Effects of temperature on drag reduction in a subsonic turbulent boundary layer via micro-blowing array

A comparative study of two micro-blowing temperature cases has been performed to investigate the characteristics of drag reduction in a subsonic flat-plate flow (where the freestream Mach number is 0.7) by means of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). With minute amount of blowing gas injected from a 32 × 32 array of micro-holes arranged in a staggered pattern, the porosity of micro-holes is 23% and the blowing coefficient is 0.125%. The simulation results show that a drag reduction is achieved by micro-blowing, and a lower wall-friction drag can be obtained at a higher blowing temperature. The role of micro-blowing is to redistribute the total kinetic energy in the boundary layer, and the proportion of stream-wise kinetic energy decreases, resulting in the thickened boundary layer. Increasing micro-blowing temperature can accelerate this process and obtain an enhanced drag reduction. Moreover, an explanation of drag reduction by micro-blowing related to the micro-jet vortex clusters is proposed that these micro-jet vortex clusters firmly attached to the wall constitute a stable barrier, which is to prevent the direct contact between the stream-wise vortex and the wall. By Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) from temporal/spatial aspects, it is revealed that small structures in the near-wall region play vital role in the change of turbulent scales. The high-frequency patterns are clearly strengthened, and the low-frequency patterns just maintain but are lifted up.     

马赫数为6的高超声速钝锥湍流边界层空间演化的直接数值模拟

首先求解了来流马赫数为6的零攻角高超声速钝锥边界层的层流基本流场,在选定的计算域入口引入一组有限幅值的T-S波扰动,用高精度差分格式对流动进行了直接数值模拟.引入的扰动触发了转捩,从而得到了空间模式下的湍流边界层.研究了湍流平均场与脉动场的统计特性,给出了相干结构的流动显示图,并对强雷诺比拟的结论进行了检验.     

Evolution of turbulent boundary layer over a three-dimensional bump

A bump is typically used in the inlet system of an aircraft engine to compress the incoming airflow and to reduce boundary layer thickness developed over fuselage. In this work, the turbulent flow over a three-dimensional bump is experimentally studied. The bump model is mounted in a closed return wind tunnel operated at the nominal velocity 10 m/s, corresponding to a friction Reynolds number of 2300. The flow field upstream the bump, along the bump centerline and at two different spanwise plane...     

Experimental investigation of boundary layer transition over a delta wing at Mach number 6

An experimental study on the boundary layer transition over a delta wing was carried out at Mach number 6 in a quiet wind tunnel. The Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering(NPLS) and Temperature-Sensitive Paints(TSP) techniques were used to measure the fine flow field structure and the wall Stanton number of the delta wing. The influence of factors such as the angle of attack and the Reynolds number was studied. The following results were obtained. The boundary layer transition between the le...     

Characteristics of reattached boundary layer in shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction

The reattached boundary layer in the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a flatplate turbulent boundary layer at Mach number 2.25 is studied by means of Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). The numerical results are carefully compared with available experimental and DNS data in terms of turbulence statistics, wall pressure and skin friction. The coherent vortex structures are significantly enhanced due to the shock interaction, and the reattached boundary layer is characterized by large-scale...     

Scaling procedures of cabin noise generated by turbulent boundary layer excitation

This paper presents a new method for measuring the cabin noise of a structure in a wind tunnel. A method for scaling the cabin sound was derived to obtain the cabin noise of a structure, and the derivation of the scaling procedure was based on a theoretical hypothesis regarding the cabin noise prediction for a scaled model in a wind tunnel. A frequency offset was generated because of the error introduced by model manufacture and installation, and a proposed modal test method was used to eliminate the frequency offset. Both a full-scale structure and scaled structure were measured in the wind tunnel tests. The cabin noise of the full-scale model was compared with the results obtained using the scaling procedure based on the scaled model. The comparisons of the measurement results indicate that the scaling procedures developed in this paper are effective for vibro-acoustic predictions in wind tunnels. Moreover, background noise tended to affect the results of the cabin sound for the wind tunnel test, and thus background noise should be prevented through specific design efforts.     

