Installation error calibration for MEMS angular measurement system in hypersonic wind tunnel

The accuracy of model attitude measurement has an important impact on wind tunnel test results. Microelectromechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS IMU) provides a feasible way to measure model attitudes with high accuracy. However, the installation error between MEMS IMU coordinate system and the body coordinate system of test models can make the accuracy of the model attitude measurement decrease. In wind tunnel tests, the installation error depends on the relationship between the IMU and the model mechanism before tests. Therefore, in-field calibration in wind tunnel tests is necessary to reduce installation errors. To improve attitude measurement accuracy, the least squares quaternion calibration method based on MEMS IMU and six-position calibration procedure are proposed. High-precision three-axis turntable tests are performed. The pitch accuracy after calibration is higher than that before calibration in the angle of attack sweeping tests. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) in the roll and yaw are within 0.01°, which are smaller than those before calibration. In the roll sweeping tests, RMSE of three attitude angles decrease significantly. In hypersonic wind tunnel tests, the pitch errors before and after calibration are within 0.05° and 0.02° in the angle of attack sweeping tests without wind. In five angle of attack sweeping tests with wind, the deviation between the mean of the pitch and the pitch after the elastic angle correction is within 0.03° and the standard deviation of five tests is within 0.01°. The proposed method is confirmed to enhance the accuracy of attitude measurement effectively, which is convenient for engineering applications.     

基于非接触测量技术的低速风洞连续扫描试验技术研究

基于Optotrak非接触光学测量系统,建立了风洞试验模型三维姿态角测量方法,实现了模型姿态角的高精度、实时、外触发时钟同步测量。基于该方法测量模型三维实时姿态角,在FL-14低速风洞开展了张线尾撑下YF-16飞机1∶9标模纵、横向连续扫描测力试验。试验结果表明,在0.3°/s的扫描速率下,连续扫描与步进试验数据比对一致性好,各气动分量同期重复性达到国军标合格或先进指标。连续扫描试验获得了更为详尽完整的气动特性信息,同时显著提升了试验效率。     

基于惯性系双积分的分布式POS抗干扰对准方法

分布式P OS是一种基于惯性/卫星组合技术的柔性基线多节点高精度时空测量系统,是多任务航空遥感载荷高精度成像的关键装置.然而,外部扰动及节点间的柔性连接使得分布式P OS不能采用传统解析粗对准方法进行高精度初始对准.为实现分布式P OS系统在外部扰动下获得高精度初始姿态,提出了基于惯性系双积分的抗干扰对准方法,通过双积分去噪原理极大降低外部扰动影响,最后对算法进行了三轴转台实验和飞行实验验证.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效隔离载体的动态干扰,实现了分布式P OS各节点初始姿态信息的高精度测量.     

侧压式进气道与飞行器机体气动一体化设计及实验

以机体 推进系统耦合、三维侧压式进气道为基本特征,设计了采用超燃冲压发动机为推进系统的高超声速一体化冷流通气实验模型,在高超声速炮风洞中完成了飞行器的整体气动测力试验。在来流马赫数Ma=8.09的条件下,分别测定了飞行器结合单模块、3模块、5模块超燃冲压发动机在-4°～6°六个攻角下模型的气动力数据,并对实验结果作了分析。     

逃逸飞行器模型高超声速风洞自由翻滚动导数试验技术

高超声速风洞模型自由翻滚动导数试验技术是为满足航空航天飞行器 0°～ 360°全攻角范围内的动导数测量及产生极限环振动现象的研究之急需而研制。简要介绍了试验技术研制的自由翻滚试验装置、液体轴承、角度测试系统与系统建模的大攻角非线性数据处理技术。该项技术已成功地为逃逸飞行器模型提供了满意的试验数据     

基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法

风洞试验中模型迎角的精准测量是降低阻力系数误差的重要途径之一,为此,提出了基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法。该方法通过两个单应性矩阵,获取试验过程中相机实时位姿和标记点物方空间位置坐标,应用坐标旋转关系,完成试验模型的迎角测量。数值仿真试验结果表明：迎角测量误差与待测标记点到风洞壁板间的距离偏差近似为线性关系,因此,当标记点不满足共面条件时,可根据该特点进行测量误差修正。静态标定和风洞迎角测量试验结果表明：修正系统误差后,迎角实测数据的测量准度在0.01°以内,精度不超过0.012°。本文方法易于实施,工程实用价值强。     

2.4m跨声速风洞试验质量影响因素分析及改进措施研究

影响风洞试验质量的因素很多,如流场品质、测量系统误差、支撑干扰以及洞壁干扰等。主要对模型姿态角、马赫数、模型支撑系统等影响因素进行了改进研究。通过改进使模型迎角测量精度达到0.03°、Ma数控制精度达到0.003,并有效降低了支撑干扰影响,提高了2.4m跨声速风洞的试验质量。     

