High-temperature oxidation behavior and analysis of impedance spectroscopy of 7YSZ thermal barrier coating prepared by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition

Quasi-columnar structure 7YSZ(yttria stabilized zirconia) thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) are prepared by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition(PS-PVD) onto pretreated and un-pretreated bond coating, respectively. An isothermal oxidation experiment of 7YSZ TBCs is carried out in the atmosphere of 950 °C in order to simulate the high-temperature oxidation process of engine blades. The isothermal oxidation process of 7YSZ thermal barrier coatings is investigated systematically by impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical physical model and equivalent circuit of columnar 7YSZ coatings are established. Results show that the isothermal oxidation kinetic curve of columnar 7YSZ thermal barrier coatings appears to follow the parabolic law. A pretreatment of bond coating can reduce the growth rate of the thermally grown oxide(TGO) layer, restraining the initiation and propagation of microcracks between YSZ and TGO layers. The oxidation rate constants of 7YSZ coatings with pretreated and un-pretreated bond coating are 0.101×10~(-12) cm~2·s~(-1) and 0.115 × 10~(-13) cm~2 ·s~(-1), respectively. Impedance analysis shows that the content of oxygen vacancies decreases and the density increases after the TGO layer is oxidized for 150 h. In addition, shrinkage microcracks formed by sintering during the oxidation process is the main reason for an increase of the capacitance and a decrease of the resistance in the grain boundary of YSZ.     

7YSZ coating prepared by PS-PVD based on heterogeneous nucleation

Plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) as a novel coating process based on low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS) has been significantly used for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A coating can be deposited from liquid splats, nano-sized clusters, and the vapor phase forming different structured coatings, which shows obvious advantages in contrast to conventional technologies like atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). In addition, it can be used to produce thin, dense, and porous ceramic coatings for special applications because of its special characteristics, such as high power, very low pressure, etc. These provide new opportunities to obtain different advanced microstructures, thus to meet the growing requirements of modern functional coatings. In this work, focusing on exploiting the potential of gas-phase deposition from PS-PVD, a series of 7YSZ coating experiments with various process conditions was performed in order to better understand the deposition process in PS-PVD, where coatings were deposited on different substrates including graphite and zirconia. Meanwhile, various substrate temperatures were investigated for the same substrate. As a result, a deposition mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation has been presented showing that surface energy is an important influencing factor for coating structures. Besides, undercooling of the interface between substrate and vapor phase plays an important role in coating structures.     

等离子体辅助电子束物理气相沉积制备热防护涂层

电子束物理气相沉积(Electrom Beam-Physical Vapor Deposition,EB-PVD)是制备航空发动机热防护涂层的一种重要技术手段。采用等离子体辅助技术可进一步实现EB-PVD涂层的结构改性和性能提升。对等离子体辅助EB-PVD技术的研究现状进行了简要综述,并对等离子体辅助EB-PVD制备航空发动机MCr Al Y抗氧化涂层、氮化物抗冲蚀涂层及YSZ热障涂层研究进行了介绍。     

等离子喷涂LaTi2Al9O19热障涂层的微观组织结构及热物理性能

 第一代热障涂层(TBCs)由氧化钇部分稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)陶瓷隔热层和金属粘结层组成,该涂层长期使用温度低于1 200℃。随着先进航空发动机向着高推重比发展,迫切要求发展新一代超高温、高隔热热障涂层材料。LaTi₂Al₉O₁₉(LTA)在1 500℃长期保持相稳定,是一种非常有前景的超高温热障涂层候选材料。本文采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)制备了LTA涂层,研究了喷涂工艺对涂层微观组织结构和热物理性能的影响。结果表明沉积态涂层中含少量的非晶态,在860℃和1 130℃出现晶化峰。等离子喷涂过程中La₂O₃挥发量较多,导致沉积态涂层中La元素与原始粉末相比含量偏低,而其他组分的化学成分随喷涂功率变化不大。LTA涂层的热扩散系数在1 400℃下为0.3~0.4 mm²·s^-1,热导率为1.1~1.6 W·m^-1·K^-1。1 050℃经过20小时热处理后,得到晶化的涂层在晶化温度范围内的热扩散系数和热导率值均增大。随着喷涂功率减小,涂层孔隙率增加,热导率减小。     

