CF/PEEK超声原位固结铺放及其复合材料力学性能

热塑性复合材料自动铺放（ATP）原位固结成型是未来航空复合材料结构件的发展趋势,缩小其制件与热压制件性能的差距具有工程实践意义。基于超声原位固结成型工艺,制备碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮树脂基复合材料（CF/PEEK）层合板,并与铺放后热压和直接平板热压试样比较力学性能差异,为热塑性复合材料的自动铺放提供参考。结果表明,超声热源能够满足CF/PEEK铺放的能量要求,功率的增加和铺放速度的降低有利于铺层结合;与平板热压试样相比,铺放成型试样的孔隙率高,纤维存在部分损伤;在节省了平板热压后固化周期的情况下,超声铺放单向层合板试样拉伸强度、拉伸模量和层间剪切强度分别为1.32、113.8 GPa和39.2 MPa,达到了直接热压试样的80.4%、84.8%和65.1%,在经过热压后固化后,分别提高到直接热压的92.1%、92.6%和82.5%。超声原位固结成型试样的简支梁摆锤冲击失效形式为分层,其经过热压后,孔隙率下降,铺层结合强度提高,试样的冲击失效形式为断裂,与直接热压的相同。     

Effects of FDM-3D printing parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure of CF/PEEK and GF/PEEK

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has unique advantages in the rapid prototyping of thermoplastics which have been developed in diverse fields. However, although great efforts have been made to optimize FDM process, the mechanical properties of printed parts are limited by the weak interlamination bonding as well as the poor performance of raw filaments used, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA). Adding fibers into thermoplastic matrix and preparing high-performance filaments have been indicated to enhance the properties of fabricated parts. Recently, heat-resistant polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its fiber reinforced composites were proposed for FDM process due to overcoming the limitation of equipment and process. However, few researches have been reported on the effects of FDM-3D printing parameters on the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced PEEK composites. Therefore, 5wt% carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) reinforced PEEK composite filaments were prepared respectively in this study. The effects of various printing parameters including nozzle temperature, platform temperature, printing speed and layer thickness on the mechanical properties (including tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength) were surveyed. To analyze the microstructure and failure reasons of printed CF/PEEK and GF/PEEK samples, the tensile fractured surfaces were investigated via scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

钛合金和铝合金均具有质轻、比强度高和抗腐蚀性能好等优点,已广泛应用于航空航天、军事工业和公共交通等领域,钛/铝异种金属复合结构的连接逐渐成为研究热点。然而,由于物理和化学性能差异明显,钛/铝焊接难度大,存在成形困难、接头性能较差等问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相焊接方法,对克服异种材料性能差异带来的焊接困难具有极大的优势。本文综述了钛/铝异质金属搅拌摩擦焊的研究现状,主要涉及焊缝成形、焊接参数、力学特征、冶金结合和连接机制等,以及衍生的搅拌摩擦焊新技术,为钛/铝异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

C_f/SiC复合材料与Ti合金的AgCuTi-W复合钎焊

本文利用AgCuTi-W复合钎料作中间层,在适当的工艺参数下真空钎焊Cf／SiC复合材料与Ti合金,利用SEM,EDS,XRD分析接头微观组织结构,利用剪切试验检测接头力学性能。研究结果表明：钎焊时,复合钎料中的Ti借助Cu-Ti液相与Cf／SiC复合材料反应,在Cf／SiC复合材料与连接层界面形成Ti3SiC2,Ti3Si和少量TiC化合物的混合反应层。复合钎料中的Cu与Ti合金中的Ti发生互扩散,在连接层与Ti合金界面形成不同成分的Cu—Ti化合物过渡层。钎焊后,形成W颗粒强化的致密复合连接层,W颗粒主要分布在Cu-Ti相中。W的加入缓解了接头的残余热应力,Cf／SiC／AgCuTi—W／TC4接头剪切强度明显高于CF／SiC／AgCuTi／TC4接头。     

TC18钛合金焊接接头力学性能试验研究

氩弧焊和电子束焊是钛合金加工中两类常见的工艺方法,对比研究两种工艺对焊接接头力学性能的影响对其在工程中的合理选用具有重要的参考价值。完成了TC18钛合金氩弧焊接头和电子束焊接头的静力拉伸及旋转弯曲疲劳试验,并根据试验结果对两类焊接接头的力学性能进行了对比分析,采用统计学方法给出了二者的中值疲劳寿命SN曲线及疲劳极限。研究结果表明：氩弧焊接头焊缝区内晶粒粗大,使得材料的力学性能明显劣化;电子柬焊接头具有更高的抗拉强度与更好的高周疲劳性能,更有利于工程应用。     

