三轴陀螺平台的姿态耦合稳定性

陀螺平台三个伺服回路之间通过飞行器姿态角存在着耦合,本文分析了这种耦合对陀螺平台稳定性的影响,揭示了稳定性与滚动角R和伺服回路阻尼系数ξ的关系,最后得到的结论是:只要|R|相似文献   

一种新的基于姿态四元数匹配的传递对准方法

设计了一种新的姿态四元数匹配传递对准方法,并以载机姿态四元数与弹体姿态四元数的四元数乘积作为量测量,推导了姿态四元数匹配量测方程。通过理论分析,得出了载机平台失准角、弹体平台失准角、弹体安装误差角和机翼颤振变形角为小量的情况下,这些量与量测量之间的关系。推导了传统的姿态角匹配传递对准方法量测方程,与之相比,姿态四元数匹配量测方法明显降低了计算量,并分别对两种姿态匹配方法进行了仿真,仿真结果表明：新的姿态四元数匹配方法与传统姿态匹配传递对准方法具有相同的精度。     

一种采用双视场星敏感器的飞行器姿态角快速、高精度测量方法

针对姿态经常机动的飞行器之间建立激光通信问题,研究了一种针对这种飞行器的姿态角高精度、快速测量新方法.这种姿态角测量方法采用一种由宽、窄两种视场组成的双视场星敏感器,并以0轨道飞行器应用为例进行了姿态角测量仿真:其中的宽视场用于识别北极星,窄视场用于跟踪北极星;通过对北极星方向矢量测量值与其理论值进行比较精确求出了偏航、俯仰和滚动三个姿态角.分析表明,姿态角的角分辨率小于1″;测量过程不需要耗时的星图数据库搜索,一帧图像就可以完成一次快速测量.     

敏捷卫星姿态对像移速度与偏流角的影响

针对敏捷卫星需要具备在复杂姿态下推扫成像的能力,建立了卫星在不同姿态下的像移速度和偏流角的数学模型,并进行了仿真分析,讨论了姿态改变对卫星成像带来的影响。仿真分析表明:姿态改变是影响像移速度和偏流角的最大因素,敏捷卫星从一个姿态变化到另一个姿态成像时,需要根据预期的姿态调整相机的积分时间以满足成像质量要求,同时偏流角也需要做相应调整以补偿姿态改变带来的偏流角变化。     

用户星姿态对中继终端天线跟踪的影响

用户星姿态对中继终端天线跟踪的影响主要在两个方面：姿态角误差对指向误差的影响和姿态角、姿态角速度对指向角速度的影响。文章首先引入了欧拉轴／角的姿态表示方法，然后根据欧拉轴与指向向量间的位置关系求得了姿态角误差所引起的天线理论最大指向误差，在此基础上，不考虑最大值取值条件的情况下，进一步求得姿态角速度所引起的天线理论最大指向角速度；接着，以常用中继终端天线的安装位置为例，求出了天线指向角速度与用户星姿态角、姿态角速度的数学表达式，这样便于分析各种情况下用户星姿态对天线指向角速度的影响；最后，借助于STK仿真软件进行了仿真验证，[JP2]仿真结果验证了上述结论的正确性。结论表明：天线理论最大指向误差除了与姿态角误差有关外，还受滚动姿态角的影响；天线指向角速度同时由姿态角、姿态角速度和天线指向角度确定。[JP]     

先进上面级变轨段姿态解耦控制研究

针对多星部署先进上面级变轨段三轴姿态严重耦合以及主发动机开机引起的较大干扰力矩问题,研究了基于反馈线性化的姿态解耦算法。通过给出上面级多星部署任务中的坐标系和姿态角定义,建立了欧拉角描述的姿态动力学与运动学方程。分析了推力矢量与姿控发动机的控制方案,描述了该方案中主发动机、伺服机构和姿控发动机的配置结构,推导了推力矢量控制中的主发动机摆角计算公式和主发动机工作时质心偏移引起的干扰力矩。基于反馈线性化理论,设计了上面级姿态解耦控制律。算例验证结果表明姿态角速率误差和姿态角误差能够快速趋于1°/s和0.5°。文中设计的姿态解耦控制算法具有良好的稳定性和可行性。     

GPS实时定轨误差对姿态确定的影响分析

对GPS实时定轨误差对卫星姿态确定的影响进行了分析。因用位置、速度确定的坐标转换矩阵无法直接给出姿态角确定误差的解析表达,基于近圆、近极轨轨道假设,根据位置、速度和开普勒轨道六要素间的转换关系,给出了小姿态角偏差条件下转换矩阵的全微分形式,进而给出了各姿态角关于各轴分量的偏导数形式,在分别分析位置和测速误差对姿态角影响的基础上,给出了综合的姿态角确定误差,推导了姿态确定误差的解析表达式。研究发现:速度矢量主要引起偏航角的误差,对俯仰和滚动方向几乎无影响;位置矢量主要引起俯仰和滚动轴的姿态角误差,对偏航角方向几乎无影响。仿真结果验证了分析的正确性,并发现GPS定轨误差引起的姿态角确定误差小于0.001°,基本可忽略。     

姿态角传递对准原理研究

研究了惯导系统空中姿态角传递对准的原理,推导了姿态角误差的量测方程,给出了该方法在平台惯导系统方位误差辨识中的应用.     