Scaling of interaction lengths for hypersonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The interaction length induced by Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions (SWTBLIs) in the hypersonic flow was investigated using a scaling analysis, in which the interaction length normalized by the displacement thickness of boundary layer was correlated with a corrected non-dimensional separation criterion across the interaction after accounting for the wall temperature effects. A large number of hypersonic SWTBLIs were compiled to examine the scaling analysis over a wide range of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and wall temperatures. The results indicate that the hypersonic SWTBLIs with low Reynolds numbers collapse on the supersonic SWTBLIs, while the hypersonic cases with high Reynolds numbers show a more rapid growth of the interaction length than that with low Reynolds numbers. Thus, two scaling relationships are identified according to different Reynolds numbers for the hypersonic SWTBLIs. The scaling analysis provides valuable guidelines for engineering prediction of the interaction length, and thus, enriches the knowledge of hypersonic SWTBLIs.     

Hypersonic shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a sharp cone/flare model

A direct numerical simulation of hypersonic Shock wave and Turbulent Boundary Layer Interaction(STBLI) at Mach 6.0 on a sharp 7° half-angle circular cone/flare configuration at zero angle of attack is performed. The flare angle is 34° and the momentum thickness Reynolds number based on the incoming turbulent boundary layer on the sharp circular cone is Re_θ = 2506. It is found that the mean flow is separated and the separation bubble occurring near the corner exhibits unsteadiness. The Reynolds analogy factor changes dramatically across the interaction, and varies between 1.06 and 1.27 in the downstream region, while the QP85 scaling factor has a nearly constant value of 0.5 across the interaction. The evolution of the reattached boundary layer is characterized in terms of the mean profiles, the Reynolds stress components, the anisotropy tensor and the turbulence kinetic energy. It is argued that the recovery is incomplete and the near-wall asymptotic behavior does not occur for the hypersonic interaction. In addition, mean skin friction decomposition in an axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer is carried out for the first time. Downstream of the interaction, the contributions of transverse curvature and body divergence are negligible, whereas the positive contribution associated with the turbulence kinetic energy production and the negative spatial-growth contribution are dominant. Based on scale decomposition, the positive contribution is further divided into terms with different spanwise length scales. The negative contribution is analyzed by comparing the convective term, the streamwise-heterogeneity term and the pressure gradient term.     

马赫数6柱-裙激波/边界层干扰直接模拟

高超声速激波/边界层干扰比超声速工况下具有更强的可压缩效应,再附之后会形成极高的局部力/热载荷,严重影响飞行器飞行安全。而激波/湍流边界层干扰区附近流动的三维特性使得流动更加复杂而难以预测。采用直接数值模拟对高超声速条件下的柱-裙激波/湍流边界层干扰进行了详细研究,特别是对Görtler涡结构对分离泡、物面压力和热流造成的展向差异开展了定性和定量分析。研究发现,干扰区附近的分离泡结构呈现出明显的三维效应,且Görtler涡展向分离位置截面的分离泡要明显小于再附位置,而这两个截面上分离泡的运动基本同步,没有明显的延迟或超前现象。物面压力和热流在展向出现显著的不均匀性,展向再附位置的平均压力和热流要比展向分离位置分别高13%和16.2%,脉动压力和热流比展向分离位置分别高28%和20%。截面流向速度特征正交分解结果显示两个位置上的能量都集中在剪切层附近,并且展向再附位置上低频模态占有更高的能量。在采用模态重构流场分析分离区面积发现,展向分离位置重构误差更小,而展向再附位置上的重构误差收敛更快。     

Direct numerical simulation of impinging shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction over a wavy-wall

