Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

飞机燃油氧气析出计算方法研究

为降低燃油箱发生爆炸的风险,需在油箱中设置抑爆系统。咨询通告规定,要计算燃油箱平均氧气浓度,需考虑燃油中的氧气析出。根据不同高度下空气在燃油中的溶解度平衡关系及空气中氧氮分压关系,得m飞机随飞行高度变化氧气析出的计算方法。     

飞机燃油箱地面预洗涤技术理论研究

基于氧氮质量守恒关系,建立了飞机燃油箱爬升过程中气相空间、燃油中平衡氧浓度及地面预洗涤的数学模型,并采用微元段法对其进行了求解。计算结果显示,当采用富氮气体进行地面预洗涤后时达到的平衡浓度越低,则可达到的安全巡航高度越高。由于爬升过程中逸出的氧气很多会排出燃油箱外,因而地面预洗涤时,并不需要将燃油中氧质量浓度降低至安全气相浓度所对应极限质量浓度,且飞机燃油箱中的初始载油率对洗涤后的氧质量浓度有直接要求,当载油率越高,需要将燃油中的氧质量浓度洗涤的越低。计算还显示,在地面洗涤时,油罐中的油量也对换气次数有直接影响。通过选择合适浓度的富氮气体在地面预洗涤燃油箱,可保证飞机在巡航高度下氧浓度在安全范围内,但是会在一定程度上增加设备的初投资费用。文章的研究结果可为燃油地面预洗涤的工程设计奠定初步的理论基础     

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程三种气枕模型的数值对比

针对液氧贮箱氦气增压排液过程,分别建立了零维整体模型、一维分层模型及二维计算流体力学(CFD)模型对气枕物理场的变化规律进行数值研究.零维及一维模型采用经验公式求解气枕与壁面间的换热量,而二维CFD模型通过低雷诺数k-ε模型确定流体与固壁间的耦合换热作用.计算时氦气采用理想气体模型.利用三种模型分别预测了贮箱内气枕压力、气枕平均温度及温度分布规律.计算结果表明:三组结果分布合理,不同模型的结果之间能够互相印证;对于气枕及与气枕接触壁面沿轴向的温度分布,在气枕主体区一维模型与二维模型预测结果基本吻合,而在靠近消能器的气枕上端,两种模型预测值存在偏差;当增压气体入口速度较大时,气枕上端径向温度分层明显,需采用二维CFD模型才能展示气枕物理场分布.      

低温推进剂贮箱压力变化的CFD仿真

为预示低温推进剂贮箱在地面停放阶段的压力变化并研究贮箱内物理过程的相互作用关系,建立了包含液体推进剂和混合气体两相的二维轴对称volume of fluid(VOF)计算流体力学(CFD)模型,并引入了基于热力学平衡假设的推进剂相变模型.对实验液氢贮箱进行仿真得到的压力上升速率与实验结果相差9.1%.通过对地面加压停放阶段下的液氢和液氧贮箱的仿真发现:造成液氢贮箱压力上升的主要因素是壁面漏热对气枕的加热作用,而液氢蒸发影响更小,液氧贮箱在加压停放阶段初期明显受到液氧相变的影响.两个贮箱中液面附近的对流运动在不同的气液传热过程作用下有不同的变化趋势,对流运动会影响推进剂的相变进而影响贮箱的压力变化.      

Simulation of mass and heat transfer in liquid hydrogen tanks during pressurizing