2219薄板铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接及组织性能分析

以运载火箭助推器贮箱广泛应用的4 mm厚2219薄板铝合金为焊接对象,研制了浮动式双轴肩搅拌头,分析了内部塑性金属流动模式及特点,并推测出需匹配较低焊接热输入才能获得优质焊缝。工艺探索及优化试验结果直接验证了焊缝内部塑性金属流动模式及推测。接头宏观组织形貌分析结果显示:不同焊接速度下的焊缝横截面宏观形貌都可以观察洋葱环特征,且随着焊接速度提高,洋葱环特征越发增多,并从靠近前进侧的焊核区逐渐向后退侧孕育发展,这也有效验证了薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌头的设计思路。薄板铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头横截面显微硬度分布均呈"U"型,接头显微硬度最低点位于焊核区与后退侧热机影响区的交界处。接头力学性能测试结果显示:随着焊接速度逐渐升高,接头抗拉强度逐渐升高,且当焊接速度达到350 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度达到最高值。铝合金浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头延伸率整体较高,焊接速度对其影响不大。铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头正、背弯均可以达到180°无裂纹。基于立式纵缝搅拌摩擦焊系统成功实现了2 m长试片的浮动式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,累计焊接长度达到60 m,且双轴肩搅拌头完整,未发现裂纹、扭曲或其他损伤。     

Feasibility study of thermo-compensated resistance brazing welding of C/C composites and T2 copper with AgCuTi filler metal

The dissimilar materials joining of C/C composites to T2 copper were performed successfully by thermo-compensated Resistance Brazing Welding (RBW) with AgCuTi filler powder. The interfacial microstructure, phase composition, and shear strength of the resistance brazed joints were investigated by the relevant analysis method. Experiment results indicated that the order affecting the shear strength of the C/C-Cu joint was welding current, welding pressure, and welding time in turn. The shear strength of backward thermo-compensated RBW was higher than that of forward thermo-compensated RBW due to the Peltier effect. The maximum shear strength of the C/C-Cu joint was 11.56 MPa in the optimized welding parameter with welding current of 8.0 kA, welding time of 60 ms, and welding pressure of 0.10 MPa by backward thermo-compensated RBW. The interface structure at the resistance brazed joint with this welding parameter was C/C composites/TiC/Cu (s.s)/T2 copper. The TiC phase was verified at the interface of the brazed joint by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Considerable fractures occurred in the C/C composites and partial fracture occurred at the interfacial reaction layer.     

Ti和Ti／Ni／Ti连接钨与铜及其合金的界面结合机制与接头强度

采用热 力学模拟试验机Gleeble1500D作加热设备,用Ti片和Ti箔 Ni片 Ti箔复合中间层扩散连接钨与铜及铜合金CuCrZr。结果表明,当用Ti片连接钨与铜,连接温度下Ti与Cu反应但未转化成液相时,则反应层由具有一定脆性的多层化合物组成,接头强度偏低;当Ti片通过共晶反应转化成液相且大部分液相被挤出连接区时,接头强度显著提高,最高达220MPa。用Ti Ni Ti复合中间层连接钨与CuCrZr时,结合界面是通过Ti分别与Ni、W及Cu相互扩散并反应生成多层化合物和固溶体而形成的;与Ti片连接钨与铜的接头形成相似,连接过程中Ti箔未转化成液相时接头强度偏低,Ti箔转化成液相时接头强度明显提高。     

00Ni18%马氏体时效钢的氩弧焊工艺试验研究

近期对00Ni18%高强度马氏体沉淀硬化时效钢的焊接性能进行了试验研究,探索出了适用于该钢薄壁旋压筒体自动钨极氩弧焊的焊接工艺规范,同时对比、分析了不同的热处理工艺对该钢氩弧焊接头力学性能和显微组织的影响.结果表明:在相同的焊接规范参数下,固溶+焊接+固溶+时效后焊缝及热影响区已有了一定的细晶粒,组织中含有大量的金属间化合物沉淀强化质点,焊接接头及母材都呈现出了高强度和高韧性相搭配的优异性能.     