The interaction of an impinging oblique shock wave with an angle of 30° and a supersonic turbulent boundary layer at Ma_∞=2.9 and Re_θ = 2400 over a wavy-wall is investigated through direct numerical simulation and compared with the interaction on a flat-plate under the same flow conditions. A sinusoidal wave with amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.26 moves in the streamwise direction and is uniformly distributed across the spanwise direction. The influences of the wavy-wall on the interaction, including the characterization of the flow field, the skin-friction, pressure and the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, are systematically studied. The region of separation grows slightly and decomposes into four bubbles. Local peaks of skin-friction are observed at the rear part of the interaction region. The low-frequency shock motion can be seen in the wall pressure spectra. Analyses of the turbulence kinetic energy budget indicate that both diffusion and transport significantly increase near the crests, balanced by an amplified dissipation in the near-wall region. Proper orthogonal decomposition analyses show that the most energetic structures are associated with the separated shock and the shear layer over the bubbles. Only the bubbles in the first two troughs are dominated by a low-frequency enlargement or shrinkage.     

湍流边界层厚度对三维空腔流动的影响

采用脱体涡模拟(DES)方法开展了不同湍流边界层厚度(TTBL)下的三维空腔非定常流动数值计算。空腔长、宽、深比例为5:1:1,来流马赫数为0.85,雷诺数为13.47×10⁶ m^-1,各工况湍流边界层厚度比值为1:2:4:8。研究结果表明,湍流边界层厚度对自由剪切层的发展、空腔底部静态压力分布、脉动压力及空腔流动类型均有重要影响,且随着边界层厚度的增大,下游剪切层覆盖的范围会增大,但是剪切层增长率降低;空腔前后静态压力压差减小、压力梯度下降;腔内局部测点的脉动压力声压级下降,各阶声压峰值频率向低频方向偏移;空腔流动类型往开式流动方向转换。     

基于边界层燃烧方法的宽速域飞行器内流道减阻研究

为了降低宽速域飞行器的内流阻力,基于边界层燃烧方法,分析了系列进口马赫数条件下二维扩散段总阻力中摩阻和压阻的特性,研究了不同进口马赫数下摩阻和压阻分量对总减阻的贡献、燃烧影响区域和壁面热流密度,探讨了喷射参数对减阻效果的影响,探索了边界层燃烧方法在典型混压式进气道中的减阻应用。结果表明,随着进口马赫数的增加,总阻力中摩阻分量随之增加;边界层燃烧对摩阻和压阻减阻的机理有所不同,壁面附近流场特性变化使得摩擦系数减小,燃烧局部增压对壁面产生的增推效果使得压力系数减小;从总内阻减阻百分比看,在相同燃料/空气当量比下,低马赫数工况下边界层燃烧减阻效果不如高马赫数工况,且在低马赫数工况下,喷嘴附近壁面热流密度会显著增加;在本文所研究的参数范围内,摩阻和压阻对当量油气比更为敏感,而对喷射方向和喷射速度不敏感。     

MHD控制激波诱导湍流边界层分离的机理分析

为了研究磁流体动力学(Magnetohydrodynamics:MHD)加速边界层对激波-湍流边界层相互作用的影响,用高阶有限差分法求解了小磁雷诺数近似的MHD湍流方程。其中,无粘通量采用WENN格式离散、粘性通量采用Roe平均中心差分离散,时间采用半隐式推进,并采取追赶法求解。计算给出了湍流、电场、磁场和电导率等参数对边界层分离的影响,数值结果显示:在同样的逆压梯度下,湍流边界层分离能更快地趋于稳态流场,且分离区比层流小;通过施加洛仑兹力加速,边界层速度型面变得更加饱满、位移厚度减小、分离点和再附点向激波与固壁的交点靠近,分离区尺寸减小甚至最终被消除。     

Effect of drag reducing riblet surface on coherent structure in turbulent boundary layer

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layer over streamwise aligned drag reducing riblet surface under zero-pressure gradient are investigated using particle image velocimetry. The formation and distribution of large-scale coherent structures and their effect on momentum partition are analyzed using two-point correlation and probability density function. Compared with smooth surface, the streamwise riblets reduce the friction velocity and Reynolds stress in the turbulent boundary layer, indicating the drag reduction effect. Strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of hairpin vortices and the momentum distribution. The number and streamwise length scale of hairpin vortices decrease over streamwise riblet surface. The correlation between number of uniform momentum zones and Reynolds number remains the same as smooth surface.     