Low-temperature Formation of Aluminide Coatings on Ni-base Superalloys by Pack Cementation Process

This article investigates the low-temperature formation of aluminide coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by pack cementation process. The pack cemented coatings characteristic of high density and homogeneity possess a two-layer structure. The top layer mainly consists of Al₃Ni₂ and Al₃Ni, while the bottom layer of Al₃Ni₂. Great efforts are made to elucidate the effects of different experimental parameters on the microstructure and the constituent distribution of the coatings. The results show that all the parameters exclusive of the pack activator (NH₄Cl) content produce effect on the coating thickness, but do not on the microstructure and the constituent distribution. The pack activator (NH₄Cl) content affects neither the coating thickness nor structure and constituent distribution. The parabolic relationship between the coating thickness and the deposition time suggests that the process is diffusion-controlled. Furthermore, the article demonstrates a linear relationship between the coating thickness and the reciprocal deposition temperature.     

梯度热障涂层的设计

 采用电子束物理气相沉积方法 (EB PVD)制备了梯度热障涂层,其结构设计为NiCoCrAlY粘结层 /Al₂O₃ YSZ过渡层 /YSZ陶瓷层。YSZ陶瓷层的结构为柱状晶结构,Al₂O₃ YSZ梯度过渡层为梯度微孔结构。采用有限元方法对梯度热障涂层进行热应力分析,优化了Al₂O₃ YSZ梯度过渡层的组成。计算结果表明,梯度涂层的内应力显著降低,而且界面及其附近应力和应变变化较平缓。过渡层厚度的增加有利于降低涂层内应力和缓和涂层界面处的应力集中。     

喷枪空间行进速率对等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ复合涂层温度场的影响

为了突破传统金属/陶瓷双层热防护涂层高温环境易剥离的技术瓶颈,研究喷枪空间行进速率变化对等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ复合涂层时间域及空间域温度场分布的影响规律。利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,建立等离子喷涂Mo/8YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的数值模型,考虑材料不同温度下的热物性参数和材料的相变潜热,通过分析不同喷枪空间行进速率下喷涂构件的温度与温度梯度发现:在喷涂过程的同一时刻,喷枪行进速率越大,单位长度内喷枪与构件相互作用的时间越少,构件的最大温度值越小,构件上表面温度分布的均匀性越高,构件的最大温度梯度值越小;先沉积的涂层对后沉积的涂层存在预热作用,基体的最大温度值呈"台阶式"升高的变化趋势;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层的热阻增加,基体温度的波动幅度逐渐减小;通过调控各涂层的喷枪行进速率,可进一步减小构件的温度梯度,按照黏结层最大、过渡层次之、陶瓷层最小的顺序进行喷涂时,喷涂构件的温度梯度最小。     

Experiment of gas plasma plume deflection by magnetic control

To investigate the deflection effect of gas plasma plume controlled by magnetic field, a novel experimental scheme was presented. The Cs2CO3 catalytic ionization seeds were injected into the combustion chamber to obtain gas plasma on a high temperature magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) experiment rig. The plasma jet was deflected under the action of an external magnetic field, resulting in a thrust-vector effect. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) collected two-dimensional images of jet flow field. Through image processing and velocity vector analysis, the jet deflection angle can be obtained quantitatively. At 1800-2500K, the jet deflection was verified experimentally under the condition of 0.45T magnetic field strength. The results indicate that the jet deflection angle increases gradually with the increase of gas temperature, and above 2200K, the jet deflection angle increase obviously. In the process of gas plasma jet, it is feasible to realize the jet deflection controlled by MHD by adding an external magnetic field.     