In order to accurately predict the heat and mass transfer behaviors and analyze key factors affecting pressurization process in the hydrogen tank, a comprehensive 2 D axial symmetry Volume-Of-Fluid(VOF) model is established by Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) method.The effects of phase change, turbulence and mass diffusion are included in the model and relationships between physical properties and temperature are also comprehensively considered. The phase change model is based on Hertz-Knudsen equation and the mass transfer time relaxation factor is determined by the NASA's experimental data. The mass diffusion model is included in gaseous helium pressurizing. The key factors including the inlet temperature, inlet mass flow rate, injector types and pressurizing gas kinds are quantitatively analyzed. Compared with the experiment, the simulation results show that the deviation of pressurizing gas mass consumption, condensing mass and ullage temperature are 3.0%, 7.5% and 4.0% respectively. The temperature stratification is existed along the axial direction in the surface liquid region and the ullage region, and the bulk liquid is in subcooled state during pressurizing. The location of phase change mainly appears near the vapor–liquid interface, and the mass transfer expressing as condensation or vaporization is mainly determined by the heat convection and molecular concentration near the vapor–liquid interface.The key factors show that increasing the inlet temperature and inlet mass flow rate could shorten the pressurizing time interval and save the pressurizing gas mass. The proportion of the total energy addition of the tank absorbed by the ullage region, the liquid region and the tank wall respectively is greatly influenced by the injector types and more heat transferred into the ullage would result in a faster pressure rising rate. Gaseous hydrogen pressurization has a higher efficiency than gaseous helium pressurization. The simulation results presented in this paper can be used as a reference for design optimization of the pressurization systems of cryogenic liquid launch vehicles so as to save the mass of pressurizing gases and shorten the pressurizing time interval.     

一种燃油箱绿色惰化系统地面惰化性能分析

在描述一种采用催化燃烧产生惰气来降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数的新型绿色惰化工作原理基础上,设计了绿色惰化系统流程,通过一定的假设和简化建立了其数学模型并进行了求解.将结果与采用中空纤维膜产生富氮气体的机载惰化系统进行了比较,结果显示:当绿色惰化系统中抽吸气的流量与中空纤维膜惰化所产生富氮气体流量一致时,前者惰化效果远好于后者.同时,还研究了催化反应器效率和预热气体抽取比例对绿色惰化系统的影响,结果表明:提高反应器效率可有效缩短达到安全氧体积分数所需的时间,且最终油箱气相空间氧体积分数会降低,而选取合适的预热气体抽取比例可以减少系统能耗.      

军用飞机机载制氮系统研究

为了有效地提高军机燃油系统的安全性,本文对机载制氮系统用于燃油箱惰化的技术进行了研究,并与飞机燃油箱其它防火抑爆技术进行了比较.采用富氮空气进行燃油冲洗是除去燃油中溶解氧的常用方法,并基于常规气体混合关系,质量守恒方程和Ostwald系数建立了燃油冲洗分析模型,该模型可以确定油箱内无油空间氧浓度随时间变化的规律.     

液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程温度场数值研究

针对某液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程,采用二维数值模拟方法对其温度场进行计算.选用低雷诺数k-ε模型分析流体与固壁间的耦合换热,考虑到气液之间发生热质转移现象,编写了控制相变的用户自定义程序(UDF)并植入Fluent软件.采用文献实验数据对相同工况下的计算结果进行验证,对比结果表明所建立的二维模型能够有效预测气枕温度、壁面温度沿轴向分布规律.数值模拟结果发现:气体扩散器入口方向、入口面积对气枕温度、壁面温度的轴向分布影响较弱,而对靠近增压口附近的温度场影响明显.当增压气体竖直向下进入气枕时,贮箱上封头附近气枕温度较低,有利于保障安全阀的可靠运行.当增压气体水平进入气枕时,扩散器直径变大,贮箱顶端高温区范围相应扩大.      

低温液氮贮箱增压及排气流量控制方法

在对以液氮为工质的低温贮箱进行热分析的基础上推导了增压速率计算模型,并通过两种增压工况进行了验证。主要开展了直排模式、排气模式及并行模式下的气枕压力及蒸气排气流量的对比实验,通过后两者模式下的蒸气排放质量与直接排放相比,分析了压力控制带内单循环各个模式下热力排气系统（TVS）的效能,结果表明:采用低温蒸气节流的并行模式在蒸气排放质量和气枕降压速率上具有优于其他模式的明显优势,气相并行模式比直排模式质量减少97%。      

一种描述燃油与气体组分传质的频率传质模型

抛开经典Fick定律,提出用传质频率来表征燃油和空气氧氮传质的快慢,建立了以频率传质模型为基础的飞机燃油箱冲洗惰化数学模型,该模型能对传质速度进行量化,而国内外工程界目前使用的模型不具备此量化能力;该数学模型的准确性和有效性得到美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）相关封闭燃油箱内的氧氮传质实验数据的验证;将该数学模型用于仿真A320的飞行阶段的氧的体积分数,仿真结果同测试数据及其他模型的计算结果对比后发现:频率传质模型的计算精度最高;进一步仿真表明,载油率的增加会明显延缓惰化氧的体积分数的降低,且在高载油率下频率传质模型同不传质以及瞬时平衡这两种模型的计算结果差异很大.      