一种高超声速进气道加速自起动的实验方法

为了探寻在地面常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验的可行性,提出了基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法。该实验方法通过将安装有前遮板的进气道模型在风洞实验段整体从极限正攻角旋转至极限负攻角,前遮板会产生激波对远前方气流减速,或产生膨胀波对远前方气流加速,而位于前遮板下游的进气道即可获得加速自起动过程所需连续加速的来流条件。通过数值仿真对所提出的加速自起动实验方法进行了验证。研究结果显示:以2(°)/s的角速度整体旋转基于前遮板的高超声速进气道模型,其起动马赫数与高超声速进气道自身加速自起动马赫数相差在1%以内,表明基于前遮板的高超声速进气道连续变攻角加速自起动实验方法能够被用于在常规暂冲式风洞中开展高超声速进气道加速自起动实验研究。      

Aerodynamic force and moment measurement of 10° half-angle cone in JF12 shock tunnel

An aerodynamic force and moment measurement was conducted in JF12 long-testduration detonation-driven shock tunnel of Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The test duration of JF12 is 100–130 ms.The nominal Mach number is 7.0 and the exit diameter of the contoured nozzle is 2.5 m.The total enthalpy is 2.5 MJ/kg which duplicates the hypersonic flight conditions of Mach number 7.0 at 35 km altitude.The test model is the standard aerodynamic force model of 10° half-angle sharp cone.The length of the test model is 1500 mm and the weight is 57 kg.The aerodynamic forces were measured with a six-component strain balance.The angles of attack were set to be à5°,0°,5°,10° and 14°,respectively.The experimental results show that in the 100–130 ms test duration,the signals of strain balance have 3–4 complete vibration cycles.So,the aerodynamic forces and moments can be obtained directly by averaging the signals of balance without acceleration compensation.The force measurement error of repeatability of JF12 is less than 2%.The aerodynamic force coefficients of JF12 are in good agreement with those of conventional hypersonic wind tunnels.For this test model at Mach number 7.0 and total enthalpy of 2.5 MJ/kg,the real-gas effects on aerodynamic force characteristics are not very evident.     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量精度研究

风洞试验中模型的位置和变形测量对试验数据精准度至关重要。为此,创建2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量系统,提出度量其测量误差的方法,并实验研究其测量精度。研究发现,试验中的振动对测量精度影响极大,采用振动环境中相机位、姿解算方法后,试验段底部的编码标记点的测量误差从22．80-48．48mm降至0．03～0．64mm。     

A scaling procedure for measuring thermal structural vibration generated by wall pressure fluctuation

This paper attempts to develop a scaling procedure to measure structural vibration caused simultaneously by wall pressure fluctuations and the thermal load of hypersonic flow by a wind tunnel test. However, simulating the effect of thermal load is difficult with a scaled model in a wind tunnel due to the nonlinear effect of thermal load on a structure. In this work, the temperature variation of a structure is proposed to indicate the nonlinear effect of the thermal load,which provides a means to simulate both the thermal load and wall pressure fluctuations of a hypersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) in a wind tunnel test. To validate the scaling procedure,both numerical computations and measurements are performed in this work. Theoretical results show that the scaling procedure can also be adapted to the buckling temperature of a structure even though the scaling procedure is derived from a reference temperature below the critical temperature of the structure. For the measurement, wall pressure fluctuations and thermal environment are simulated by creating hypersonic flow in a wind tunnel. Some encouraging results demonstrate the effectiveness of the scaling procedure for assessing structural vibration generated by hypersonic flow. The scaling procedure developed in this study will provide theoretical support to develop a new measurement technology to evaluate vibration of aircraft due to hypersonic flow.     

激波风洞边界层转捩测量技术及应用

高超声速边界层转捩对摩阻、传热等有重要影响。在高超声速飞行器研制中,迫切希望能精确预测和控制边界层转捩。激波风洞作为高超声速气动热环境试验的主要地面模拟设备,是研究高超声速边界层转捩的重要设备。但激波风洞原有测量技术适用于工程型号试验,需要依据高超声速边界层转捩特点进行适应性改造和升级。依据高超声速边界层转捩过程中的热流、压力、密度等物理参数变化,发展了薄膜热流传感器测热技术、温敏热图测量技术、高频脉动压力测量技术、高清晰度纹影显示技术等适用于激波风洞的边界层转捩测量技术。并针对头部钝度0.05 mm的半锥角7°尖锥模型,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心Ø2 m激波风洞（FD-14A）马赫数10、单位雷诺数1.2×10⁷/m的流场条件下开展了边界层转捩试验。采用多种转捩测量技术同时进行测量,获得尖锥模型表面边界层转捩情况、边界层脉动压力频谱特征、边界层内清晰的第2模态波和湍流斑纹影图像,不同测量技术获取的试验结果可相互印证,线性稳定性理论分析结果与试验结果相吻合。     