捷联惯导姿态误差修正算法研究与仿真

组合导航卡尔曼滤波对姿态角进行修正时,将惯导的平台角误差近似为姿态误差,会带来较大的数学模型误差,从而影响测姿精度。通过分析组合姿态算法中姿态作为量测信息时平台角误差与姿态角误差物理意义的不同,得到了两者的转换关系,从量测矩阵修正和观测值预处理两个方面对原有的姿态组合算法进行改进,有效降低了数学模型误差。仿真结果表明,改进后的姿态组合算法误差状态估算更加精确,能够有效地提高组合导航的测姿精度。     

带有入轨姿态约束的迭代制导算法及应用研究

针对需要满足一定入轨姿态约束的发射任务,研究一种带有入轨姿态角约束的迭代制导算法在运载火箭中的应用。该制导算法在传统迭代制导算法的基础上,将控制姿态角的最优解析表达式,通过二阶近似,展开为与时间相关的二次函数,可以同时满足入轨点速度、位置和姿态角约束。阐述了迭代制导的基本原理,给出带有姿态角约束的迭代制导算法的推导公式。在有相同姿态角约束的条件下,该算法能够保证入轨精度,与传统迭代制导算法相当,且对姿态角约束有较好的控制效果,运载能力损失较少。仿真结果表明,该算法对故障工况及不同姿态角约束具有一定的适应能力。     

Perturbation solution of attitude motion under body-fixed torques

Approximate analytical solutions are established for the attitude rates and angles of a rigid body subjected to a constant body-fixed torque. The perturbation solutions obtained are valid for any arbitrary inertia parameters. The small parameter is defined as the ratio between representative transverse rotation rate and the spin or scan rate. The results should be useful for quickly evaluating the attitude response of a spin-stabilised or scanning spacecraft to a variety of torque inputs. The applicability of the theory is illustrated by means of practical examples such as the spin-down due to rate coupling of ESA's GEOS spacecraft and the prediction of the attitude drift of the HIPPARCOS satellite during payload initialisation. Furthermore, the compact first-order results should be suitable for implementation in on-board manoeuvre or attitude control software.     

A hybrid attitude controller consisting of electromagnetic torque rods and an active fluid ring

In this paper, a novel hybrid actuation system for satellite attitude stabilization is proposed along with its feasibility analysis. The system considered consists of two magnetic torque rods and one fluid ring to produce the control torque required in the direction in which magnetic torque rods cannot produce torque. A mathematical model of the system dynamics is derived first. Then a controller is developed to stabilize the attitude angles of a satellite equipped with the abovementioned set of actuators. The effect of failure of the fluid ring or a magnetic torque rod is examined as well. It is noted that the case of failure of the magnetic torque rod whose torque is along the pitch axis is the most critical, since the coupling between the roll or yaw motion and the pitch motion is quite weak. The simulation results show that the control system proposed is quite fault tolerant.     

A novel single thruster control strategy for spacecraft attitude stabilization

Feasibility of achieving three axis attitude stabilization using a single thruster is explored in this paper. Torques are generated using a thruster orientation mechanism with which the thrust vector can be tilted on a two axis gimbal. A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed based on the nonlinear kinematic and dynamic equations of motion of a rigid body spacecraft in the presence of gravity gradient torque and external disturbances. The spacecraft, controlled using the proposed concept, constitutes an underactuated system (a system with fewer independent control inputs than degrees of freedom) with nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, using thruster gimbal angles as control inputs make the system non-affine (control terms appear nonlinearly in the state equation). This necessitates the control algorithms to be developed based on nonlinear control theory since linear control methods are not directly applicable. The stability conditions for the spacecraft attitude motion for robustness against uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

A new type of magnetic gimballed momentum wheel and its application to attitude control in space

A new type of magnetically suspended gimbal momentum wheel utilizing permanent magnets is described. The bearing was composed of four independent thrust actuators which control the rotor thrust position and gimbal angles cooperatively, so that the bearing comes to have a simple mechanism with high reliability and light weight. The high speed instability problem due to the internal damping was easily overcome by introducing anisotropic radial stiffness. A momentum flywheel with the 3-axis controlled magnetic bearing displays good performance for attitude control of satellite with biased momentum.     