基于横向二次射流的水下推力矢量方法

提出一种基于横向二次射流的水下推力矢量技术,通过二次射流的横向速度场诱导主流发生偏转,建立了推力矢量偏角与流速偏角的数学关系,证明了通过主流偏转实现推力矢量偏转的有效性。通过数值计算方法分析了不同二次射流深度、不同二次射流/主流体积比及不同二次射流/主流速度比条件下主流偏转角度变化。结果显示:随着二次射流深度的增加,主流受到壁面阻碍作用增强,因而偏转角度减小。随着二次射流/主流体积比的减小,出口负压区所占比例减小,主流偏转角度增加,且当体积比减小到一定值后,负压影响可以忽略,主流不再随体积比而变化。主流偏转角度随速度比增加而增加,且在速度比一定的条件下,速度数值的变化对主流偏转没有影响。设计了一种主流为圆形射流的水下矢量推进器,对其数值分析结果揭示:当位于射流中剖面同侧的二次射流全部作动时,主流可以取得最大的偏转角度,且主流的偏转方向可以通过使不同的二次射流组合处于作动状态进行控制。      

激光重熔改性热障涂层抗CMAS腐蚀特性

采用激光对大气等离子喷涂7YSZ热障涂层进行表面重熔处理,探讨基体预热和Al₂O₃溶胶涂敷对激光重熔层裂纹愈合的影响,研究处理后热障涂层的耐CMAS熔盐腐蚀性能。结果表明:涂层经过激光重熔和基体预热后的激光重熔处理后,与未经重熔处理涂层的CMAS腐蚀厚度基本相同;而采用表面Al₂O₃溶胶涂敷加激光重熔的热障涂层的CMAS腐蚀厚度明显减小,表明Al₂O₃溶胶涂敷加激光重熔工艺可以有效地减轻CMAS熔盐侵蚀,其机理是表面形成的Al₂O₃薄膜溶于CMAS后生成了难熔晶体钙长石,降低了熔盐的流动性和腐蚀性。     

民用飞机ADHF构型升阻特性研究

采用计算流体力学方法,针对伴随扰流板下偏铰链襟翼典型二维多段翼进行数值模拟,研究了扰流板下偏对小襟翼起飞构型多段翼气动升阻特性的影响。结果表明:在所研究范围内,1)固定扰流板偏度及缝道,增大襟翼偏度,可明显提升多段翼升力,并增加1.13V_SR-1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;2)固定襟翼位置,增加扰流板偏度,可产生机翼弯度增大与缝隙量减小两个效果;3)机翼弯度增大,可提升多段翼小迎角下的升力,但最大升力影响有限,弯度增加效应可明显降低1.13V_SR ~1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;4)在0.3%c~1.3%c范围内,减小缝隙量,各迎角下升力均随之下降,但减小缝隙量也可明显降低1.13V_SR~1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;5)固定襟翼,随着扰流板下偏,升力在小迎角下有所提升,进失速段呈现下降现象,而阻力在1.13V_SR~1.25V_SR升力范围内可明显降低。     

Experimental study on plasma jet deflection and energy extraction with MHD control

This paper presents an integrated research scheme for vector deflection and energy extraction in a gas plasma jet under Magneto-Hydrodynamic (MHD) control. A MHD-controlled thrust-vector test rig was used to conduct the experimental research. A gas plasma was obtained by injecting ionization seeds of Cs₂CO₃ into the combustion chamber via artificially forced ionization. The effects of the gas temperature and ionization seed mass fraction on the plasma jet deflection and energy extraction were experimentally verified under an applied magnetic field. The experimental results were analyzed theoretically. The results showed that the deflection amplitude of the gas plasma jet and the extracted voltage signal intensity increased with increasing gas temperature and the ionization seed mass fraction. The extracted dynamic voltage signals proved that the ionization seeds of Cs₂CO₃ induced gas ionization at 1173 K. The experiment verified that it is feasible to simultaneously achieve jet deflection and extract energy under the action of an external magnetic field.     