Z-pin增强树脂基复合材料单搭接接头抗冲击性能

为了研究Z-pin增强树脂基复合材料接头的抗冲击性能,制备了Z-pin增强单搭接接头冲击试样。对比不同树脂体系Z-pin/层合板界面裂纹扩展,分别通过Z-pin拔脱试验和接头剪切试验研究Z-pin冲击后拔脱强度和单搭接接头冲击后剪切强度;结合有限元模拟和超声C扫描研究搭接面分层损伤情况。结果表明,相同冲击能量下,环氧Z-pin/环氧层合板界面抗冲击性更强,冲击能量越大,裂纹扩展越显著;Z-pin增强树脂基复合材料显著减小分层损伤面积,提高冲击后剪切强度,体积分数为1.5%、直径为0.5mm的Z-pin增强层合板分层损伤面积仅为40%,冲击后剪切强度的下降率仅为24.89%。随着Z-pin体积分数增加,搭接面损伤面积逐渐减小,冲击后剪切强度先增加后降低;随着Z-pin直径增加,层间损伤面积增加,冲击后剪切强度逐渐降低。Z-pin增强接头分层损伤模型模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。      

SPS温度对铜/镍粉/304不锈钢接头组织与剪切强度的影响

采用脉冲放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备了添加镍粉中间层的铜/304不锈钢接头,研究了焊接温度对接头组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,以镍粉为中间层,可以实现铜与304不锈钢的扩散焊接。铜/镍界面处铜、镍互扩散形成铜/镍界面扩散层,镍/304不锈钢界面处镍、铁互扩散形成镍/铁界面扩散层,铜/镍扩散层厚度大于镍/铁扩散层厚度。在焊接压力为10 MPa、焊接温度为900℃时,铜/304不锈钢接头剪切强度最佳,为98 MPa。铜/304不锈钢接头断口形貌呈韧窝状,断裂均在镍中间层处,接头连接强度受制于镍中间层本身的强度。     

A356-T6/6061-T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的工艺研究

通过对6 mm厚的A356-T6/6061-T6异种铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验研究,采用OM、SEM、万能拉伸试验机、显微硬度仪等分析了母材位置、焊接速度对接头组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明:当旋转速度为1 000 r/min、焊接速度为100~400 mm/min时,均可获得内部无明显缺陷、外观良好的异种铝合金接头;A356-T6铝合金置于前进侧时有利于材料的迁移,焊缝区组织由典型的焊核区、热机械影响区和热影响区特征组织组成,焊核区域晶粒由表层向底层逐渐细化;接头拉伸性能随焊接速度的增加而增大;焊接速度较低时,A356合金位于前进侧有利于获得强度更高的接头,而焊接速度较高时,6061位于前进侧有利于获得高性能接头,且接头的屈服强度和延伸率均较A356位于前进侧时高;无论A356还是6061置于前进侧,接头的断裂位置均位于A356侧热影响区,与母材放置位置无关,这与焊缝硬度最小值区位置相吻合。     

AA2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头特性研究

对6 mm厚AA2024-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头特性进行了研究。通过拉伸试验,得到了应力-应变曲线。用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪以及扫描电镜对焊接接头进行了金相分析、硬度测试以及断口分析。结果表明：试件断裂属于韧性断裂;断裂发生在前进侧热机影响区/热影响区的过渡区;当搅拌头转速为800 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm...     

真空汽相焊冷却速率对多层板焊点质量的影响

为解决多层印制板真空汽相焊由于焊后冷却不足导致的焊点纹路问题,本文确定多层板焊点纹路出现的根本原因,对焊后冷却区进行改造,进而研究不同焊接工艺对焊点表面形貌、内部组织形貌及焊点力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,快冷下焊点形成的界面金属化合物（IMC）更薄,焊点组织也更加均匀,即Pb在Sn中的分布更弥散。快冷下形成的IMC层晶粒直径在1μm左右,剪切强度为17.26 MPa,较慢冷提高了43%,达到细晶强化的目的。此外,由于冷却速度过慢导致的焊点表面纹路缺陷也得到明显改善。     

Influence of welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded Ti60 to GH3128 joint with a Cu interlayer

Effects of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Cu/Ni joint welded by electron beam were investigated. High welding heat input increased the melting quantity of Ti60 titanium alloy and promoted the formation of Ti–Cu intermetallic compounds (IMC) such as Ti₂Cu and Ti₃Cu₄, increasing the brittleness of the joints. Low welding heat input was not conducive to the complete melting of the copper interlayer, and the unmelted copper reduced the performance of the joints. Under the optimal welding parameters, Ti–Ni IMCs in the weld would be replaced by (Cu, Ni) solid solutions ((Cu, Ni)_ss). However, Ti–Cu IMC layers cannot be eliminated entirely by changing the welding parameters. The maximum tensile strength of the joints was 201 MPa. The fracture of the joints occurred at the Ti–Cu IMC layer, which was a typical brittle fracture.     

