蜂窝密封封严特性的实验研究

实验研究了3种规格的蜂窝密封在不同转速、不同密封间隙下的封严特性，并与梳齿密封进行了比较。蜂窝密封在转子转速为6 000 r/min时的漏气量比转子静止时的漏气量减少约4.8%。半径间隙为0.12mm时，芯格尺寸为1.6mm的蜂窝密封封严效果最好，半径间隙为0.06mm时，梳齿密封的漏气量比蜂窝密封少。     

Effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of brush-labyrinth seals at various operating conditions

Over the last few decades, the research on the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals is not sufficient. To this end, two kinds of brush-labyrinth seals for the bristle pack element installed upstream of the labyrinth teeth named BSU and installed downstream of the labyrinth teeth called BSD were used to investigate the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals. Using the numerical model combining the porous medium model and the whirling rotor method, the rotordynamic characteristics of the BSU and BSD at various operating conditions including four kinds of pressure ratios, five kinds of inlet preswirl speeds and four kinds of rotor spinning speeds were conducted. The obtained results show that the effects of operating conditions on rotordynamic coefficients for the different seal configurations are different. The direct stiffness, cross-coupled stiffness and direct damping of the BSU are lower than those of the BSD. The rotordynamic coefficients of the BSU are more insensitive to the operating conditions variation. From the perspective of the seal stability, the BSU is a better brush-labyrinth seal configuration at high pressure ratio, high positive preswirl or high rotor spinning speed conditions. While in the case of low pressure ratio, low positive preswirl or low rotor spinning speed conditions, the BSD is a better choice.     

迷宫式封严篦齿的流场观测与实验研究

本文对典型的迷宫式封严篦齿流场进行了观察与测量,以解释某些实验结果中的“反常现象”,即在台阶式篦齿封严结构中,泄漏系数会随间隙的增大而减小。在对10倍于原型的试件进行的水流模拟试验中,未观察到异常的旋涡结构,在泄漏量测量中也未发现类似的“反常”现象。此外,却意外发现在大间隙情况下,台阶直齿篦齿靠向一侧的封严方案比台阶式斜齿方案有更好的封严效果。     

Effects of swirl brake axial arrangement on the leakage performance and rotor stability of labyrinth seals

Swirl brakes are usually introduced at the seal entrance in industry to improve the seal stability, especially for labyrinth seals suffering low seal clearance and high inlet preswirl ratio. However, how to arrange swirl brakes at the seal entrance to obtain better seal stability retains unknown, such as the axial distance between the brake trailing edge and the first tooth. To this end, the effects of the distance between brakes and the first tooth on the leakage flow rate and seal rotordynamic coefficients were numerically investigated at typical inlet preswirl ratios of 0.45 and 0.8, and the predicted results were in comparison with the results for no-brake configuration. The obtained results disclose that the brake configuration arranged against the first tooth produces lower circumferential velocity in the downstream of the brakes as a result of the larger counter-clockwise vortex moving from the brake trailing edge to the brake leading edge when compared to the brake configuration away from the first tooth. Besides, the dropped circumferential velocity in the downstream of brakes will cause larger pressure fluctuation in the circumferential direction and thus generates larger tangential force to restrain the rotor forward whirl. On the other hand, the effective damping is further increased when the distance between brakes and the first tooth decreases to zero, that is, the crossover frequency is even disappeared at the inlet preswirl ratio of 0.45 and successfully drops from 69.9 Hz to 32.7 Hz at the preswirl ratio of 0.8.     

直通型篦齿封严特性的试验

对真实尺寸下直通型篦齿的封严特性进行了试验,考察了几何参数及转速对篦齿封严特性的影响,结果表明:①在试验范围内,篦齿泄漏系数均随雷诺数的增加而增大;②泄漏系数随齿数的增加而降低;③同一雷诺数下,间隙较小时泄漏系数较大;④小间隙(s=0.4,0.5 mm)时,转速对泄漏系数的影响不大;间隙为s=0.6 mm时,转速影响泄漏系数的界限为2 000 r/min.      

直通篦齿蜂窝封严结构的风阻特性试验

试验研究了直通直齿和直通斜齿与蜂窝衬套和光滑衬套4种组合的三齿两腔封严结构的风阻特性,得到了风阻特性随转速、压比、衬套和齿形结构的变化规律.结果表明:4种组合封严结构在低转速时风阻生热基本都可以忽略,转速在3000r/min到6000r/min之间变化时风阻生热引起的流体总温升随转速增大;采用光滑衬套时,泄漏流体流至首级齿腔处的总温升占进出口总温升比例维持在45%以上,而蜂窝衬套对气流黏滞作用大,低压比时首级齿腔总温升占进出口总温升的比例仅有20%左右,继续增加压比,首级齿腔处的总温升比例由20%增加到50%左右后保持不变;相同衬套时,斜齿比直齿具有较长的齿表面曲线长度,从而具有较高的风阻生热.      

锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性分析及抑振机理

应用非定常动网格技术建立了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,研究了锥形度和涡动频率对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封的抑振机理。结果表明:锥形间隙增强了孔型阻尼密封的泄漏直通效应,增加了密封泄漏量。在平均间隙相等的情况下,收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封泄漏量小于发散间隙孔型阻尼密封;在同一涡动频率下,刚度系数随着锥形度的增加而增大,阻尼系数随着锥形度的增加而减小;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的正直接刚度,增加了转子系统的固有频率,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封产生较大的负直接刚度;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效刚度和穿越频率,较小的有效阻尼,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效阻尼,较小的有效刚度和穿越频率;在锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封结构设计时,需要同时考虑转子系统固有频率和同心度的影响。      

Leakage performance of floating ring seal in cold/hot state for aero-engine

Rotating experimental investigations were carried out to study the oil sealing capability of two different floating ring seals in cold/hot state for aero-engine. High-speed Floating Ring Seal(HFRS) is a seal with the inner diameter of 83.72 mm and maximum speed of 38000 r/min, and Low-speed Floating Ring Seal(LFRS) is another seal with the inner diameter of 40.01 mm and maximum speed of 18000 r/min. In hot state, sealing air with the temperature of 371 K and oil with the temperature of 343 K was employed to model the working conditions of an aero-engine. Comparisons between floating ring seal and labyrinth seal were done to inspect the leakage performance.More attention was paid to the critical pressure ratio where the oil leakage began. Results show that the critical pressure ratio in cold state is obviously larger than that in hot state for both seals. An underlying sealing mechanism for floating ring seal is clarified by the fluid film, which closely associates with the dimensionless parameter of clearance over rotating diameter(2 c/Dr). Another fantastic phenomenon is that the leakage coefficient in hot state, not the leakage magnitude, is unexpectedly larger than that in cold state. Overall, the leakage performance of the floating ring seal is better than the labyrinth seal.     

篦齿封严泄漏特性的实验

为了研究工程实际尺寸下篦齿封严泄漏特性,设计并搭建了篦齿封严实验台.在进出口压比为1.1~2.0的条件下,探究了节流间隙、齿数、齿腔深度和宽度等对篦齿封严泄漏量和密封腔内压力分布的影响.结果表明:泄漏系数随着压比和节流间隙的提高而增加,但压比达到1.6后,增加趋势逐渐变缓;增加齿数能显著提高篦齿的封严性能,但随着齿数变多,效果逐渐减弱;较浅和较宽的齿腔对于提高篦齿的封严性能更有利;进出口压比、节流间隙和齿腔深度对于篦齿腔内压力系数的分布几乎没有影响;篦齿腔内沿程压力不断降低,但在各齿腔内降低的程度逐渐减小;在篦齿封严中,越接近入口的齿腔对密封性能提高的贡献越大,对封严性能的优劣起着决定性作用.      

A transient bulk flow model with circular whirl motion for rotordynamic coefficients of annular seals

Bulk flow model with perturbation simplification has been used to calculate rotordynamic coefficients in annular seals which have significant influences on the dynamic behavior of rotors in turbomachinery. In this work, a transient bulk flow model with arbitrary rotor motion is developed, and the boundary conditions and friction factor in the model are calibrated with steady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The numerical solution scheme is developed based on the finite element method to obtain the transient reaction force in the seal clearance. With a periodic circular rotor orbit, the transient forces at multiple whirling frequencies are used to evaluate the rotordynamic coefficients. The leakage flowrate of CFD analysis has good agreement with experimental results and the calibrated parameters in bulk flow model are dependent on operating conditions. Although CFD calibration improves the accuracy of the perturbed bulk flow model, the direct damping is overestimated and the cross-coupled damping is underestimated. Compared with the perturbed model, the predictions of the transient bulk flow model are more agreeable with the experiment.     