Satellite pitch and roll attitude maneuvers through very short tethers

Explored here is the feasibility of achieving satellite pitch and roll attitude maneuvers through tethers. The proposed tethered satellite system (TSS) comprises of four identical tethers connecting the auxiliary mass to the satellite at its four distinct off-centered and equiangularly spaced points. The open-loop tether length control laws have been developed in order to achieve arbitrary pitch and roll attitude slewing maneuvers. Numerical simulation of the nonlinear governing equations of motion for these tether length variations establishes the feasibility of executing fixed as well as chase-slewing maneuvers. Nearly passive nature of the proposed mechanism using very short tethers along with small auxiliary mass needed makes the concept particularly attractive for future space missions.     

Spacecraft attitude maneuver using two single-gimbal control moment gyros

In this paper, arbitrary rest-to-rest attitude maneuver problems for a satellite using two single-gimbal control moment gyros (2SGCMGs) are considered. Although single-gimbal control moment gyros are configured in the same manner as the traditional pyramid-array CMG, only two CMGs are assumed to be available. Attitude maneuver problems are similar to problems involving two reaction wheels (RWs) from the viewpoint of the number of actuators. In other words, the problem treated herein is a kind of underactuated problem. Although 2SGCMGs can generate torques around all axes, they cannot generate torques around each axis independently. Therefore, control methods designed for a satellite using two reaction wheels cannot be applied to three-axis attitude maneuver problems for a satellite using 2SGCMGs. In this paper, for simplicity, maneuvers around the x- and z-axes are first considered, and then a maneuver around the y-axis due to the corning effect resulting from the maneuver around the x- and z-axes is considered. Since maneuvers around each axis are established by the proposed method, arbitrary attitude maneuvers can be achieved using 2SGCMGs. In addition, the maneuvering angles around the z- and x-axes, which are required in order to maneuver around the y-axis, are analytically determined, and the total time required for maneuvering around the y-axis is then analyzed numerically.     

Equilibrium attitude and stability of a spacecraft on a stationary orbit around an asteroid

The stationary orbits around an asteroid, if exist, can be used for communication and navigation purposes just as around the Earth. The equilibrium attitude and stability of a rigid spacecraft on a stationary orbit around a uniformly-rotating asteroid are studied. The linearized equations of attitude motion are obtained under the small motion assumption. Then, the equilibrium attitude is determined in both cases of a general and a symmetrical spacecraft. Due to the higher-order inertia integrals of the spacecraft, the equilibrium attitude is slightly away from zero Euler angles. Then necessary conditions of stability of this conservative system are analyzed based on the linearized equations of motion. The effects of different parameters, including the harmonic coefficients C₂₀ and C₂₂ of the asteroid and higher-order inertia integrals of the spacecraft, on the stability are assessed and compared. Due to the significantly non-spherical shape and rapid rotation of the asteroid, the effects of the harmonic coefficients C₂₀ and C₂₂ are very significant, while effects of the third- and fourth-order inertia integrals of the spacecraft can be neglected. Considering a spacecraft on a stationary orbit around an example asteroid, we show that the classical stability domain predicted by the Beletskii–DeBra–Delp method on a circular orbit in a central gravity field is modified due to the non-spherical mass distribution of the asteroid. Our results are confirmed by a numerical simulation.     

无陀螺卫星姿态的二阶插值非线性滤波估计

采用四元数作为姿态描述参数，提出了一种确定无陀螺卫星姿态的新方法，即二阶插值非线性姿态估计算法，它能够利用星敏感器提供的矢量观测信息准确地估计三轴稳定卫星的姿态。这种姿态估计算法的实现非常简单，其运算量与传统的扩展卡尔曼滤波姿态估计算法相当，但滤波性能却与基于二阶泰勒级数近似得到的非线性姿态估计算法一致。而且，在二阶插值非线性姿态估计算法中，不会遇到由四元数正交约束所造成的协方差阵奇异性问题。     

红外地平仪姿态测量误差模型

分析得出地球扁率和红外辐射是扫描式红外地平仪测量误差的主要原因。针对地球扁率，基于方位角的确定，分别给出了滚动角和俯仰角的测量误差模型。在地球红外辐射方面，给出了确定地平仪扫人、扫出点位置的方法，进而给出地球红外辐射误差的计算方法。最后，通过算例，给出了有关仿真结果，对方法的有效性进行了验证。     

基于基线长度加权的GNSS多天线姿态测量方法

GNSS可用于获取动态载体的姿态信息,为提高其姿态测量精度,提出一种基于基线长度信息对最小二乘姿态解算方法进行加权处理,改进了最小二乘姿态解算方法,同时通过船载实验验证了该方法的可用性。实验结果表明：在船载动态实验中,当基线长度存在明显差异时,加权最小二乘法较等权最小二乘法在精度上明显提高,其中横滚角的精度提高了13%。