Initial virtual flight test for a dynamically similar aircraft model with control augmentation system

To satisfy the validation requirements of flight control law for advanced aircraft,a wind tunnel based virtual flight testing has been implemented in a low speed wind tunnel.A 3-degree-offreedom gimbal,ventrally installed in the model,was used in conjunction with an actively controlled dynamically similar model of aircraft,which was equipped with the inertial measurement unit,attitude and heading reference system,embedded computer and servo-actuators.The model,which could be rotated around its center of gravity freely by the aerodynamic moments,together with the flow field,operator and real time control system made up the closed-loop testing circuit.The model is statically unstable in longitudinal direction,and it can fly stably in wind tunnel with the function of control augmentation of the flight control laws.The experimental results indicate that the model responds well to the operator's instructions.The response of the model in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the simulation results.The difference of response of angle of attack is less than 0.5°.The effect of stability augmentation and attitude control law was validated in the test,meanwhile the feasibility of virtual flight test technique treated as preliminary evaluation tool for advanced flight vehicle configuration research was also verified.     

双目视觉绳系支撑飞行器模型位姿动态测量

绳牵引并联机器人（WDPR）为风洞试验提供了一种新型支撑方式,可用于多/六自由度风洞复杂动态试验。针对该支撑下飞行器模型的大范围运动,发展了一种基于双目视觉的模型位姿动态测量方法。首先,设计了一种编码合作标志点,合理布置于模型表面,通过图像处理消除绳对标志点成像干扰,进行标志点三维重构;然后,利用绝对定姿算法求解相对位姿初值,且给出了理论误差分析,并基于双目相机重投影误差构建李代数下的无约束最小二乘优化问题,采用L-M算法进行位姿优化;最后,采用该测量系统分别进行了静态和动态精度验证试验,以及大迎角俯仰振荡等3种单/多自由度典型运动轨迹测量。试验数据显示,静态角度和位移测量精度分别优于0.02°/0.02 mm;动态测量时角度精度可达到0.1°量级,位移平均误差为0.4 mm。研究结果表明：设计的双目视觉测量系统是有效可行的,可为后续风洞试验的实际应用提供支持。     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

高超声速风洞气动力试验技术进展

高超声速技术是未来航空航天技术的制高点,而高超声速风洞气动力试验是为高超声速飞行器设计和性能评估提供可靠数据不可或缺的重要技术手段。介绍了高超声速气动力试验设备种类和国内外典型的风洞设备,并分析了目前的发展现状。对国内高超声速风洞气动力试验相关测量技术、试验技术、试验数据评估和高超声速气动力标模体系等研究进展进行了总结。同时,还就高超声速气动力试验设备、气动力试验相关技术的未来发展趋势进行了探讨。     

三轴转台误差源对陀螺加速度表测试的影响

分析了三轴转台设备误差源;讨论了转台误差对陀螺加速度表测试精度的影响。根据陀螺加速度表的输入输出模型,建立了转台误差对陀螺加速度表系数辨识影响的数学表达式。     

基于双频激光干涉仪的角速率检测系统精度分析

为了能够精确检测到测试转台在低速运行下的角速率,设计了一种基于双频激光干涉仪的角速率精度检测系统.首先,对本检测系统各项误差进行机理分析.然后,综合各项误差项建立总体相对误差模型.最终,通过仿真分析得到各个误差因子对相对误差项的影响,为保证检测系统相对精度提供理论依据,能够满足对高精度惯性器件测试转台低速段0.0001(°)/s~1(°)/s速率检测要求.     

高超声速风洞压敏漆试验技术

提出了适用于高超声速风洞开展压敏漆(PSP)试验研究的关键技术及解决办法。采用自主设计的PSP校准系统及测试系统,考核了代号为EC-PSP的压力敏感涂料在高超声速条件下的适用性、图像处理软件功能以及高温条件影响下数据处理方法的可行性。以压缩拐角模型为例开展了马赫数为5的高超声速PSP技术验证性风洞试验研究,辅以红外测温方法获得模型表面连续温度分布。试验结果表明在高超声速风洞开展的PSP试验技术研究清晰地捕获了基于压力变化的压缩拐角模型表面流动特征,实现了连续压力分布的测量。