Multiscale modeling of mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of 3D angle-interlock woven aluminum composites subjected to warp/weft directional tension loading

The mechanical behavior and progressive damage mechanism of novel aluminum matrix composites reinforced with 3D angle-interlock woven carbon fibers were investigated using a multiscale modeling approach. The mechanical properties and failure of yarns were evaluated using a microscale model under different loading scenarios. On this basis, a mesoscale model was developed to analyze the tensile behavior and failure mechanism of the composites. The interfacial decohesion, matrix damage, and failure of fibers and yarns were incorporated into the microscopic and mesoscopic models. The stress–strain curves and fracture modes from simulation show good agreement with the experimental curves and fracture morphology. Local interface and matrix damage initiate first under warp directional tension. Thereafter, interfacial failure, weft yarn cracking, and matrix failure occur successively. Axial fracture of warp yarn, which displays a quasi-ductile fracture characteristic, dominates the ultimate composites failure. Under weft directional tension, interfacial failure and warp yarn rupture occur at the early and middle stages. Matrix failure and weft yarn fracture emerge simultaneously at the final stage, leading to the cata-strophic failure of composites. The weft directional strength and fracture strain are lower than the warp directional ones because of the lower weft density and the more serious brittle fracture of weft yarns.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of mechanical behavior of plain woven CFRP composites subjected to three-point bending

The mechanical behavior of plain woven Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites under Three-Point Bending (TPB) is investigated via experimental and numerical approaches. Multiscale models, including microscale, mesoscale and macroscale models, have been developed to characterize the TPB strength and damages. Thereinto, Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) of the microscale and mesoscale structures are established to determine the effective properties of carbon-fiber yarn and CFRP composites, respectively. Aimed at accurately and efficiently predicting the TPB behavior, an Equivalent Cross-Ply Laminate (ECPL) cell is proposed to simplify the inherent woven architecture, and the effective properties of the subcell are computed using a local homogenization approach. The macroscale model of the TPB specimen is constructed by a topology structure of ECPL cells to predict the mechanical behavior. The TPB experiments have been performed to validate the multiscale models. Both the experimental and numerical results reveal that delamination mainly appears in the top and bottom interfaces of the CFRP laminates. And matrix cracking and delamination are identified as the significant damage modes during the TPB process. Finally, the quasi-static and dynamic behaviors of plain woven composites are discussed by comparing the results of Low-Velocity Impact (LVI) and TPB simulations.     

基于Puck准则的2.5 D机织复合材料压缩性能研究

利用CATIA软件以经纬密为参数建立了2.5D纤维增强浅交弯联复合材料的参数化有限元模型,在Hy-perMesh专业网格划分工具中划分周期性网格,编写了Fortran程序嵌入周期性边界条件。采用Abaqus软件中VU-MAT子程序功能编写了基于Puck准则的材料损伤本构模型,通过渐进损伤分析,得到了机织织物宏观弹性模量以及经向压缩强度、破坏路径,并对破坏结果进行了分析。利用RTM工艺复合成型试件并进行力学测试,实验结果证实了仿真分析的准确性。     

2.5维机织复合材料疲劳寿命预测方法

针对疲劳载荷作用下的2.5维机织复合材料,建立了疲劳寿命预测方法.该方法主要包括单胞模型、疲劳失效判定准则和材料性能退化方法3部分.选取单胞模型为研究对象,利用三维有限元技术进行应力分析;引入改进的三维Hashin疲劳失效准则和Mises准则作为纤维束和树脂基体的疲劳失效判据;采用刚度性能突降准则描述疲劳失效后的材料性能,采用考虑纤维体积分数影响的剩余刚度和剩余强度退化模型描述失效前材料的性能.通过疲劳寿命预测值与试验值的对比,验证了疲劳寿命预测方法的有效性.研究表明:经向拉-拉疲劳寿命随经纱纤维体积分数增大而增加,纬向拉-拉疲劳寿命受纬纱纤维体积分数影响较小.      