电子束物理气相沉积LaZrCeO热障涂层微结构与热循环性能

热障涂层(thermal barrier coatings,TBCs)是一种由金属黏结层、热生长氧化物层和陶瓷面层组成的金属-陶瓷复合系统,在先进的航空发动机领域上引起了广泛的关注,但目前先进热障涂层的热循环寿命提升和失效行为研究仍然是一个难点。本研究采用电子束物理气相沉积技术(electron beam physical vapour deposition,EB-PVD)制备LaZrCeO/YSZ双陶瓷层热障涂层,研究热障涂层的相结构、显微组织和失效行为。结果表明:LaZrCeO/YSZ涂层为烧绿石与萤石结构组成的复合涂层材料,LaZrCeO/YSZ涂层的微观结构由羽毛状纳米结构和柱内孔隙组成;在1100℃热循环条件下,LaZrCeO/YSZ双陶瓷层热障涂层展现了良好的热循环寿命;热循环实验后,由于应力累积的作用裂纹在热生长氧化层(TGO)中萌生并扩展,包括水平裂纹和垂直裂纹两大类,进而引起整个涂层体系的不稳定,最终导致涂层失效。     

电子束物理气相沉积YSZ热障涂层热循环性能

考察了YSZ热障涂层的抗热循环性能;分别利用SEM、XRD分析了热循环前后涂层的显微结构和相组成。经分析可知,YSZ热障涂层具有典型的柱状晶结构,沉积态时YSZ涂层为t/t′相,经过600次热循环后,YSZ涂层未发现脱落。     

燃烧室进口流场对某回流燃烧室性能影响的数值计算

为了获得燃烧室进口流场对某回流燃烧室性能的影响规律,通过在轴向扩压器上安装带偏转角度的导向叶片,获得不均匀的燃烧室进口流场。在试验验证的基础上,对均匀进气、导向叶片偏转角度25°及导向叶片偏转角度35°共计三种方案的燃烧室性能进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:带偏转角度的导向叶片使燃烧室进口流场变得不均匀,燃烧室进口截面的气流具有一定的偏转角度和切向分速度;带偏转角度的导向叶片使主燃孔和掺混孔的进气存在一定的偏转角度,随着导向叶片偏转角度的加大,主燃孔和掺混孔的轴向速度小幅增加,主燃孔和掺混孔的切向速度逐渐加大且增幅较大;随着导向叶片偏转角度的加大,燃烧室总压恢复系数逐渐降低;带偏转角度的导向叶片对燃烧室的燃烧效率影响不大;随着导向叶片偏转角度的加大,燃烧室出口温度分布系数（OTDF）逐渐降低且降低幅度较大;在同一径向高度,随着导向叶片偏转角度的加大,燃烧室出口周向温度分布不均匀度逐渐降低。      

Effect of Sintering on Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Barrier Effects of Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are mostly applied to hot components of advanced turbine engines to insulate the components from hot gas. The effect of sintering on thermal conductivity and thermal barrier effects of conventional plasma sprayed and nanostructured yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are investigated. Remarkable increase in thermal conductivity occurs to both typical coatings after heat treatment. The change of porosity is just the opposite. The grain size of the nanostructured zirconia coating increases more drastically with annealing time compared to that of the conventional plasma sprayed coating, which indicates that coating sintering makes more contributions to the thermal conductivity of the nanostructured coating than that of the conventional coating. Thermal barrier effect tests using temperature difference technique are performed on both coatings. The thermal barrier effects decrease with the increase of thermal conductivity after heat treatment and the decline seems more drastic in low thermal conductivity range. The decline in thermal barrier effects is about 80 °C for nanostructured coating after 100 h heat treatment, while the conventional coating reduces by less than 60 °C compared to the as-sprayed coating.     