封严篦齿特征参数对其密封性能影响的数值分析

利用软件CFX对直通型篦齿的内部流动进行模拟,研究了直通型篦齿齿距、转速对其泄漏量的影响.计算结果表明:篦齿泄漏量随齿距的增大而减少,篦齿转速对篦齿泄漏量的影响很小.另外,本文提出一种变齿距直通型篦齿,研究变齿距对篦齿泄漏量的影响,并对变齿距齿形所处位置对泄漏量的影响进行研究.     

基于流固热耦合的非金属迷宫密封泄漏特性与公式构造

建立了考虑齿变形的非金属迷宫密封泄漏特性流固热耦合数值求解模型,在验证求解模型准确性的基础上,研究了聚醚醚酮（PEEK）、填充30%碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮（PEEK-CA30）和铝合金三种材料迷宫密封在不同压比、温度下的流场特性、结构力学特性与泄漏特性,并基于Vermes公式构造了考虑齿变形的非金属迷宫密封泄漏量理论公式。研究结果表明:建立的迷宫密封流固热耦合模型可以准确计算非金属密封齿的变形量和变形后的泄漏量。在研究的三种材料中,采用PEEK-CA30材料密封齿的变形量相对较小,占密封齿径向长度的0.35%~0.67%,其密封性能较好,相比于未考虑齿变形密封的泄漏量增加1.2%~6.8%。当温度高于500 K,压比大于3时,采用铝合金材料密封齿的最大等效应力达到材料的屈服极限而引起密封件失效。所构造的泄漏量理论公式能够准确预测考虑齿变形的非金属迷宫密封泄漏量,为非金属迷宫密封泄漏特性分析提供理论依据。      

旋转状态下篦齿流量特性试验研究

篦齿是航空发动机中非常重要的密封流动单元。本文用试验方法研究了2齿和10齿直通型篦齿在旋转状态下的流量特性,获得了篦齿流量特性随进出口压比的变化关系,同时测量了不同转速下篦齿各齿间压力。结果表明:在低压比(<1.8)、低转速(<1 000 r/min)情况下,旋转对篦齿流量特性影响较小;但随着转速的升高,同一压比下,流量系数会降低,在转速2 500 r/min时,流量系数比静止状态时降低了约8%,齿间压力也有一定程度的下降。     

台阶篦齿与衬套轴向位置和转速对封严特性影响的实验

设计了上台阶和下台阶篦齿两组实验模型,研究了旋转和静止两种状态下篦齿进出口压比、篦齿与衬套轴向相对位置以及转速对封严特性的影响.结果表明:齿型结构尺寸相同时,上台阶篦齿和下台阶篦齿的封严特性相似,增加篦齿前后腔压比,台阶篦齿的泄漏系数增加;进口总压和总温一定时,齿间压力沿流动方向线性下降;台阶篦齿与台阶衬套的轴向相对位置的改变对台阶篦齿的泄漏量影响不大;低转速时旋转速度对台阶篦齿泄漏影响也不大.      

旋转封严篦齿风阻温升的试验研究与数值分析

选取具有典型封严结构的真实尺寸台阶型封严篦齿,通过高速旋转条件下的风阻温升特性试验,进行了进出口压比(1.05~2.8)、封严间隙与齿尖厚度比(相对封严间隙)(2.4~4.0)、雷诺数(1900~28000)及转速(0~12000r/min)等参数对篦齿泄漏流风阻温升的影响研究.并基于试验条件,采用renormalization group(RNG)k-ε湍流模型,对同一篦齿的风阻温升特性进行了数值计算.结果表明:篦齿泄漏流温升随进出口压比、雷诺数、封严间隙与齿尖厚度比的增加而减小,但随转速的增加而增大.数值计算结果与试验数据吻合 良好,台阶型封严篦齿第1道和第2道封严齿内的风阻温升最为显著,前两道封严齿内的温升占总温升的60%. 根据试验结果,提出了计算台阶型篦齿泄漏流温升的经验公式,其计算结果与试验数据具有较好的符合性.      

典型阶梯篦齿高转速密封性能试验

在高转速密封试验设备上,进行了实际尺寸阶梯篦齿压比(1.05～28)、相对密封间隙(齿尖密封间隙和齿宽比)(24～40)、泄漏流雷诺数(1900～28000)及旋转速度(0～12000r/min)等对密封性能影响的试验。结果显示:篦齿流量系数随压比变大而上升,随相对密封间隙变大而降低;转速低于5000r/min时,旋转对篦齿流量系数影响不明显,高转速、小压比时,篦齿流量系数随转速的升高而降低,降幅超过301%;较小雷诺数下,篦齿流量系数随雷诺数的减小快速降低,雷诺数超过6000以后,篦齿流量系数受雷诺数的影响不明显;气流通过阶梯篦齿第一道齿的压力损失最小,通过最后一道齿的压力损失最大,通过中间各齿的压力损失相当。基于试验测试数据,修正了典型阶梯篦齿流量系数的求解关系式,修正后的关系式计算值与实测值吻合良好。      