斜纹机织热塑性复合材料低速冲击损伤及多尺度数值模拟研究

机织复合材料在服役过程中不可避免地遭受低速冲击而引起内部损伤,导致材料性能减退。本文以斜纹机织热塑性复合材料为研究对象,通过实验与模拟相结合的方法研究其在低速冲击下的损伤行为。构建了微观、介观和宏观串行的多尺度模型对斜纹机织热塑性复合材料低速冲击损伤行为进行预测,并在5和10 J的冲击能量下,对其进行低速冲击试验以验证该多尺度模型的正确性。结果表明,微观、介观和宏观串行的多尺度模型能够准确地预测出斜纹机织热塑性复合材料的冲击损伤特性;在较大的冲击能量下,材料正面和背面均出现了损伤,且损伤以纤维断裂为主;低速冲击数值模拟所预测的力响应曲线与试验结果表现出良好的一致性,数值模拟损伤面积的误差在10%以内。     

三维机织复合材料的一个细观力学模型

根据三维机织复合材料中细观几何和变形的周期性,提出了一种反映细观周期约束条件的组合梁单元模型,该模型既考虑了纤维束的偏轴拉压效应,又考虑了纤维束的弯／剪耦合效应和纤维束之间的相互作用,可以描述纤维束和基体中的细观应力分布。针对一种典型的三维机织复合材料,研究了根据编织参数确定材料细观结构的方法,在此基础上选取材料中最小周期的一段纤维束作为分析胞元,用上述模型分析了面内拉伸荷载下胞元中各相材料的细观应力,进而得到材料平均的宏观模量。材料试验和二维细观有限元分析证明了本模型的可靠性。研究表明,三维机织复合材料中,纤维束拉、弯耦合效应引起的细观应力在应力分析中不可忽略。     

基础随机激励下纤维增强复合薄板振动疲劳寿命预报

针对传统有限元建模黑箱操作多、计算成本大、不具有自主知识产权等问题,基于经典层合板理论,随机振动理论和Miner线性积累损伤准则,建立了基础随机激励下纤维增强复合薄板振动疲劳寿命预测的解析模型。基于应力模态法,推导了纤维增强复合薄板的应力频响函数,在考虑随机激励的基础上,得到了结构的随机振动等效应力功率谱密度函数。通过Dirlik、Bendat和Benasciutti-Tovo三种频域模型对应的概率密度函数,成功求解了相应的振动疲劳寿命。另外,采用ANSYS与nCode软件对模型及其预测结果的正确性进行了验证,研究发现该模型寿命计算结果相对于商业软件计算结果的偏差不超过14.8%,但计算效率提高了17%～33%。因此,该模型可为预测随机激励下各向异性复合薄板的振动疲劳问题,提供一种思路和工具。     

某航空电机主轴轴承的多轴振动应力响应分析

基于随机振动载荷作用的轴承疲劳寿命分析较复杂,其关键是要得到准确的应力分布。因此,对某航空电机的主轴轴承进行应力响应分析。首先,基于某航空电机主轴轴承的特点,在轴向、航行和垂向的功率谱密度下,建立了多轴随机振动作用下的Von Mises应力分布模型。其次,采用Ansys Workbench对其进行有预应力的模态分析和随机振动应力响应分析。最后通过对比理论计算与仿真获得的应力均值和应力标准差值结果,验证了功率谱密度作用下的应力响应分析方法的可行性,为疲劳寿命分析提供依据。     

Static mechanical properties of hybrid RTM-made composite Ⅰ-and Ⅱ-beams under three-point flexure

This paper deals with three-point flexure tests on hybrid I-and P-beams,made out of multi-layer carbon fiber/epoxy resin(including twill woven fabric CF3031/5284 and unidirectional cord fabric U3160/5284)reinforced composites,processed using the RTM(resin transfer molding)technique.Static bending properties were determined and failure initiation mechanism was deduced from experimental observations.Failure mode of the tested hybrid RTM-made I-beams can be reckoned to be characteristic of the delamination from the cutout edge within the web and the debonding propagation along the interface between the inverted triangular resin-rich zone and the adjacent curved web until local buckling within the curved webs around the conjunction fillet region.In contrast,as distinct from hybrid RTM I-beams subjected to three-point bending loading,hybrid RTM-made P-beams in three-point flexure tests experienced the resin debonding in the inverted triangular resin-rich zones and the debonding propagation along the interface between the inverted triangular resin-rich zone and the adjacent curved web until complete separation of the curved web from the flange.Progressive damage models(PDMs)were presented to predict failure loads and process of hybrid RTM-made I-and P-beams under three-point flexure.Good correlation was achieved between experimental and numerical results.     