Microstructural formation and mechanical performance of friction stir double-riveting welded Al-Cu joints

A novel friction stir double-riveting welding (FSDRW) technology was proposed in order to realize the high-quality joining of upper aluminum (Al) and lower copper (Cu) plates, and this technology employed a Cu column as a rivet and a specially designed welding tool with a large concave-angle shoulder. The formations, interfacial characteristics, mechanical properties and fracture features of Al/Cu FSDRW joints under different rotational velocities and dwell times were investigated. The results showed that the well-formed FSDRW joint was successfully obtained. The cylindrical Cu column was transformed into a double riveting heads structure with a Cu anchor at the top and an Al anchor at the bottom, thereby providing an excellent mechanical interlocking. The defect-free Cu/Cu interface was formed at the lap interface due to the sufficient metallurgical bonding between the Cu column and the Cu plate, thereby effectively inhibiting the propagation of crack from the intermetallic compound layer at the lap interface between the Al and Cu plates. The tensile shear load of joint was increased first and then decreased when the rotational velocity and dwell time of welding tool increased, and the maximum value was 5.52 kN. The FSDRW joint presented a mixed mode of ductile and brittle fractures.     

熔融沉积制造材料的空间应用实验

为了解决熔融沉积制造(FDM)技术的空间应用问题,开展了不同材料的地面成形工艺实验研究。选取了聚乳酸(PLA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)三种纯树脂材料以及碳纤维增强的PLA材料为研究对象,利用自主研发的空间微重力原理样机成功打印了标准试样,并进行了力学性能、阻燃特性、燃烧后毒气浓度、质量损失、可凝挥发等数据的测试,对比分析了PLA、PC、PEEK材料FDM成形件和传统注塑件的性能差别及不同纤维方向的碳纤维PLA复合材料试样的拉伸性能。结果表明:材料间结合能力是影响FDM成形制件性能的主要因素,异种材料间结合强度是影响复合材料样件性能的主要因素,结合能力越强的材料其FDM成形的质量越高,结晶材料的成形质量同时还受结晶度的影响,结晶度越高,制件性能越好。     

钛合金胶接点焊接头的性能检测

研究了不同焊接电流下钛合金板胶接点焊接头的A扫描信号和C扫描图像特征,并进行了拉伸-剪切试验。结果表明:通过观察C扫描图像的特征与A扫描信号的变化,能够划分胶接点焊接头的胶层区、热影响区、熔合区、熔核区以及焊接缺陷;随着电流(7~10 k A)的逐渐增大,接头熔核直径呈递增趋势,相应的失效载荷从7 231.5增加到10 939.0 N;当电流为7 k A时,在C扫描图像上反映出飞溅缺陷,此时接头失效载荷远小于没有出现飞溅的接头,可见飞溅降低了胶接点焊接头的拉剪载荷。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊表面冷喷涂层的结构与耐蚀性

采用冷喷涂技术在2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头上制备Al涂层,以提高搅拌摩擦焊接头耐蚀性。通过数字显微镜、扫描电镜、电化学工作站对Al涂层的结构及耐蚀性进行表征。结果表明:冷喷Al涂层质量良好,孔隙率仅为0.77%,涂层内部存在等轴晶、细化晶粒以及拉长晶粒,涂层界面以机械咬合为主,涂层/接头区界面质量明显优于涂层/母材区界面;电化学数据显示,涂层腐蚀敏感性较低,自腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流密度均低于热影响区,冷喷涂层降低了搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀敏感性;晶间腐蚀实验表明,腐蚀6 h后,涂层最大腐蚀深度仅为热影响区最大腐蚀深度的50%,证明冷喷涂技术显著改善了搅拌摩擦焊接头的耐腐蚀性。     

三维碳/碳化硅复合材料的显微结构与力学性能

 利用三维碳纤维预制体，采用等温CVI法制备连续碳纤维增韧碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料。无热解碳界面层的复合材料，其力学性能随密度的增加而提高，但密度较高时却表现出脆性断裂特征。热解碳界面层的存在，有利于纤维的拔出，但由于其结晶程度较低，仍然存在纤维束内部的脆性断裂。