避免了纯LES算法需求网格量巨大与亚格子模型壁面函数不成熟等问题,对分离流动的模拟效果优于RANS算法。以S-A湍流模型与Smagorinsky亚格子模型为基础,借鉴DDES的附面层延迟控制思想,构造了可用于对接网格、重叠网格的DELAYED RANS/LES混合算法。研究了GA（W）-1多段翼型的大迎角分离流动及其气动特性。     

Numerical simulations of shock/boundary layer interactions using time-dependent modeling techniques: A survey of recent results

Supersonic or hypersonic flows within and around flight vehicles inevitably involve interactions of strong shock waves with boundary layers. Flows within inlet/isolator configurations, and flows induced by control surface deflections are some examples. Such interactions are time dependent in nature and are often subject to low-frequency, large-scale motion that induces local pressure and heating loads. With recent increases in available computer power, it has now become possible to simulate such interactions at experimentally relevant Reynolds numbers using time-dependent techniques, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (LES–RANS) methods. This paper will survey some recent work in this area and will describe insights in shock/boundary layer interaction physics gained by using these high-fidelity methods. Attention will be focused on studies that compare directly with experimental data at the same (or nearly the same) Reynolds number. Challenges in the application of these techniques to even more complicated high-speed flow fields are also outlined.     

复杂湍流流动的混合RANS/LES方法研究

混合RANS/LES方法是近年来复杂湍流模拟的重要方法。简要回顾了混合RANS/LES模拟方法的发展历程,着重总结和分析了分离涡混合模型、类Menter SST混合模型以及湍流能量谱一致混合方法三类混合模型的构造方法和发展历程,对这三种方法的应用以及优缺点进行了简要评述,最后指出了混合RANS/LES方法发展应该兼顾的问题,为下一步的混合RANS/LES模拟提供了参考。