陶瓷基复合材料疲劳寿命预测方法

为了建立CMC疲劳寿命预测方法,推广CMC在航空发动机中的应用,根据BHE剪滞模型理论,分析了随着疲劳峰值应力的大小不同,CMC可能出现的4种疲劳迟滞行为,推导了每种迟滞行为下的循环应力-应变公式,模拟了给定应力条件下的疲劳迟滞回线,通过与试验数据对比,证明了迟滞回线模拟的准确性,进一步分析了界面剪应力随疲劳循环数的退化关系。结合界面剪应力退化模型与纤维强度退化模型,设计了纤维应力计算和疲劳寿命计算流程。针对2维编织CMC,根据单胞有限元计算结果提取了纤维束应力,并对CMC进行了疲劳寿命计算,推导了CMC疲劳寿命S-N曲线,其结果与试验数据基本吻合。针对2维编织CMC的疲劳寿命预测方法,可用于编织结构的CMC涡轮导叶疲劳寿命分析。     

多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命估算方法

提出了一种多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命预测方法.通过雨流计数法对各平面上的剪应变进行循环计数,以统计出的剪应变循环作为多轴疲劳损伤的主要控制参数,将各剪应变循环历程内对应的最大正应力和正应变变程作为多轴疲劳损伤的第二控制参数.根据多轴疲劳寿命模型计算出各平面上的损伤,以最大损伤平面作为多轴随机疲劳的临界平面,通过该临界平面上的损伤计算出多轴随机载荷下的疲劳寿命.采用SNCM630钢,304不锈钢和S45C钢3种金属材料的多轴随机疲劳试验数据对提出的寿命预测方法进行评估和验证.结果表明:疲劳寿命预测结果大都分布在试验结果的2倍分散带之内.     

单向陶瓷基复合材料任意应力本构行为快速计算方法

为了实现快速预测陶瓷基复合材料(CMCs)任意应力加卸载作用后的损伤状态和本构行为,对CMCs任意应力加卸载力学行为进行研究。提出了任意应力加卸载曲线简化方法,得到仅包含决定CMCs损伤状态的等效载荷曲线。基于剪滞模型,直接给出CMCs在等效载荷曲线作用后的滑移区分布,避免对载荷曲线的逐点计算。进而预测了材料的损伤状态和应力应变行为。将原始加卸载曲线带入剪滞模型,计算CMCs滑移区分布和应力应变,并与本文提出的方法进行比较,结果表明,两种计算方法计算的结果一致,说明了本文提出的载荷曲线简化方法和滑移区分布计算方法是可行的。     

疲劳裂纹尖端残余应力场的深度-传感压痕测试与有限元分析

 飞机和发动机等重要装备承力结构在服役过程中通常承受变幅疲劳载荷作用。直接测量和分析由于过载塑性变形而导致的裂纹尖端附近残余应力场,对于较好地理解变幅加载下疲劳裂纹扩展行为,从而改善和发展疲劳寿命预测模型具有重要价值。本文基于微细尺度的深度-传感压痕(DSI)残余应力测量技术,研究了材料疲劳裂纹尖端附近残余应力场的实用测试技术,获得了铝合金中心裂纹拉伸试样在恒幅及单峰疲劳过载作用下裂纹尖端附近的残余应力场分布。同时,还采用弹塑性有限元方法模拟分析了相同疲劳载荷下裂纹尖端附近相应的残余应力场分布。相互验证表明:两种方法获得了基本吻合的结果。     

疲劳裂纹扩展随机过程的统计分析

证明了两种疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型 (即以时间为参量的随机过程模型和以裂纹长度为参量的随机过程模型 )在描述裂纹扩展随机过程方面的统一性。建立了由试验数据估计平稳对数正态随机过程相关参数的方法,可以直接由试验数据估计疲劳裂纹扩展随机过程的相关参数。针对 4种机型含紧固孔试件谱载荷下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验数据,给出了用文中方法估计的相关参数和用随机模拟法估算的置信区间。     

Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Response of Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composite Beam with Matrix Cracks Using Multiscale Modeling

A multiscale method for simulating the dynamic response of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) with matrix cracks is developed. At the global level, the finite element method is employed to simulate the dynamic response of a CMC beam. While at the local level, the multiscale mechanical method is used to estimate the stress/strain response of the material. A distributed computing system is developed to speed up the simulation. The simulation of dynamic response of a Nicalon/CAS-II beam being subjected to harmonic loading is performed as a numerical example. The results show that both the stress/strain responses under tension and compressive loading are nonlinear. These conditions result in a different response compared with that of elastic beam, such as: 1) the displacement response is not symmetric about the axis of time; 2) in the condition of small external load, the response at first order natural frequency is limited within a finite range; 3) decreasing the matrix crack space will increase the displacement response of the beam.     

含穿透损伤泡沫夹层结构的修补及拉伸性能

建立了复合材料泡沫夹层结构含穿透损伤挖补维修的三维有限元模型,对其在单、双向拉伸载荷作用下进行了有限元分析,根据各铺层的材料主方向的应力分布,采用最大应力强度准则计算了挖补维修前后结构的单、双向拉伸强度。结果表明:单向拉伸载荷状态下,维修后结构强度恢复系数为88.1%,初始损伤为面内剪切失效;双向拉伸载荷状态下,维修后结构强度恢复系数为97.6%,初始损伤为纤维拉伸断裂。最佳表面额外贴补层数量为1至2层,过多贴补层会导致局部应力集中,使维修后结构强度下降。     

Stress analysis and damage evolution in individual plies of notched composite laminates subjected to in-plane loads

This work aims to investigate local stress distribution, damage evolution and failure of notched composite laminates under in-plane loads. An analytic method containing uniformed boundary equations using a complex variable approach is developed to present layer-by-layer stresses around the notch. The uniformed boundary equations established in series together with conformal mapping functions are capable of dealing with irregular boundary issues around the notch and at infinity. Stress results are employed to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation of notched composites by progressive damage analysis(PDA). A user-defined subroutine is developed in the finite element(FE) model based on coupling theories for mixed failure criteria and damage mechanics to efficiently investigate damage evolution as well as failure modes. Carbon/epoxy laminates with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/ 60°/90°]sare used to investigate surface strains, in-plane load capacity and microstructure of failure zones to provide analytic and FE methods with strong validation. Good agreement is observed between the analytic method, the FE model and experiments in terms of the stress(strain) distributions, damage evaluation and ultimate strength, and the layerby-layer stress components vary according to a combination effect of fiber orientation and loading type, causing diverse failure modes in individuals.     

ESTIMATION OF FATIGUE LIFE UNDER RANDOM LOADING WITH PLASTIC HYSTERESIS ENERGY THEOREM

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随机谱下裂纹扩展统计模型

结合断裂力学及概率随机过程理论,应用概率断裂力学方法研究随机谱下裂纹扩展的随机性。提出一种裂纹扩展统计模型预测裂纹随机扩展的统计分布特性。预测结果与大子样随机谱下裂纹扩展试验结果吻合良好。     

二维三轴编织复合材料压缩失效行为的细观有限元模拟

为研究典型二维三轴编织复合材料（2DTBC）的压缩破坏机理,建立了细观有限元模拟方法体系。提出了反映编织复合材料真实几何特性的单胞模型建模策略,根据Murakami-Ohno损伤理论建立了各向异性损伤模型来模拟纤维束中的损伤起始和扩展行为,通过引入波动系数描述了纤维束的起伏状态,并采用内聚力单元来模拟界面分层。在此基础上,分析得到了二维三轴编织复合材料在压缩载荷下的破坏过程,研究了压缩载荷下纤维束和界面层的损伤演化,探讨了纤维束波动对压缩性能的影响规律。通过与相关试验结果对比,该模型能够准确预测二维三轴编织复合材料在面内压缩载荷下的力学响应和主要失效行为,以及自由边效应。细观失效过程分析结果表明,二维三轴编织复合材料轴向压缩的破坏是由轴向纤维束的纤维压缩失效主导的;横向压缩破坏则是由偏轴纤维束的纤维压缩失效引起的。