某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化的工程计算

为研究某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化过程,将洗涤气分为与燃油发生传质部分和未发生传质部分,通过理论计算获得洗涤气与燃油发生传质并向气相空间逸出的氧气量.未发生传质的部分用于气相冲洗,其余与液相洗涤逸出量相结合,建立模型进行工程计算.由此将整个洗涤惰化过程转化为有逸出的气相冲洗过程.结果表明:这种将洗涤惰化转化为有逸出的冲洗模型是可行的,其结果与实验值基本吻合.随着时间的增长,气相氧体积分数一般经历先增长后下降的过程,最终趋向于洗涤气体积分数.多舱飞机燃油箱的各舱氧体积分数值变化快慢与进气出气口位置和各舱体积有关.      

机载制氧制氮一体化可行性论证分析

为提高机上资源的利用率,同时解决机上人员供氧防护与油箱惰化防护的要求,研究机载制氧系统和机载制氮系统的集成耦合后的可行性。通过对机载制氧和机载制氮的原理进行分析,提出了将二者集成耦合的工作方案,构建了系统的功能框架,基于空气分离装置搭建了摸底试验系统,试验结果显示：富氧侧出口压力为0.3 MPa时,富氮气出口的浓度为86%～88%,而制氧浓度仅从20.9%最高提高至28.76%。对比分析独立的制氧、制氮系统与一体化的制氧制氮系统可知,机载制氧制氮一体化是实际可行的,但目前仍旧存在环控引气条件的限制缺陷,应用有待开发。     

Effect of fuel type on the performance of an aircraft fuel tank oxygen-consuming inerting system

The properties of aviation fuel have a great influence on the performance of oxygen-consuming inerting systems. Based on the establishment of the catalytic inerting process, the flow relationship of each gas component flowing through the catalytic reactor was derived. The mathematical model of the gas concentration in the gas phase of the fuel tank was established based on the mass conservation equation, and the fuel tank model was verified by performing experiments. The results showed that the fuel type exerts a considerably higher influence on the performance of the oxygen-consuming inerting system compared to the corresponding influence on the hollow fiber membrane system, and the relative magnitude of the inerting rates of the four fuel types is RP5 > RP3 > RP6 > JP8. In addition, a higher catalytic efficiency or fuel load rate corresponds to a higher rate of decrease of the oxygen concentration in the gas phase, and the inerting time is inversely proportional to the suction flow rate of the fan. When different fuels are used, the amount of cooling gas and water released from the inerting system are different. Therefore, the influence of fuel type on the system performance should be extensively considered in the future.     

通用油箱热模型的建模与仿真

全面考虑各种传热情况,建立了油箱壁面、油箱内气体和燃油的热平衡微分方程组,进而在Flowmaster平台上用C#语言二次开发了通用的油箱仿真模型.对某燃油系统进行了典型飞行剖面内的动态仿真,根据燃油质量、回流燃油质量流量和燃油温度的变化曲线定量分析用燃油作为热沉的冷却能力,确定适当的燃油混合循环质量流量以及燃油散热器的冷却量.结果表明:对于所研究的燃油系统,燃油能够冷却的最大热载荷约为50kW;当热载荷为70kW时,供油箱与前后输油箱的循环质量流量分别为0.3kg/s和0.1kg/s,燃油散热器冷却量为12kW.     

民用飞机多舱油箱内惰性气体分布的研究

针对某种通风方式,对1／6比例的波音747中心翼油箱内的气流分布进行了可视化实验,得到了该油箱内气流分布的详细信息。建立三维数值模型,对不同Re数下的多舱气流分布进行了计算,经与实验结果对比显示二者吻合较好。通过数值模拟得到了各舱的流量分配系数,采用微元段的计算方法得到了各舱氧浓度的分布。对3种不同通风方式下的惰化效果进行了对比研究,提出“最不利舱氧浓度”的概念,认为对多舱油箱进行惰化系统的设计时,这一因素不容忽略。该研究可为多舱油箱惰化工程设计提供相应的支持,为通风系统的优化提供理论依据。