Review of the CIV phenomenon

Alfvén's Critical Ionization Velocity (CIV) phenomenon is reviewed, with the main emphasis on comparisons between experimental and theoretical results. The review covers (1) the velocity measurements in laboratory experiments, (2) the effect of wall interaction, (3) the experimental and theoretical limits to the magnetic field strength and the neutral density, (4) ionospheric release experiments, (5) theoretical models for electron energization in comparison to experimental results, and (6) CIV models. All laboratory investigations of the CIV are found to obey the three following simple rules of thumb: (1) if the magnetic field is so strong that V _A > 3V ₀, and if there is enough neutral gas that the Townsend condition is fulfilled, then the CIV effect occurs, (2) when it occurs, the threshold velocity (or E/B value) is within ± 50% of Alfvén's proposed value V _c , and (3) for weaker magnetic fields, the effect gradually becomes irreproducible or weak and disappears altogether for V _A < V ₀. The theoretical understanding of the process has grown rapidly during the last decade, mainly due to the introduction of computer simulation models which have to a large degree confirmed and extended earlier analytical theories. The CIV mechanism is not due to one single plasma process, but to several different mechanisms which are applicable in different parameter regimes and geometries. The computer simulations have shown that in order to understand the mechanism properly it is necessary to consider a large number of interlocking collisional and plasma processes. The theoretical development has reached the stage where it should be possible to adapt computer simulation models to specific experiments and predict ionization rates, plasma flow velocities, E/B values, particle distributions, and wave spectra. Such models should for the first time provide a really firm basis for extrapolations of the CIV process to space applications.     

航空发动机热障涂层材料体系的研究

介绍了热障涂层的结构、陶瓷表层材料和中间粘结层的材料发展趋势。热障涂层的结构已由经典的双层结构向成分、结构连续变化的梯度结构发展,涂层的寿命有明显的提高。制备方法中电子束物理气相沉积技术具有明显优势。热障涂层表层材料的最佳成分是(质量百分数6%～8%)Y2O3部分稳定的ZrO2陶瓷材料。粘结层体系发展的一个重要趋势是能同时保证力学性能和抗氧化性能的低Al含量NiCoCrAlY。     

Effects of Shot Peening Process on Thermal Cycling Lifetime of TBCs Prepared by EB-PVD

Conventional two-layered thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) with ZrO2-8 wt% Y2O3 (8YSZ) as top coat and CoCrAlY as bond coat on disk-shaped Ni based super-alloy. In this paper, three kinds of shot peening process with different lengths of operating time were adopted for bond coating. As a result, changes took place in its sur- face roughness and the surface micro-hardness. A thermal cycling test at 1 273 K×55 min and another at room temperature for 5 min were performed to study the effects of shot peening process on the thermal cycling lifetime of TBCs. It is found that a moderate shot peening process will be able to prolong the life time. The oxidation dynamic of the as-processed TBCs basically accords with the para- bolic rule, and the oxidation test also attests to the spallation between YSZ and thermal growth oxide (TGO) responsible mainly for the failure of TBCs.     

等离子喷涂工艺参数对GdPO4热障涂层组织结构和结合强度的影响

随着航空发动机涡轮进口温度提升,目前最广泛使用的Y₂O₃部分稳定ZrO₂(YSZ)热障涂层(TBCs)已难以满足需求,亟须发展新一代超高温TBCs。GdPO₄是一种极具应用前景的TBCs材料。本工作采用等离子喷涂方法制备GdPO₄/YSZ双陶瓷层结构TBCs,研究喷涂工艺参数特别是喷涂功率对GdPO₄陶瓷涂层相组成、表面形貌、微观结构以及结合强度的影响。结果表明:等离子喷涂GdPO₄过程中会有元素P损耗,得到的涂层除了GdPO₄外,还有一些Gd₃PO₇相;随着喷涂功率降低,Gd₃PO₇相含量减少;GdPO₄陶瓷涂层的主体结构由充分熔融的喷涂粒子堆垛构成,其中镶嵌有未熔化粒子构成的微区;随着喷涂功率降低,未熔化微区增多,涂层厚度降低;GdPO₄/YSZ TBCs的结合强度随喷涂功率降低而减小,主要是由于未熔化微区增多降低了涂层的内聚力;因此,低喷涂功率不利于涂层的结合强度。