篦齿封严风阻温升特性研究

篦齿封严风阻温升效应引起的热负荷对航空发动机涡轮叶片冷气系统有着重要的影响。采用理论分析、数值计算与实验相结合的方法系统地研究了篦齿封严的风阻温升特性。首先,对篦齿封严风阻温升特性进行了理论分析,设计搭建了篦齿封严风阻温升特性实验台,建立了基于RNG（Re-Normalization Group） k-ε湍流方程的篦齿封严风阻温升数值求解模型。然后,研究了篦齿封严流场特性、泄漏特性和风阻温升特性,并将理论计算、数值仿真与实验测试结果相互对比分析,研究了压比、转速等因素对篦齿封严风阻温升特性的影响规律,揭示了篦齿封严的风阻温升效应产生的机理。结果表明：高低齿篦齿封严结构减弱了篦齿封严的透气效应,增强了篦齿封严的动能耗散,有利于降低篦齿封严的泄漏量;在所研究的工况下,转速低于2 000 r/min时,风阻温升效应较小,转速在2 000~6 000 r/min时,风阻温升随转速的升高而增大,温升值最高可达12.87 K;压比的增大会加强气流的对流换热,转速为6 000 r/min时,压比从1.1增加到1.3,温升值下降了7 K左右;风阻温升产生的主要原因是流经封严间隙的黏性气流与高速旋转的转子相互摩擦产生热量,气流吸收这部分摩擦热导致温度升高,转子转速越高,风阻温升效应越强。所研究的篦齿封严风阻温升特性为航空发动机内通道气流热负荷分析提供了理论依据。     

基于流固耦合的刷式密封泄漏特性理论与实验

理论与实验两方面研究了刷式密封泄漏流动特性及影响因素。建立了考虑刷丝变形的刷式密封泄漏流动特性流固耦合理论模型,实验研究了刷式密封泄漏量随进出口压比和转速等的变化规律,并与理论求解模型对比验证。在此基础上,运用理论模型分析了不同结构参数对密封泄漏量的影响规律,验证了构造的刷式密封泄漏量理论计算公式的准确性。研究结果表明:径向间隙一定时,刷式密封泄漏量随压比的增大而近似线性增加,转速对刷式密封的泄漏量影响不大;刷丝直径和刷丝间隙通过影响气体在刷丝束区域有效流通面积来影响泄漏量,有效流通面积越小,泄漏量越小;反之,则越大;随着刷丝直径、刷丝轴向排数的增大,刷式密封泄漏量逐渐降低;随着刷丝间隙的增大,泄漏量逐渐增大;随着后挡板保护高度、刷丝与后挡板轴向间隙的增大,泄漏量先显著增大后缓慢增加,最后趋于稳定;所构造的泄漏量理论公式可以准确预测刷式密封的泄漏量,为刷式密封结构优化设计提供理论依据。      

涡轮叶尖迷宫式密封对泄漏流场影响的数值模拟

采用基于密度修正的三维计算流体力学程序,结合雷诺应力湍流模型加壁面函数的方法,对某一轴流涡轮转子叶尖迷宫式密封对泄漏流场的影响进行了数值研究,分析了全叶冠密封和部分叶冠密封中的泄漏流场,并详细研究了迷宫密封采用的锯齿状肋条数目对密封效果的影响,最后计算了转子效率。结果表明:涡轮叶尖表面加叶冠对进行密封,可以显著提高涡轮效率,全叶冠密封下涡轮效率提高1.15301%,部分叶冠密封涡轮效率增加0.54713%;迷宫密封中锯齿状肋条数有一个最佳值,且在此锯齿状肋条数下进行迷宫密封涡轮效率相对无锯齿状肋条增加0.1%。     

迷宫密封的理论与实验研究

 根据相似原理。通过实验回归分析法,得出压力损失系数ζ与齿腔几何特性和流动特性的关系式。然后应用能量定律、连续方程、状态方程和Bernoulli方程与其联立,求解后可获得迷宫密封的全部特性。并可归纳成流量系数α、穿越系数β和迷宫函数ψ对全压比λ的特性曲线。应用这类曲线,可方便地计算出迷宫密封的泄漏率。