近壁湍流边界层壁面局部扰动诱导形成相干结构的动力学模型

在壁面局部脉冲扰动作用下,采用直接数值模拟的方法,数值研究了湍流边界层近壁区两个相干结构形成的理论机制和非线性作用问题.然后,通过数值计算的手段,进一步探讨了近壁湍流边界层流中两个相干结构之间的非线性作用机理,分别确定它们在流向、展向方向上排列的不同结构类型分布的两个相干结构之间相互作用的效果有何区别以及它们之间间距的大小对相干结构的产生和发展有什么影响,从而可能合理地解释平面剪切湍流中低速条纹结构出现的原因.     

基于DES方法的高超声速激波/边界层干扰的双微楔控制数值研究

高超声速飞行器在流场中通常会伴随激波/边界层干扰(SWBLI),其引发的流动分离将导致进气道性能下降。采用湍流离散涡模拟(DES)方法、结合有限体积离散方法与自适应网格加密(AMR)技术对来流马赫数为7.0的流场中SWBLI诱导的流动分离进行数值模拟,并分别采用单、双微楔对其进行控制。针对流场结构、近壁面流向速度、压力梯度及总压损失等参数,分析讨论了不同双微楔流向安装位置对SWBLI的控制效果。研究结果表明:双微楔产生的流向涡对与涡对之间的相互诱导促进了各自流向涡对之间的卷吸作用,使得双微楔对分离气泡的消除效果优于单只微楔;流动总压损失系数随着微楔后缘与分离气泡中心的距离的减小呈先减小后增加的趋势;综合讨论流向涡强度与形状阻力的影响,得到了双微楔最佳流向安装位置。     

有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑形成的机制研究

人们虽然对层流向湍流转捩过程的研究已经付出了许多艰辛的努力,但仍然有一个重要的物理现象还没有弄清楚,即有压梯度边界层转捩过程中湍流斑形成的理论机制以及湍流斑的运动特征是什么?这些问题正有待于人们做进一步的深入探索.本文提出一种以壁面局部脉冲的初始小扰动场来模拟有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑形成的物理模型.采用直接数值模拟的方法研究有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑产生的理论机制和发展规律;数值结果显示,它们在好多方面与湍流斑的基本特征相符.     

Bump进气道中鼓包诱导的激波/边界层干扰特性

为了探索Bump进气道中鼓包诱导的锥形激波和机身发展而来的湍流边界层干扰问题,分析其气动优势,首先选取了半锥和半棱锥这两种与鼓包的流场结构具有一定相似性的构型作为参照,采用数值仿真方法,分别对这三类典型的三维激波/湍流边界层干扰问题进行了流场分析。在此基础之上,设计了三个不同马赫数的鼓包,并研究了设计马赫数对鼓包流场特性的影响。结果表明:当三类构型的无黏激波强度相等时,半锥诱导产生的旋涡强度最强,鼓包次之,半棱锥最弱。尽管鼓包诱导的流场非常复杂,其干扰流场却呈现出准锥形相似的特性。虽然半锥对边界层的排移能力最强,但是综合考虑边界层排移能力及进气道出口流场畸变下,鼓包最具优势,这也是其被选为超声速进气道前缘压缩面的重要原因之一。此外,在设计状态下,适当增加设计马赫数能改善鼓包排移边界层的能力,但设计马赫数太高,边界层排移能力基本不变,反而使得进气道总压损失急剧增加。      

激波/边界层干扰及微型涡流发生器控制研究进展

激波/边界层干扰是一种发生在超声速/高超声速流动中的普遍现象。该现象将引起分离、流场结构振荡、局部高热通量和压力载荷。主要总结了近十年来激波/边界层干扰特性与微型涡流发生器及其组合体在流动控制中的最新进展。微型涡流发生器是目前研究最多、应用最广泛的控制方法,其流动机理和控制特性被大量挖掘。为了适应来流条件的变化、满足实际工况的需要,应开发定量评估和参数化设计方法。同时,应探索微型涡流发生器与其他控制方法的组合,实现更大程度、更广范围流场的控制。     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。